1、十、特殊句式 考生需要关注的重要特殊句式有:倒装句、强调句、省略句、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句等。一、倒装句1.全部倒装(把全部谓语提到主语之前)倒装条件倒装方法以here,there,out,in,up,down,away等副词开头,谓语动词多为be,come,go等,主语是名词副词+谓语+主语以then,now,thus,such开头,谓语动词多为come,follow,begin,end,be,主语是名词副词+谓语+主语倒装条件倒装方法表地点的介词短语位于句首,且谓语动词为不及物动词,主语是名词介词短语+谓语+主语表语置于句首,为了保持句子平衡,为表示强调,或利于上下文衔接*Out ru
2、shed a cat from under the table.*Such was Albert Einstein,a simple but great scientist.*In a lecture hall of a university in England sat a professor.*Seated in the first line are some advanced workers.2.部分倒装(助动词/系动词be/情态动词提到主语前)倒装条件倒装方法only修饰副词、介词短语或从句位于句首作状语Only+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语+谓语其他部分倒装条件倒装方法含有否定意义
3、的副词或介词短语(not,never,seldom,little,hardly,by no means,not until,on no condition,in no case,under no circumstances)位于句首时否定副词或介词短语+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语+谓语其他部分倒装条件倒装方法hardly.when,no sooner.than,not only.but(also)等连接两个分句时,如果hardly,no sooner,not only位于句首,前一个分句用部分倒装,后一个分句不变Hardly/No sooner/Not only+助动词/系动词/情态动词+
4、主语+谓语其他部分+when/than/but also+分句倒装条件倒装方法so(such).that中的so(such)位于句首时So+adj./adv.+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语其他部分+that从句so/neither/nor置于句首,意为“也”或“也不”表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时so/neither/nor+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语倒装条件倒装方法as引导让步状语从句时,意为“尽管”,把句中状语、表语或动词提前;若表语是名词,其前不用冠词当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有助动词had,were或should等时,如将if省略,则要将had,were或sh
5、ould等移到主语之前Had/Were/Should+主语+谓语其他部分+主句*Only in this way can you solve this problem.*Never before have I seen such a moving film.*Not only was he forced to stay home,but also he had to do his homework.*So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.*Tom doesnt like banan
6、as,neither/nor do I.【点津】(1)there,here,now,then,up,down,in,away,off,out等副词置于句首,但主语为人称代词时,不用倒装。(2)only修饰主语置于句首时,不能倒装。(3)若两个主语一致时,则表示同意以上观点,不能倒装,此时so表示“的确如此”,即用so+主语+助动词/系动词/情态动词。(4)当前面两件或两件以上的事也适合于另一人或物时,通常用“so it is with.”或“it is the same with.”。(5)Neither.,nor.“不,也不”,连接两个并列分句时,这两个并列分句都用倒装结构。(6)thoug
7、h引导让步状语从句时,可以倒装也可以不倒装。although引导让步状语从句时不能倒装。二、强调句1.强调句(1)It is/was.that/who可以对除谓语以外的成分进行强调。当强调部分为“人”时,可用that或who,其他情况下用that。*It was Belorussian writer Svetlana Alexievich whowon the 2015 Nobel Prize for Literature.(2)在强调句中,当强调主语时,其后的谓语动词应和主语在人称和数上保持一致。*It is White and Betty who often do good deeds f
8、or the old lady.(3)如果原句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时,强调句结构须用:It is.that/who.;如原句的谓语动词是过去时态,则强调句结构须用It was.that/who.。(4)“not.until.”句型的强调结构为“It is/was not until.that.”。*It was not until 11 oclock last night that he went to bed.(5)强调句型的一般疑问句形式:Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分。*Was it in 1939 that World War broke out?(6)
9、强调句的特殊疑问句句型为:疑问词+is/was+it+that/who.?*Where was it that you met Jack yesterday?2.谓语动词的强调(1)do/does/did+动词原形。*Do come here this evening.(2)“never+助动词do”也常用来表示强调,一般意为“从来没有,绝不”。【点津】强调句型与3大从句的辨析类 型区 别与主语从句的区别强调句型去掉It is/was和that之后,句子结构仍然完整,而主语从句却不能It is there that accidents often happen.(强调句)It is a fac
10、t that English is being accepted as an international language.(主语从句)类 型区 别与定语从句的区别强调句中that没有意义,且不作任何成分,而定语从句中that为关系代词,在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语It is novels that Miss William enjoys reading.(强调句)It is a question that needs careful consideration.(定语从句)类 型区 别与时间状语从句的区别强调句型去掉It is/was和that后,结构完整,而It is.when.中,it指
11、代时间It was at six oclock that I got up today.(强调句)It was six oclock when I got up today.(状语从句)三、省略句的5种类型1.宾语从句:引导宾语从句的从属连词that可省略。但及物动词后跟两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句时,只有第一个连词that可省略。*He told me(that)she was a beautiful girl and that she was clever.Im afraid,I think,I believe,I hope,I guess等作答语,后面so与not分别等于肯定和否
12、定,宾语从句可省略。*Do you think it will rain?I hope not(that it will not rain).2.定语从句:在限制性定语从句中,关系代词that,which,whom充当宾语,而且前面无介词时可省略。*He lost the watch(that/which)he bought yesterday.the way后的定语从句常省略关系词that或in which,the time后的定语从句常省略关系词that或when。*I dont like the way(that/in which)he speaks to others.3.状语从句:当
13、状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语为it,且从句谓语中有be动词时,可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。*(2014全国卷)When faced with so many options,the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.4.虚拟语气:在虚拟条件句中,如含有had,were,should,if可省略,句子要用倒装。*Were I(=If I were)twenty now,I would join the army.5.动词不定式:不定式符号to的省略:a
14、.感官动词或使役动词(如feel,see,hear,notice,let,make,have等)后接不定式作宾语补足语时省略to。*I heard someone sing in the next room.b.在do nothing but,cant help but,why not,would rather.than.;prefer to do.rather than.等句型中省略to。*He did nothing but wait all the time.不定式省略:a.使用不定式符号to来代替整个不定式,常在be afraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,l
15、ike,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish等后面。*I asked him to see the film,but he didnt want to.b.在某些形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后面使用不定式符号to来代替整个不定式。*Will you join in the game?Id be glad to.c.如果不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留be,have和have been。*Are you a sailor?No,but I used to be.四、祈使句1.否定式:在动词
16、前面加dont。2.强调式:肯定句在其前加do,否定句在其前加never。3.带有主语的祈使句:为了加强语气或特别指明向谁提出命令或要求、吩咐几个人分头做几件事时须加主语“you”,有时还可同时加称呼语。五、反意疑问句1.陈述部分含有must:(1)当must作“必须”讲时,其反意疑问词用neednt;当含有mustnt(不允许、禁止)时,其反意疑问词用must/may。(2)当must表示推测时,其反意疑问词同去掉must还原之后的句子所使用的反意疑问词。2.陈述部分含有used to:其反意疑问词用usednt或didnt。3.陈述部分含有ought to:其反意疑问词用oughtnt或s
17、houldnt。4.陈述部分含有否定词或半否定词:反意疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。5.陈述部分含有由表示否定意义的前缀构成的词:其反意疑问部分的动词一般用否定形式。6.当陈述部分带有宾语从句时:疑问部分的主语与助动词常和主句保持一致,但如果主句的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,guess,expect,imagine等,且主语为第一人称时,疑问部分的主语和时态与宾语从句的主语和时态保持一致。六、感叹句1.How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!2.How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!3.How+主语+谓语!4.What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!
18、5.What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!6.What+形容词+复数名词+主语+谓语!7.What+名词+主语+谓语!【典例剖析】单句填空(2016全国卷)It could be anythinggardening,cooking,music,sportsbut whatever it is,_(make)sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.解题关键:此处make sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another
19、 thing to worry about是祈使句。答案判定:make【高考题组】单句语法填空/单句改错1.(2016江苏高考)Not until recently _ they encourage the development of tourist-related activitiesin the rural areas.2.(2016天津高考)You are waiting at a wrong place.Itis at the hotel _ the coach picks up tourists.3.(2015全国卷)Open the curtains and _(turn)up
20、the lights.didthatturn4.(2015全国卷)We eat about 22 percent more when _(use)a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate.5.(2015天津高考)Its the journey,not the arrival,_ counts.6.(2014全国卷)In reality,its the chair _ does the important work.usingthatthat7.(2015全国卷)Look at everything you still have and are thankful for all of the good in your life.(改错)_8.(2013湖北高考)Not until then do I realize words could be powerful in both positive and negative ways.(改错)_are改为bedo改为did
