1、阅读理解（科普类）02四、Working with a group of baboons (狒狒) in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already
2、 knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver b
3、aboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.The same held true f
4、or anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social l
5、earning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive (认知的) tasks not because they arent clever enough to solve them, but because they are too shy or
6、nervous to use the social information. The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they dont associate with the knowledgeable individuals, or they are too shy to use the
7、 information once they have it, information may not travel between all group members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning. 59. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. The design of Dr. Carters research.B. The results of Dr. Carters research.C. The purpose of Dr. Carte
8、rs research.D. The significance of Dr. Carters research.60. According to the research, which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning task?A. Those that have more experience.B. Those that can avoid potential risks.C. Those that like to work independently.D. Those that feel anxious about le
9、arning.61. Which best illustrates the “mismatch” mentioned in Paragraph 4?A. Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.B. Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.C. Some baboons observe others but dont follow them.D. Some baboons perform new tasks but dont concentrate.62. Dr. Ca
10、rters findings indicate that our culture might be formed through _.A. storing information B. learning from each other C. understanding different people D. travelling between social groups 【考点】考察科普知识类阅读【文章大意】本文通过叙述Dr. Alecia Carter在狒狒身上进行的一项研究显示动物的性格在社会化的学习中起着很重要的作用。同样人类也与此相似，我们的文化的形成正是通过交换信息等社会学习活动。
11、59. 【答案】A 【试题解析】段落大意题。根据第一段2,3,4行Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others
12、 had to learn for themselves.可知本段主要描述他进行的这项研究的设计方案，也就是他在这项研究里是如何做的。故A正确。60. 【答案】D 【试题解析】细节题。根据第三段第2句The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.可知那些很焦虑的急切想学习的狒狒学得更快，更好。而那些害羞的狒狒却没有能够做到。故D正确。61. 【答案】C 【试题解析
13、】推理题。根据第三段The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.可知一些狒狒虽然观察了很长时间，但是并没有采取行动。这一错位说明性格在动物的社会行为中起着很重要的作用。第四段里的mismatch就是指第三段最后一句while those
14、 who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.的内容。故C正确。62. 【答案】B 【试题解析】推理题。根据文章最后一段第一句The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning可知人们是通过社会学习来理解我们文化的组成的。也就是说人们需要相互交换信息，相互学习。故B正确。【长难句解析】1.Working with a group of baboons
15、 (狒狒) in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box.【翻译】和一群狒狒在纳米比亚的沙漠里工作的来自剑桥大学的动物学博士Alecia Carter给狒狒们设定了一个涉及到新奇食品和很熟悉的放在盒子里的食品的学习任务。【分析】本句中的现在分词短语Working with a group
16、 of baboons (狒狒) in the Namibian desert在句中做为状语，因为动词work与句子主语Dr. Alecia Carter构成主动关系。同时现在分词短语involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box作为定语修饰前面的名词learning tasks。2. This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learni
17、ng in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things.【翻译】这种收集信息和使用信息的错位说明性格在动物的社会性学习方面起着关键的作用，这是在关于动物如何学习的之前的研究中被忽略的问题。【分析】本句中的动词show后面含有一个that引导的宾语从句that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been
18、ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things。这个宾语从句中something就指personality plays a key role in social learning in animals这一点。Something后面是一个定语从句that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things。修饰先行词something。五、 The behaviour of a buildings users may be at least as
19、 important as its design when it comes to energy use, according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions (排放）by 80 percent by 2050, part of which will be achieved by all new homes being zero-carbon by 2016. But this report shows that
20、sustainable building design on its own though extremely important- is not enough to achieve such reductions: the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too. The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to imp
21、rove energy efficiency (效率)，which instead focus on architectural and technological developments.Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything,explains Katy Janda, a UKERC senior researcher，consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design. In other words，
22、old habits die hard, even in the best-designed eco-home.Another part of the problem is information. Households and bill-payers dont have the knowledge they need to change their energy-use habits. Without specific information，its hard to estimate the costs and benefits of making different choices. Fe
23、edback (反馈） facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use; some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.Social sci
24、ence research has added a further dimension (方面），suggesting that individualsbehaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted 一 whether people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat (恒温器) , for example. Janda argues that education is the key. She calls for a focuse
25、d programme to teach people about buildings and their own behaviour in them.66.As to energy use, the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of_.A.zero-carbon homes B. the behaviour of building usersC.sustainable building designD. the reduction of carbon emissions67.The underlined word “whic
26、h” in Paragraph 2 refers to”_.”A. the waysB. their homesC.developments D. existing efforts68.What are Katy Jandas words mainly about?A.The importance of changing building users, habits.B.The necessity of making a careful building design.C.The variety of consumption patterns of building users.D.The r
27、ole of technology in improving energy efficiency. 69.The information gap in energy use _. A.can be bridged by feedback facilitiesB.affects the study on energy monitorsC. brings about problems for smart metersD.will be caused by building users old habits70.What does the dimension added by social scie
28、nce research suggest?A.The social science research is to be furthered.B.The education programme is under discussion.C.The behaviour of building users is unpredictable.D.The behaviour preference of building users is similar.【考点】考察科普知识类短文【文章大意】UKERC的研究发现居民的行为和房屋的设计在节能方面同样的重要。文章号召我们要注意自己的行为切实注意环保节能。66.
29、 【答案】B 【试题解析】细节题。根据文章1,2行The behaviour of a buildings users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use, according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC).居民的行为和房屋的设计在节能方面同样的重要。这是UKERC的研究的结果。所以如果我们要想达到节能的目的，我们必须要注意使用者的行为。故B正确。67. 【答案】D 【试题解析】推理题。根据本段The
30、study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency (效率)，which instead focus on architectural and technological developments.可知：这个研究说明人们现在提高能源使用效率的努力忽视了使用者的行为，却把太多的注意力集中到了房屋的设计和技术的发展方面。故本句中的which是指existing ef
31、forts。故D正确。68. 【答案】A 【试题解析】推理题。根据文章第三段Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything,和consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design. In other words，old habits die hard, even in the best-designed eco-home.可知技术是可以给我们带来帮助，但是它不能解决所有的问题。房屋使用者的使用行为可以让最细心的设计都
32、失去效果。本句说明Katy Janda认为房屋使用者的习惯很重要。故A正确。69. 【答案】A 【试题解析】细节题。根据第四段3,4行Feedback (反馈） facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use可知Feedback facilities可以bridge the information
33、gap。故A正确。70. 【答案】C 【试题解析】细节题。根据最后一段1,2行Social science research has added a further dimension (方面），suggesting that individualsbehaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted可知很多家庭的个人行为是很难预测的。故C正确。【长难句解析】1.The behaviour of a buildings users may be at least as important as its design when
34、 it comes to energy use【翻译】当涉及到使用能源的时候，房屋使用者的行为和房屋的设计至少是同样地重要。【分析】本句中含有一个倍数表达法as important as；本题是一个原级的比较。倍数表达法是高中英语教学的重点，当我们要表达甲是乙的几倍时，通常用句型来表示：1. “A+倍数+形容词或副词的比较+than+B”，表示“A比B大（长、高、宽等）多少倍”。如：This rope is twice longer than that one. 2.“A+倍数+as+形容词或副词的原级+as+B”，表示“A正好是B的多少倍”。如：Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲的面积是欧洲的四倍。3“A+the size/height/length/width， etc+of+B”，表示“A正好是B的多少倍”。如：This street is four times the length of that one.4.“times+what+从句”。如The production is now three times what it was ten years ago.
