1、Section_Grammar单元语法项目(一)条件句和混合条件句 语法图解探究发现AIf current Olympic champion Marion Jones took such drugs, she would probably have broken that world record more than once.If Peter was a more skillful player, he would have scored more points.BBen Johnson would still be the 100 metres world record holder, i
2、f he had not been caught.If he had broken that record, he would be a worldfamous runner now.我的发现(1)A组句子中，从句表示与现在事实相反的假设，而主句表示与过去事实相反的结果。由此可知混合条件句可以用来谈论“非真实的、常常是想象中的现在状态，可能对过去有影响”，其构成形式是：“if主语动词的过去式，主语would_have_done”。(2)B组句子中，从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，而主句表示与现在事实相反的结果。由此可知混合条件句可以用来谈论“想象中的过去事件可能对现在有影响”，其构成形式是：“i
3、f主语had_done，主语would动词原形”。在英语中，我们一般把条件句分为两种，即真实条件句和非真实条件句。非真实条件句亦可称为虚拟语气。虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。一、if条件状语从句中的虚拟语气主从句构成时态if虚拟条件句主句与现在事实相反if主语动词过去式主语would/should/could/might动词原形与过去事实相反if主语had过去分词主语would/should/could/mighthave过去分词与将来事实相反if主语主语would/should/could/might动词原形If I were a bird, I cou
4、ld fly.如果我是一只鸟的话，我就能飞了。If we had started earlier, we would not have missed the train.如果我们早点出发，就不会错过这列火车了。If he shouldnt come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday.要是他明天来不了，我们将把会议推迟到下周一。即时演练1用所给动词的适当形式填空(2017北京高考改编)If the new safety system had_been_put (put) to use, the accident wo
5、uld never have happened.(湖南高考改编)Sorry, I am too busy now, if I had (have) time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.If I were (be) you, I would_go (go) to see the film Lost on Journey.If you had_worked (work) hard last year, you would_have_passed (pass) the test.If she should_come/came/were_
6、to_come (come) tomorrow, I would_ask (ask) her for help.二、混合虚拟条件句在虚拟语气中，虚拟条件句与主句所指的时间不一致(如一个是过去的，一个是现在的)，这时主、从句谓语动词的形式需要根据具体的时间来调整，从而构成混合虚拟条件句，即错综时间条件句。该句式中不仅仅存在时间的不同，更重要的是事实和假设的混合，其基本用法如下：1想象的过去事件可能对现在或将来有影响句子时间意义谓语形式从句与过去事实相反had done主句与现在/将来事实相反would/should/could/might动词原形If you had taken his advi
7、ce then, you would be better now.如果你当时听取了他的建议，你现在会好些。If you hadnt watched TV late last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy now.如果你昨晚看电视不看到那么晚，你现在就不会这么困倦。If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now.假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。2想象的过去事件可能对现在正在进行的动作有影响句子时间意义谓语形式从句与过去事实相反had done主句与现在正在进行的事实相反wo
8、uld/should/could/mightbe doingIf I had studied hard, I would be studying in college now.如果我努力学习的话，我现在就在大学里学习了。If he hadnt left for Shanghai, he would be helping me now.如果他不去上海的话，他现在就帮助我了。If you had not given me a lift, I would be walking in the rain now.如果你不让我搭车，我现在还冒雨走着呢。3想象中的现在状态可能对过去有影响句子时间意义谓语形式
9、从句与现在事实相反动词的过去式(bewere)主句与过去事实相反would/should/could/mighthave doneIf I were you, I would have gone to watch the Expo then.如果我是你，当时我就去看世博会了。If she didnt speak a few languages, she wouldnt have got that job.如果她不会说几种语言，她就不能得到那份工作了。即时演练2用所给动词的适当形式填空(2016江苏高考改编)If it had_not_been/hadnt_been (be) for his i
10、nvitation the other day, I should not be here now.(2014北京高考改编)We would_be (be) back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map.If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this morning, I would_have_gone (go) to see the film with you last night.If he had_listened (listen) to me, he would no
11、t be in such trouble now.If you had not studied the problem carefully, you would_find (find) it difficult now.三、虚拟条件句的特殊用法1省掉if的条件从句结构：若条件句把if省略，则需要把were, had, should放在主语前，形成部分倒装结构。Had you taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the examination. (If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have fail
12、ed in the examination.)如果你听了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格了。2含蓄虚拟条件句：有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词、定语从句、短语或上下文暗示(常见without, but for, otherwise, or等表达)，此时句子的时态要依具体情况而定。I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadnt been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.)我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一
13、起去那儿了。Without electricity ( If there were no electricity), life would be quite different today.如果没有电，今天的生活就会完全不同。But for your help ( If it had not been your help), it would have caused a serious loss.要不是你的帮助，那将会导致巨大的损失。A true friend would not do such a thing. ( If he were a true friend, he would not
14、 do such a thing.)一个真正的朋友是不会做这样的事的。3含虚拟语气的句子：but真实情况Mary would tell us something about London, but she isnt from London.玛丽很想告诉我们一些关于伦敦的事情，但她不是来自伦敦的。(前面表示对现在的虚拟，but后的从句表示一个客观情况)即时演练3用所给动词的适当形式填空(2017天津高考改编)Do you have Bettys phone number?Yes.Otherwise, I wouldnt_have_been (be) able to reach her yeste
15、rday.(2015安徽高考改编)It is lucky we booked a room, or we would_have (have) nowhere to stay now.(2015重庆高考改编)Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway wouldnt_have_written (not，write) his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.(福建高考改编)Were (be) there no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks
16、 to get news from around the world.(福建高考改编)Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.I would_have_attended (attend) it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview.用所给动词的适当形式填空1(2017江苏高考改编)Were (be) it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.2If it
17、had_rained (rain) last night, the ground would be wet now.3If she had got financial aid, she would_graduate (graduate) from a college this fall.4We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we would_have_visited (visit) more places of interest.5If you were (be) me, would you talk to them?6If he
18、were to leave, you would_hear (hear) about it.7If we hadnt got everything ready, we would_be (be) having a terrible time tomorrow.8He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise, he would_have_scored (score) a goal.9Were (be) I you, I would stay at home on such a terrible night.10I sho
19、uld_have_returned (return) the book last week, but I was so busy that I forgot to do so.完成句子1Without/But_for_your_help,_I would have failed.要是没有你的帮助，我就会失败了。2If_he_had_received_six_more_votes,_he would be our chairman now.他要是多得六票，现在就是我们的主席了。3If Mary were a girl of strong character, she would_have_sai
20、d “No” to her boss.如果玛丽是一位个性强的姑娘，当时她就会拒绝老板了。4Had_you_followed_your_fathers_advice,_you would be much better now.(省略if)如果你听从你父亲的意见的话，你现在就会好得多。5If it hadnt_been for the doctors care, I would_not_be_speaking to you now.要不是有医生的照料，我此时就不会在这里和你说话了。6If you had_gone on board the plane, you would_not_be_enjoy
21、ing your life here now. 如果你登上那架飞机，你现在就不会在此享受生活了。7If you had followed the doctors advice, you would_be_all_right_now. 如果你(那时)听从医生的建议的话，现在就不会有事了。8If I were a teacher, I would_have_lots_of_students.如果我是一名教师，我会有很多的学生。单元语法项目(二)情态动词 语法图解探究发现But young, strong men must realize that this can happen to them,
22、too.In the next few months, he had to have two operations and to undergo chemotherapy treatment.However, we must not forget that he is different from other stars.Many people doubted Armstrongs ability to become a top cyclist again but they need not have worried.There was a 40% chance he would surviv
23、e and 60% chance he might die.我的发现(1)句中的must和句中的had to，表示“义务和需要”。(2)句中的must not表示“禁止”。(3)句中的need not表示“没有必要”。(4)句中的might表示“推测”。情态动词是一种本身有一定的意义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形一起构成谓语。常见的情态动词有：can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)。一、常见情态动词用法情态动词
24、表示推测can (能)；may (可能)；could (可能)；might (可能)；must (一定)；should (应该)；ought to (应该)；will/would (会)表示义务、责任、必要性must (必须)；have to (不得不)；should (应该)；ought to (应该)；need (有必要)；neednt (没有必要)；dont have to (不必)；had better (最好)表示能力can (能够)；could (能够，过去式)；be able to (能够)表示请求、许可、禁止Can I .？； May I .？； Could I .? (委婉形
25、式); Might I .? (委婉形式); Will you .？； Would you please .？； Shall I .？； cant (不许); may not (不可以); mustnt (禁止)表示习惯和倾向used to do (过去常常); would do (过去的习惯行为); will do (常常)表示意志will(与第一、二、三人称连用，意为“愿意”)；shall(与第二人称和第三人称连用表示命令、允诺、强烈的意愿)；dare (敢)I saw her go out just now. She cant be at home now.我刚才看见她出去了。她现在不可
26、能在家。May/Might I sit here?Of course you can.我可以坐这儿吗？当然可以。You havent eaten anything this morning; you must be hungry.你今天早晨没吃任何东西，一定饿了吧。She shouldnt be out in such an early morning.她不会这么一大早就出去的。He would come to help us when he was free.过去，他闲时常来帮我们。The car wont start.车子启动不了。即时演练1单句改错(2015重庆高考改编)You may
27、be Carol.You havent changed a bit after all these years.maymust(2015北京高考改编)Cant you stay a little longer?Its getting late.I really should go now. My daughter is home alone.shouldmust(北京高考改编)Must I have a word with you? It wont take long.MustCanWhen he was a little boy, he used to swimming in the riv
28、er nearby.swimmingswimIts hard to say what kind of person he is. Sometimes he is very friendly; at other times he may be very cold.maycanDare you to tell your parents your school records？去掉toCould I use this computer?Yes, you could.答语中的couldcanIf you may go, at least wait till the rain stops.maymust
29、二、某些情态动词的特殊用法1shall在疑问句中，用于第一人称表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方发出请求；用于第二、三人称，表示说话人对对方的命令、警告、允诺等。Shall I turn down the radio a bit?Yes, please. (No, please dont.)我可以把收音机的音量关小点吗？(征求对方建议)可以。(不，请不要。)You shall have the English book as soon as I finish it.我一完成，你就会有这本英语书的。(表示许诺)2should可用在表示惊奇、怀疑、不满等语气的名词性从句中，意为“竟然、竟会”。It
30、is strange that he should not pass so easy an exam.令人感到奇怪的是，他竟然连这么容易的考试都没有通过。3will, would在疑问句中用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问，用would语气更加委婉；will表示现在的习惯性动作或状态，would表示过去的习惯性动作或状态；will用于各种人称，表示意志、意愿、决心、允诺等，would表示过去时间的意志、意愿等。Hard as I try and try, the door wont open.我努力地试了又试，这个门就是打不开。(主语的意愿)I would climb the hil
31、l when I was a young boy.我是个小男孩时常爬这座山。(过去的习惯性动作)4must表示“偏要，硬要”(指做令人不愉快的事)。Must you shout so loudly?你非得这么大声吗？5was/were able to表示过去成功地做成了某事，相当于managed to do sth./succeeded in doing sth.。could仅表示客观上有某种能力，不说明实施该能力后的结果。The maths problem was hard but I was able to work it out.这道数学题目虽难，但我做出来了。By the time s
32、he was eight, she could read Greek and Latin.她八岁就会希腊文和拉丁文了。6几个情态动词常考的句型(1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，最好”，与had better相近。Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.既然航班已经取消了，你不妨乘火车吧。(相当于you had better go by train)(2)cannot/cant . too/enough .“越越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot . over .You
33、 cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车的时候，越小心越好。即时演练2选词填空：must/shall/should/would(2014四川高考改编)I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at weekends.(2014江苏高考改编)It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, should bring me food.John, look at the time. Mus
34、t you play the piano at such a late hour?Daddy, can you buy me a new iPad when you go to Beijing?You shall get one if you are admitted to a key middle school.Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?三、情态动词have done含义形式推测musthave过去分词一定发生(对发生在过去的事情的推测)否定式cant (couldnt)have过去分词may (might)have过去分词也许发生(对发生在过去
35、的事情的推测，可能性较小)否定式may (might) nothave过去分词虚拟语气couldhave过去分词本能够做(实际上没做)neednthave过去分词本没有必要做(实际上已经做了)should (ought to)have过去分词本应该做(实际上没做)shouldnt (oughtnt to)have过去分词本不应该做(实际上已经做了)She cant have been to your house; she doesnt know your address.她不可能去过你家；她不知道你的地址。(对过去的否定推测)She is two hours late. What can ha
36、ve happened?她晚了两个小时。可能会发生什么事情呢？(疑问句中对过去的推测)It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面是湿的。(肯定句中对过去的推测)She is late. She may have missed the bus.她迟到了。她可能没赶上公交车。(可能性较小)He may not have read the book.他也许没有看过那本书。(否定句中可能性较小)Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished ye
37、sterday.汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本应该昨天就完成的。(本应该完成，但实际上没完成)You neednt have woken me up; I dont have to go to work today.你没必要叫醒我；今天我不上班。(本没必要做，但实际上做了)You could have come here a little earlier.你本来可以早一点到这里来的。(本能够早一点来的，但实际上来得不早)即时演练3完成句子(2015福建高考改编)Sorry, Mum！I failed the job interview again.Oh, its too bad.You shou
38、ld_have_made full preparations.对不起，妈妈！我这次面试又没过。哦，真是太糟糕了。你本该做好充分准备的。(2014陕西高考改编)My book, The House of Hades, is missing. Who could_have_taken it?我的书哈迪斯之屋不见了，谁有可能拿走了呢？Look what youve done! You ought_to/should_have_done the experiment more carefully.看你都做了什么！你本应该更仔细地做这个实验。You neednt_have_told them what
39、had happened between us.你本不必告诉他们我们之间发生了什么事。You could_have_passed the exam early, but you were so careless as to make so many mistakes.你本来能早点通过考试，但你那么粗心以致犯这么多错误。.用适当的情态动词填空1Tom comes from Australia and he can speak English very well.2I heard you bought a new book. May I have a look?3If you can pass t
40、he driving test, you shall get a new car.4Must/Need I water the trees on Tuesday?No, you neednt.5The new law states that people must not drive after drinking alcohol.6Mr Smith has promised that all of us will pass the exam, so it can not be so difficult as you imagine.7Can I pay the bill by check?So
41、rry, sir. But it is the management rule of our hotel that payment shall be paid in cash.8Why didnt you answer my phone call?Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didnt hear it.9If that is the case, we may/might as well try.10This old man is strange. He will sit for hours without saying anything.完成句子
42、1. (2017天津高考改编)My room is a mess, but I_neednt_clean_it before I go out tonight.I can_do_it_in_the_morning.我的房间很乱，但今晚出去之前我不需要打扫。我可以在早晨打扫。2(2017北京高考改编)Samuel，the tallest boy in our class, can_easily_reach_the_books_on the top shelf.塞缪尔在我们班上个子最高，能轻易地够到书架顶层的书本。3He neednt_have_brought any food to the party because there was plenty already.他本没必要带食物来聚会的，因为食物足够了。4Tom must_have_eaten the cake, for there is some on his mouth.汤姆一定已经吃了蛋糕了，因为他的嘴上有些蛋糕。5You might_have_learned more from him, if you had followed him.如果你跟着他学，你也许可以向他学到更多东西的。
