1、A(2017河东区一模)Do you ever wish for a little more time to do everything you need to do？Well，on July 1 youll be getting itbut only one more second.On July 1 at exactly 7：59：59 am.Beijing time (or on June 30 at 23：59：59 UTC，Coordinated Universal Time)，the worlds atomic(原子的) clocks will pause for a single
2、 second，or，more precisely，change to the unusual time of 7：59：60，according to .The addition of a leap second(闰秒)，announced by the Paris Observatory，is to keep our clocks in time with the slowing of Earths rotation(旋转) and astronomical time as measured by the sun.Just one extra second could cause big
3、problems and affect the way computers and websites work，however.When the last leap second was added back in 2012，more than a few websites had some trouble.As reported by Phys.org，popular sites like the community website Reddit crashed when the leap second was added.For Reddit，the problem was eventua
4、lly found to be with a Linux system that got confused when it checked the network time and found an extra second.Speaking to Wired about the problem back in 2012，Linux creator Linus Torvalds commented：“Almost every time we have a leap second，we find something.Its really annoying，because its code(代码)
5、 that is almost never used，and thus not tested by users under their normal conditions.”Companies have had to think of their own solutions，and Googles “leap smear” may be the best-known example.As company engineer Christopher Pascoe explains in a blog post，companies usually try to fix the problem by
6、turning back the clocks by one second at the end of the day so that they play that second again.However，Pascoe believes this creates problems.He asked：“What happens？Does e-mail that comes in during that second get stored correctly？”Google has a solution：Cut the extra second into milliseconds and the
7、n put these tiny amounts of time into the system throughout the day.“This means that when it became time to add an extra second at midnight，”says Pascoe.“Our clocks have already taken this into account over the course of the day.”For many companies without Googles money，however，the leap second will
8、likely still cause some crashes.Dont worry，thoughat least it wont last long!语篇解读本文主要介绍了“闰秒”带来的影响及其解决方案。1Why do we need to add a leap second?AThe worlds atomic clocks are set to do so.BTo keep in time with the worlds computers.CTo keep atomic clocks in time with the slowing of Earths rotation.DTo rec
9、ord the changes to astronomical time.答案C解析细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“The addition of a leap second(闰秒)，announced by the Paris Observatory，is to keep our clocks in time with the slowing of Earths rotation(旋转) and astronomical time as measured by the sun.”可知，闰秒是由于地球自转变慢引起的，为了与由太阳测量的天文时间一致而增加一秒，故选C。2What happened
10、to the website Reddit when the leap second was added in 2012?AIt crashed because of a virus attack.BIts network time added two extra seconds.CAll of the code in its Linux system went wrong.DOne of its software systems got confused and the site broke down.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句和第四段中“the problem was eve
11、ntually found to be with a Linux system that got confused when it checked the network time and found an extra second”可知，闰秒发生时，网站崩溃，运行系统混乱，故选D。3What does the underlined word “something”refer to in the 5th paragraph?AThe code not working properly.BThe extra second.CThe problem.DNormal conditions.答案A解析
12、代词指代题。根据文章第五段中“we find something.Its really annoying，because its code(代码) that is almost never used，and thus not tested by users under their normal conditions”可知，something指代后文出现的一些从没使用过和测试过的代码，即代码不正常地工作，故选A。4How do companies usually deal with the problem of the extra second?ABy shutting down compute
13、rs at the end of the day.BBy stopping receiving emails that come in during that second.CBy turning the clocks back by one second at the end of the day.DBy cutting the extra second into milliseconds throughout the day.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第六段中“companies usually try to fix the problem by turning back the cloc
14、ks by one second at the end of the day so that they play that second again”可知，解决额外一秒的做法是在一天结束时将时钟往回调一秒，故选C。5Whats Christopher Pascoes attitude toward Googles solution to the problem?AUnfavorable.BDoubtful.CApproving.DCautious.答案C解析推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“This means that when it became time to add an extra se
15、cond at midnight，says Pascoe.Our clocks have already taken this into account over the course of the day.”可知，午夜时分多一秒时，时钟已经在白天将这一秒考虑在内了，所以Pascoe认同这个方法，故选C。B(2017和平区一模)Soaping up your hands may do more than just get rid of germs.It may wash away the inner confusion you feel right after being forced to
16、make a choice between two appealing choices，according to a new study.The study builds on past research into a phenomenon known as “the Macbeth effect”It turns out that Shakespeare was really onto something when he imagined Lady Macbeth trying to clean her conscience(良心) by rubbing invisible bloodsta
17、ins from her hands.A few years ago，scientists asked people to describe a past wrong act.If people were then given a chance to clean their hands，they later expressed less guilt than people who hadnt cleaned.This finding fascinated WS.Lee，a researcher.“Anything from the past，any kind of negative emoti
18、onal experiences，might be washed away，” says Lee.He decided to test hand washings effect on one kind of bad feeling：the tension we feel after being forced to choose between two attractive choices，because picking one choice makes us feel that weve lost the other.People usually try to calm this inner
19、conflict by later exaggerating(夸大) the positive aspects of their choice.He had students rank 10 different music CDs.Then he offered students one CD as a gift.Some students then used liquid soap.Others only looked at the soap or sniffed(嗅) it.“Actually，you do not need water and soap，” says Lee.Later，
20、the students again had to rank all the music.People who didnt wash their hands had the normal responsethey scored their take-home CD higher，suggesting that they now saw it as even more attractive than before.But this wasnt true for the hand washers.They ranked the music about the same.“They feel no
21、need at all to justify the choice，” says Lee.But the implications of it just arent clear.Schwarz says its too soon to know whether people should head for a sink after making a tough choice.He says washing may help decision-makers by cleaning away mental disorder，but perhaps if they dont go through t
22、he usual post-decision process of justifying their choice，they might feel more sorrow in the long run.语篇解读本文主要讲述了用香皂洗手会帮助人们缓解作决定时的紧张与不安的情绪。6The Macbeth effect refers to the fact that .Apeople feel less ashamed after washing their handsBsoaping up ones hand may help wash away the inner confusion and
23、make a decisionCpeople feel less guilty by getting rid of invisible germs from their handsDShakespeare did scientific research before writing Macbeth答案A解析推理判断题。由第二段内容可知，人们在洗手后会感到良心上的愧疚感减轻，故选A。7According to Lee，after people make the choice .Athey will overstate the goodness of their chosen choiceBthe
24、y will feel regretful for not choosing anotherCthey will feel free due to the feeling of losing the other choiceDthey will think nothing of their chosen choice any more to calm their inner conflict答案A解析细节理解题。由第四段内容可知，在做出两个选项的选择后，人们通常会紧张不安，以夸大自己所选择的事物的优点来使内心平静，故选A。8According to Lee，those hand washers
25、 consider justifying their choice .Amore scientificBunnecessaryCa little convincingDabsolutely useless答案B解析细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“They feel no need at all to justify the choice，says Lee.”可知选B。9What does Schwarz need to research more?AWhether people need to justify their choice.BWhether people feel more sor
26、row after washing hands.CWhether washing hands help over a long period of time.DWhether washing hands is helpful to make a choice.答案C解析细节理解题。通过最后一段内容可知，洗手从长远看是否有作用还需要更多的研究，故选C。10What might be the most suitable title for the passage?AIs Washing Hands Necessary to Defeat Tension?BWashing Hands Washes
27、Our MindCWashing Hands Helps Make a Better ChoiceDWashing Hands Reduces the Stress of Decision答案D解析标题归纳题。根据第一段内容以及整篇文章的介绍可知，本文主要讲洗手能够减轻作决定的压力，故选D。C(2017南开区三模)You know the saying “Youre as young as you feel”Well，there may be some truth in that，according to researchers at Harvard and the Massachusetts
28、 Institute of Technology.Ellen Langer，a Harvard psychologist who studies how the mind influences the body，and her colleagues reviewed the scientific literature for evidence that a persons perception of their age might influence their health.They published their results in the journal PerspectivesonP
29、sychologicalScience.In one study that Langer led,47 women had their hair done.The women who thought their new hairdos(发型) made them look younger did look younger to objective observers，who were shown before-and-after pictures.The women who thought they looked younger also showed a drop in blood pres
30、sure.Another study involving 4,421 men found that those who became bald(秃顶) at a relatively young age were more likely to get cancer and heart disease than men who did not.Similarly，another study involving 2,017 men found that those who lost their hair early were more likely to develop heart disease
31、.“We believe that the feelings associated with being older than ones real age account for some of these health outcomes，” the researchers wrote.The researchers also described studies which found that women who had children later in life were more likely to be healthier and live longer than those who
32、 had children early，which they attributed to the fact that these mothers tend to spend more time with younger women.Similarly，people who marry younger partners tend to live longer than those who marry older partners，according to other studies.Taken together，the research supports the general mind-bod
33、y hypothesis(假说) that when a younger mind is prepared，a younger body can accompany it.While the mechanism(机制) remains unclear，the researchers figured that suggestions associated with aging can make one unconsciously or consciously aware of old age and set in motion a series of physiological processe
34、s that can have real effects on short-term and long-term health.语篇解读本文为说明文，题材为科普知识类。觉得自己更年轻的人更健康也活得更长。11The underlined word “perception” in Paragraph 2 means “”Aview BappearanceCinfluence Dcreation答案A解析词义猜测题。由第一段第一句中的“Youre as young as you feel”及第二段第一句中的“how the mind influences the body”可推测出答案。12Whi
35、ch of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?ABlood pressure is closely related to hairdos.BFeeling older than ones real age may be tied to health problems.CGetting cancer or heart disease is the cause of hair losing.DThe women who love hairdos look younger than those who dont.答案B
36、解析细节理解题。由第三段列举的三项研究的结果及最后一句话的总结可知选B。13It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that .Aa younger mother is more likely to live longerBthe younger one of a couple lives much longerCoften staying with younger people can benefit peoples healthDpeople who want to live longer need to marry young答案C解析推理判断题。由该段中
37、举的例子可推知选C。14The passage mainly tells us that .Agetting bald too early is not good for healthBwomen had better give birth later in their lifeCpeople who marry younger partners tend to live longerDpeoples view of their age may have an effect on their own health答案D解析主旨大意题。由第一段第一句中的“Youre as young as yo
38、u feel”和最后一段第一句中的“the research supports the general mind-body hypothesis(假说) that when a younger mind is prepared，a younger body can accompany it”可知，人们对自己年龄的认知可能会影响健康，故选D。15From which page of a newspaper is the passage most probably taken from?AEntertainment.BHealth.CEconomy.DPolitics.答案B解析文章出处题。本文是
39、关于健康的，故最有可能出自报纸上的健康专栏。故选B。D(2017河西区二模)When you want to throw something out as “junk”，better take a second thought as it may be of great value.In fact，scientists made the same mistake with DNA years ago，and now they are trying to get it right.We often say that DNA is a kind of acid that contains our
40、genes.But the truth is that genes only make up 1 to 2 percent of our DNA，which caused scientists to believe that the rest of it is useless.Nevertheless，instead of doing nothing，junk DNA，as it is called，turned out to be playing an important part in our body.If genes are like light bulbs，then junk DNA
41、 acts as switches.They control which genes are used in a cell and how active they are.For example，they can determine whether a cell becomes a lung cell or a neuron(神经元)The study，published in the journal Nature on September 5，started in 2003，and 442 scientists from 30 labs around the world were invol
42、ved，according to Reuters.It is considered the biggest breakthrough in genomics(基因学) in a decade because it might help scientists find the cause of certain diseases.It has long been known that many complicated diseases，such as cancer，are caused by tiny changes in DNA.But now scientists realize that m
43、ost of the changes occur not in the genes themselves，but in the “junk” part of the DNA.They are able to keep track of how and why the switches change and then figure out new treatments and drugs.“Our former understanding of DNA was like getting a picture of Earth from space，”Eric Lander from the Bro
44、ad Institute，US，told TheNewYorkTimes.“You know the planet is there，but you cannot see exactly what its like on the surface.”But now with the new study result “you can follow the roads and see the traffic circulation.Thats exactly the same way we will use this data in cancer research，”explained Mark
45、Rubin from Weill Cornell Medical College in New York.16Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?ADNAThe Cause of CancerBWhat Is DNA?CA New Discovery for “Junk DNA”DA Misunderstanding of Genes答案C解析标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了垃圾DNA其实在我们的身体中也扮演着重要的角色，这是医学上的一个新发现，故选C。17What does the underlined ph
46、rase “get it right” in the first paragraph refer to?ADiscovering new types of DNA.BRecognizing the importance of junk DNA.CUnderstanding the role genes play in DNA.DTelling useful DNA from useless one.答案B解析词义猜测题。根据上文中的“多年前科学家对于垃圾DNA也犯了同样的错误”可推知，他们现在正在纠正，也就是认识到垃圾DNA的重要性。故选B。18The author explains how
47、different parts of DNA work by .aintroducing a general theorybmaking a metaphor(比喻)cgiving examplesddisplaying research dataAa，c Bb，cCa，d Dc，d答案B解析细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“If genes are like light bulbs，then junk DNA acts as switches.”可知，作者使用比喻来解释DNA的作用；根据第四段内容可知，作者具体举出了例子，故选B。19The results of the study menti
48、oned in the article show that .Acancer is caused by tiny changes in genes themselvesBthe study of junk DNA is less important than the study of genesCchanges in junk DNA do not affect genesDjunk DNA is very important for the functioning of our cells答案D解析细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“They control which genes are use
49、d in a cell and how active they are.”可知，垃圾DNA对于我们细胞的正常功能是非常重要的，故选D。20Which of the following statements might Mark Rubin agree with?AThe findings of our genes are enough to fight against cancer.BThe battle against cancer will be won within two years.CThe findings of junk DNA throw light on how we might cure cancer.DThe new treatments and drugs will change junk DNA quickly.答案C解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Thats exactly the same way we will use this data in cancer research.”可知，研究垃圾DNA得出的数据将运用到癌症治疗的研究中，故选C。
