1、高中英语语法总结大全之句子的种类要点清单句子的种类（一）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。（说明事实）The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：a.一般疑问句（General Questions）：Can you finish the work in time?你能按时完成工作吗？b.特殊疑问句（W
2、 Questions;H Questions）：Where do you live?你住那儿？How do you know that?你怎么知道那件事？c.选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：Do you want tea or coffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡？d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：He doesnt know her,does he?他不认识她，对不对？3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：Sit down,please.请坐。Dont be nervous!别紧张！4）感叹句（Exclama
3、tory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：What good news it is!多好的消息啊！（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，例如：She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜欢集邮。(主)(谓)2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，例如：The food was good,but he had little appetite.(主)(谓)(主)(谓)食物很精
4、美，但他却没什么胃口。3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导，例如：The film had begun when we got to the cinema.主句 从句我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。（三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：1）主+动（SV）例如：I work.我工作。2）主+动+表（SVP）例如：John is busy.约翰忙。3）主+动+宾（SVO）例如：She studies Englis
5、h.她学英语。4）主+动+宾+补（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right.时间会证明我是对的。5）主+动+间宾+直宾（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress.我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。祈使句祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。1）祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加 do(但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。Take this seat.Do be careful.否定结构：Dont move.Dont be late.2）第二种祈使句以 let 开头。Let 的反意疑问句a.Lets 包括说话者Lets
6、 have another try，shall we/shant we?=Shall we have another try?b.Let us 不包括说话者Let us have another try，will you/wont you?=Will you please let us have another try?否定结构：Lets not talk of that matter.Let us not talk of that matter.感叹句结构感叹句通常有 what,how 引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。what 修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有
7、以下几种：掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。How+形容词+a+名词+陈述语序How+形容词或副词+陈述语序What+名词+陈述语序What+a+形容词+名词+陈述语序What+形容词+复数名词+陈述语序What+形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序How clever a boy he is!How lovely the baby is!What noise they are making!What a clever boy he is!What wonderful ideas(we have)!What cold weather it is!感叹句的省略形式为：What a clever boy
8、(he is)!典型例题1）_ food youve cooked!A.How a niceB.What a niceC.How niceD.Whatnice答案 D.由于 How 修饰形容词，副词；what修饰名词。且 food 为不可数名词，因此 A，B 排除。C How+adj.后面不能再加名词，因此只有 D 正确，其句型为 What+adj.+n.(不可数)2）_terrible weather weve been having thesedays!A.WhatB.What aC.HowD.How a答案 A.weather 为不可数名词，B，D 排除。C为 how+adj.后面不应有
9、名词。只有 A，符合句型 What+形容词+不可数名词。3)-_ I had!-You really suffered a lot.A.What a timeB.What time C.How a time D.how time答案 A.感叹句分两类：1：What+n.+主谓部分2：How+adj./adv./v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了 bad，相对于 What a bad time I had!这是个习惯用语。强调句结构常考的强调句结构是 it 引导的句子。It is(was)被强调部分+that(who)+句子其他部分。此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。It is fro
10、m the sun that we get light and heat.It was not until I had read your letter that Iunderstood the true state of affairs.典型例题1）It was last night _ I see the comet.A.the timeB.whenC.thatD.which答案 C.强调句的结构是：It+be+强调部分+that(who)+主谓句。强调句的连词只有两个，that 和 who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 who，其余用 that。原句：My father di
11、d the experiment in the labyesterday evening.强调主语：It was my father who did theexperiment in the lab yesterday evening.强调宾语：It was the experiment that my fatherdid in the lab yesterday evening.强调时间：It was yesterday evening that myfather did the experiment in the lab.(注意不用when)强调地点：It was in the lab t
12、hat my father did theexperiment yesterday evening.2）It is ten years _ Miss Green returned toCanada.A.thatB.whenC.sinceD.as答案 C.考点是连词用法。本题易误选为 A.that.其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉 Itbethat 还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 Itisthat，只剩下 ten years Miss Green returned toCanada.不成句。因此本句不是强调句。It is/was+时间+since其中 is hasbeenwas had been
13、.用助动词进行强调强调句还有一种类型，就是用助动词 do(did，does)强调谓语。She does like this horse.她的确喜欢这匹马。Please do take care of yourself.千万保重。反意疑问句1)陈述部分的主语是 I，疑问部分要用 arent I.Im as tall as your sister，arent I?2)陈述部分的谓语是 wish，疑问部分要用 may+主语。I wish to have a word with you,may I?3)陈述部分用 no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,ra
14、rely,little 等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。The Swede made no answer,did he/she?Some plants never blown(开花),do they?4)含有 ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用 shouldnt/oughtnt+主语。He ought to know what to do,oughtnt he?/shouldnt he?5)陈述部分有 have to+v.(had to+v.)，疑问部分常用 dont+主语（didnt+主语）。We have to get there at eight tomo
15、rrow,dont we?6)陈述部分的谓语是 used to 时，疑问部分用didnt+主语或 usednt+主语。He used to take pictures there,didnt he?/usednthe?7)陈述部分有 had better+v.疑问句部分用hadnt you?Youd better read it by yourself,hadnt you?8)陈述部分有 would rather+v.，疑问部分多用wouldnt+主语。He would rather read it ten times than recite it,wouldnt he?9)陈述部分有 You
16、d like to+v.疑问部分用wouldnt+主语。Youd like to go with me,wouldnt you?10)陈述部分有 must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。He must be a doctor,isnt he?You must have studied English for three years,havent you?/didnt you?He must have finished it yesterday,didnt he?11)感叹句中，疑问部分用 be+主语。What colours,arent they?What a smell,isnt it
17、?12)陈述部分由 neither nor,either or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。Neither you nor I am engineer,are we?13)陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this,疑问部分主语用 it。Everything is ready,isnt it?14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：a.并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr.Smith had been to Beijing for several times,he should have
18、been in China now,shouldnt he?b.带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：He is not the man who gave us a talk,is he?He said he wanted to visit Japan,didnt he?c.上述部分主句谓语是 think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine 等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I dont think he is bright,is he?We believe she can do it better,cant sh
19、e?15)陈述部分主语是不定代词 everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one 等，疑问部分常用复数 they，有时也用单数 he。Everyone knows the answer,dont they?(does he?)Nobody knows about it,do they?(does he?)16)带情态动词 dare 或 need 的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need(dare)+主语。We need not do it again,need we?He dare not say so,dare you?当 dare,need 为实义动词时，疑问部
20、分用助动词 do+主语。She doesnt dare to go home alone,does she?17)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用 will you。Dont do that again,will you?Go with me,will you/wont you?注意：Lets 开头的祈使句，后用 shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句，后用 will you?Lets go and listen to the music,shall we?Let us wait for you in the reading-room,will you?18)陈述部分是there
21、 be结构的，疑问部分用there 省略主语代词。There is something wrong with your watch,isntthere?There will not be any trouble,will there?19)否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。It is impossible,isnt it?He is not unkind to his classmates,is he?20)must 在表推测时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。He must be there now,isnt he?It must be going to rain tomo
22、rrow,wont it?快速记忆表陈述部分的谓语疑问部分Iarent Iwishmay+主语no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含义的词肯定含义ought to（肯定的）shouldnt/oughtnt+主语have to+v.(haddont+主语(didnt+主语)to+v.)used todidnt+主语或 usednt+主语had better+v.hadnt youwould rather+v.wouldnt+主语youd like to+v.wouldnt+主语must根据实际情况而定感叹句中be+主
23、语neithernor,eitheror 连接的并列主语根据其实际逻辑意义而定指示代词或不定代词 everything,that,nothing,this主语用 it并列复合句谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句根据主句的谓语而定think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine 等引导与宾语从句相对应的从句everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one复数 they,单数 he情态动词 dare 或needdare,need 为实义动词need(dare)+主语do+主语省去主语的祈使句Lets 开头的祈使句Let u
24、s 开头的祈使句will you？shall we?will you?there be相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)否定前缀不能视为否定词仍用否定形式must 表推测根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句精题精练高考应用强调句型1.(2016天津卷单项填空)You are waiting at awrong place.It is at the hotel _ thecoach picks up tourists.A.whoB.whichC.whereD.that2.It was the culture,rather than the language,_made it hard for
25、 him to adapt to thenew environment abroadA.whereB.whyC.thatD.what3.（2016天津卷单项填空）It was when I gotback to my apartment _ I first cameacross my new neighbors.A.whoB.whereC.whichD.that4.（2016上海卷语法填空）But like so manyother things,it is only too much stress _does you harm.A.whereB.whyC.thatD.what1.D【解析】句
26、意：你在一个错误的地方等待。大客车是在旅店送游客的。本题考查强调句，强调句句型结构是：It is(was)被强调部分+that(who)+句子其他部分，如果强调的部分是人，则用 who。这句话强调的是地点状语 at a wrongplace2.C【解析】这个句子中含有 it was，首先要考虑所给题目是不是一个强调句。把 It was 和横线去掉，发现句意仍然完整清楚，所以说这里就是一个强调句。强调句的基本结构是 it is/was+被强调部分+that+句子的其他成分，所以用 that，所以选 C。句意：是文化，而不是语言，使得他很难适应国外的新的环境。3.D【解析】句意：当我回到我的公寓的
27、时候，我第一次遇见了我的新邻居。本句中去掉It was 和空格，句意完整，所以本句是强调句型，强调的是时间状语，应用 that。故选 D。4.that【解析】考查强调句型。强调句型的基本结构为 It is/was+被强调成分+that/who+其他成分；其最大的特点就是去掉 it is/was.that/who.后句子仍然成立。要注意强调句型能强调除谓语动词以外的所有的句子成分。本句强调的是句子主语 only too much stress。应对策略 11判断句子是否有强调意义，或者看 that(who)后面的句子是否缺句子成分。2判断句子中 it 是否有特殊指代，若是，则不是强调句型。3判断
28、强调的内容为事物还是人。事物则用that，人则用 who。4将强调的部分还原到 that(who)后面的句子中去，检查是否合理。强调句与名词性从句结合：例题：1.Ive already forgotten _you put thedictionary.A.that it was thereB.where was it thatC.that where it wasD.where it was that1.D【解析】本题是经过变形的强调句型用作宾语从句的体现，名词性从句应该为陈述句语序。句意：我忘了你把字典放在哪儿了。做题步骤：第一步：复原It was on the desk that I pu
29、t thedictionary.第二步：对划线部分提问Where was it that youput the dictionary?第三步：变为陈述语序，将其用作 forgotten 的宾语从句则变为：Ive already forgotten where itwas that you put the dictionary.2.It was at the very beginning _Mr.Fox madethe decision _ we s hould send morefirefighters there.A.when;whichB.where;whatC.then;soD.that
30、;that2.D【解析】第一个 that 为强调句型中的 that；第二个 that 引导同位语从句，说明 the decision的内容。强调句与定语从句结合：1.Is _three hours _the boy_family is poor to come to school on foot?A.it;that;whoseB.it;that ittakes;whoseC.it for;that it takes;whoseD.it;when;that;1.B【解析】本题结构复杂，是定语从句、强调句型的一般问句形式和句式 It takes sb.some time to do sth.的糅合
31、。我们也分几步来看这个句子：第一步：基本句式 It takes the boy three hours tocome to school on foot.第二步：以 the boy 为先行词，后面附上定语从句，则变为：It takes the boy whose family is poor three hoursto come to school on foot.第三步：用强调句型对上句中的划线部分进行强调，则变为：It is three hours that it takes the boywhose family is poor to come to school on foot.第四步
32、：将上句变为一般疑问句可知答案。2.It was in the small house _was built withstones by his father _he spent his childhood.A.which;thatB.that;whereC.which;whichD.that;which2.A【解析】本题含义为 是在这间小房子里他度过了童年，the small house 作先行词，其后的定语从句缺做主语的关系代词；第二空所缺的应是强调句型中的结构词 that，故答案选A。反意义问句1.(2012江苏)There is little doubt in your mindtha
33、t he is innocent(清白的),_?A.is there B.isnt thereC.is heD.isnt he2.(2016江苏完形改编)Kurtlistenedpatiently,but then hefinallysmiled andsaid,You dont have a personal plan forgrowth,do you?_,I admitted.1.A【解析】陈述部分中含有表示否定意义的词 little，由此可知附加问句用肯定形式，附加反义疑问句的主谓应与陈述句部分的主谓保持一致，故选 A。2.No【试题解析】You dont have a personal
34、plan for growth,do you?是一个否定的反义疑问句，在回答的时候No翻译为是的，说明我承认自己并没有个人成长计划。应对策略1根据语义判断反义疑问句的主语是谁2根据主句谓语动词的形式判断反义疑问句中系动词、助动词、情态动词等需要用肯定或否定的形式。3根据主句时态判断反义疑问句所需时态。4特殊情况判断。陈述部分的谓语动词中有must 时，分两种情况：(1)must 表示必须，附加问句用 neednt。(2)must 表示猜测，意为一定，附加问句根据陈述部分的谓语动词的时态可用现在、过去和完成时。祈使句1.Always_ in mind that your main task is
35、 toget this company running smoothly.A.to keepB.to have keptC.keepD.have kept2.We forgot to bring our tickets,but please let usenter,_?A.do youB.can weC.will youD.shall we3.Im sure youd rather she went to school bybus,_?A.hadnt youB.wouldnt youC.arent ID.didnt she4.（2017新课标卷 I短文改错）The instructorkept
36、 repeating the words,Speed up!Slowdown!Turning left!1.C【解析】祈使句表请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。祈使句分为第二人称祈使句及第、三人称祈使句两大类。祈使句用于两个重要句型中：祈使句+and+表结果的陈述句用来叙述肯定的条件；祈使句+or(else)+表结果的陈述句用来叙述否定的条件，or(else)表示否则；句首以动词原形开头。从本题的成分来判断，可以看出是考查祈使句。2.C【解析】祈使句中反意义问 will you，表示“好吗 可以吗”。3.B【解析】在反意疑问句中，如果主句的谓语动词是 think,suppose,believe,
37、imagine,besure 等，且主语为第一人称，简略问句仅有肯定或否定是与主句相对应，而主语和时态要与宾语从句一致。4.Turning 改为 Turn【解析】分析语境可知教练的话加速，减速，左转都是祈使句，根据前文Speed up!Slow down!也可以看得出来。祈使句应该用动词原形，故将 Turning 改为 Turn。（一）感叹句1.The little boy came riding full speed down themotorway on his bicycle._ it was!A.What a dangerous sceneB.Whatdangerous a scene
38、C.How a dangerous sceneD.Howdangerous the scene1.A【解析】由于感叹句中出现 it，故只能用what 引导的感叹句。用 how 引导的感叹句正确的形式为 How dangerous the scene was。应对策略1.排除法。What 引导的感叹句后加名词，How引导的感叹句后加形容词。2.根据冠词的使用原则再次进行排除。高效演练1.Bach died in 1750,but it was not until the early19th century_ his musical gift was fullyrecognized.A.while
39、B.thoughC.thatD.after2.Was it because Jack came late for school_ _ Mr.Smith got angry?A.whyB.whoC.whereD.that3.Its not doing the things we like,but liking thethings we have to domakes lifehappy.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.who4.It was with the help of the local guide_the mountain climber was rescued.A.whoB.
40、thatCwhenD.how5.It was only after he had read the papers_Mr.Gross realized the task beforehim was extremely difficult to complete.A.whenB.thatC.whichD.what6.It was not until near the end of the letter_ she mentioned her own plan.A.thatB.whereC.whyD.when7.It was ten oclock _ he came backhome.A.whenB.
41、thatC.sinceD.after8.It was not until he came back _ heknew the police were looking for him.A.whichB.sinceC.thatD.before9.Was it under the tree _ you wereaway talking to a friend?Sure.But when Igot back there,the bike was gone.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.while10.Its more than half a century _ mygrandfather
42、 joined the Party and became a servantto the people.A.whenB.thatC.sinceD.while11.It was lack of money,not of effort,_defeated their plan.A.whichB.asC.thatD.when12.I spent two weeks in London last summer.Then you must have visited the British Museumduring your stay,_ you?A.mustntB.haventC.didntD.hadn
43、t13.She isnt a dancing teacher,is she?_.A.Yes,she isB.No,she isB.C.Yes,she wasntD.No,but she was14.May I help you with your homework?_.A.No,you needntB.Not,pleaseB.C.No,you mustntD.No,you wont15.Do you mind if I smoke here?Yes,_.A.you couldB.go aheadC.I doD.my pleasure16.There are a few measures you
44、 can take toimprove your grade,and one of them is:_ the material you do poorly in.A.doesnt ignoreB.not to ignoreC.not ignoreD.dont ignore17._ in the library,or youll befined 10 dollars and banned from entering for onemonth.A.If you smokeB.Not smokeC.Not smokingD.No smoking18.Daddy,this is my favorit
45、e show.Couldyou.?No._ before the TV set andIll cancel our plan to Disneyland tomorrow.A.Have more minuteB.One more minuteC.Given one more minuteD.If you have one more minute19.If you have a job,_ yourself toit and finally youll succeed.A.do devoteB.dont devoteC.devotingD.not devoting20._ your homewo
46、rk before youwatch TV.A.DoB.DoingC.To do D.Done1.C【解析】句意：马赫死于 1750 年，但直到 19 世纪他的音乐天赋才被承认。强调句中 notuntil 连用。2.D【解析】A 为什么；B 谁；C 哪儿；D 那个。通过翻译可知本句话意思完整，不缺少成分，由此判断该句是强调句型，被强调部分是because 引导的状语从句，故答案选 D。句意：是因为杰克上学迟到史密斯先生才生气的吗？3.A【解析】本题强调主语 not doing the thingswe like。句意：是做我们喜欢做的事情，而不是喜欢我们 不得不做的事情让生活幸福。4.B【解析
47、】考查强调句型。由于被强调的是with the help of the local guide，而并非 guide,所以用 that 来连接。5.B【解析】考查强调句型。句意：只有在读了这些文件后，格罗斯先生才认识到他面临着的任务很难完成。此句是对 only 引导的时间状语从句的强调。省略了 it wasthat 之后，句子结构完整。6.A【解析】考查强调句型。根据固定句型 itwas not until that 直到才，得出答案为that。句意：直到在信的结尾她才提到了她的计划。7.A【解析】when 表示当的时候，句首的 it 表示时间，全句意为当他回到家时，时间是 10 点钟。8.C【
48、解析】为 He didnt know the police werelooking for him until he came back 之强调形式。注意，not until 的强调句式通常为 It wasnot untilthat 的形式。9.D【解析】此题很容易误选 A，认为是强调句型。其实在此句中 it 是代词，代指 the bike，句意为：当你离开去和朋友谈话的时候，你的自行车是在树下吗?10.C【解析】容易误选 B，认为这是强调句型。假若选 B，将此句分析为强调句，那么若将此句还原为非强调句就应该是 My grandfatherjoined the Party and became
49、 a servant to th epeople more than half a century.很显然，句中的more than half a century 是一段时间，然而它修饰的谓语动词 joinedbecame 却是两个终止性动词，这显然不合适。其实，此题应选 C，属于It is一段时间 since 从句句型，句意为我爷爷加入党组织成为人民的公仆已有半个多世纪了。此句的主句谓语也可以用现在完成时态(has been)，但在口语中多用一般现在时代替。11.C【解析】容易误选 A，受空格前逗号的影响，误认为这是一个非限制性定语从句，从而误选了 A。其实，此题最佳答案为 C，整个句子为强
50、调句，被强调成分为 lack of money,not of effort。由于句中插入 not of effort 这一结构，干扰了许多同学对 it was lack of money thatdefeated their plan 这一强调句的认识和理解。12.C【解析】陈述部分含有 must have done，反义疑问句的附加文具中的助动词既可以用have，也可以用过去式形式，但是如果语境中出现了明确的过去时间状语，则只能用过去式形式，本题中出现了 last summer 和 during youstay，因此只能选 C13.A【解析】句意：她不是一名舞蹈老师，对吗？不，她是。题干问句
51、是反义疑问句，陈述部分是否定形式，附加问句用了肯定形式，结合选项可知 A 项正确，意为不，她是，表达是的，她不是要用 No,she isnt。14.C【解析】句意：我可以帮助你做作业吗?不，千万不要。含 may 的一般疑问句的否定回答要用 cant/mustnt。15.C【解析】句意：你介意我在这里吸烟吗？是的，我介意。答语的意思是是的，我介意。由于问句是do，故选 C。16.D【解析】考查祈使句。句意：有一些措施可以采取来提高你的成绩，其中的一项措施就是：不要忽视你做不好的材料。祈使句的否定式：dont/never+动词原形。17.D【解析】考查祈使句的否定形式：no+名词/动词-ing 形
52、式。句意：图书馆内不得吸烟，否则你将被罚款 10 美元，并被禁止入内一个月。No smoking禁止吸烟。18.B【解析】考察“祈使句+and/or+表结果的分句”句型。答句句意：不行。如果你在电视机前再多带一分钟，我就取消我们明天去迪士尼乐园的计划。题中的祈使句部分用一个名词短语来替代。One more minute“再多一分钟。”19.A【解析】句意：如果你有一份工作，一定要全身心投入，你最后一定会成功的。主句是祈使句，排除 C 项和 D 项；由语境可知本句叙述的是肯定的情况，排除 B 项；强调谓语动词，此处要用助动词 do。故选 A 项。20.A【解析】考查祈使句。句意：看电视之前要先完成你的作业。分析句子结构可知，before you watch TV 是时间状语从句，所以_ your homework 是主句，主语省略，因此主句是祈使句，故谓语动词用原形。故选 A。
