1、第12讲 主谓一致【定义】主谓一致即主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。一、意义(语法)一致原则 只要确定句子的主语是单数意义，则谓语单数，句子的主语意义复数，则谓语复数。【完成句子】 用动词的适当形式填空 (1) Physics is (be) not easy to understand. (2) When and where to go for the onsalary holiday has (have) not been decided yet. (3) Either of the stories is (be) very funny. (4) Nothing is (be) imp
2、ossible. (5) Ten pounds was (be) missing from the box. 【结论1】 不可数名词作主语，一律视为单数。以s结尾的国名、地名、机构名、书名等作主语，视为单数；有些不可数名词如news, maths , physics 虽然以s结尾，但不是复数。 表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或句子作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 “one, either, neither, each of 复数名词或代词”作主语时， 谓语用单数。 Something, everything, anything, nothing，somebody, nobody, no one 等不定
3、代词作主语，谓语通常是单数。 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。 【完成句子】 用动词的适当形式填空 (6)This pair of glasses is (be) very expensive. (7)Two series of new stamps have (have) been ordered. 【结论2】a series of, a kind of, a piece of, a pair of 等量词修饰名词，通常以量词的单复数形式来决定谓语的单复数。 【完成句子】 用动词的适当形式填空 (8)The number of the st
4、udents in our school is (be) quite large and a number of teachers work (work) hard. (9)The population of China is (be) large and most of the population are (be) farmers. 【结论3】a number of 复数名词，“许多”，复数意义；the number of 复数名词，“的数目”，单数意义。the population of“的人口数量”作主语时，谓语单数，但如果是分数、百分数、half of, the rest of th
5、e population 作主语时，谓语则用复数，具体指其中的多少人，复数意义。the average of“的平均数量”，作主语时，谓语用单数。【完成句子】 用动词的适当形式填空来源:学。科。网Z。X。X。K (10)Mr. Green together with his children goes (go) to the park every Sunday.【结论4】主语后with, together with, along with, except, besides, as well as 等短语时，谓语动词的数要和这些短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致。(因为with等词为介词，其后跟的名
6、词只能是介宾，不可能充当主语。)【完成句子】 用动词的适当形式填空 (11)The disabled are (be) well taken care of in this country. (12)The news is (be) certain to replace the old. (13)The rest of the workers are (be) still very tired. (14)His family are (be) all sitting in the sofa watching TV. 【结论5】 “the adj.”结构指人时，谓语动词用复数；如果表示抽象的概念
7、，谓语动词用单数。分数、百分数、all, some, the rest, half of, most of, part of 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的含义确定。 主语为集合名词时，如果看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果侧重其中的个体，谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有：army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team等，其中cattle，pe
8、ople，police一般看成复数形式。【完成句子】 用动词的适当形式填空 (15)战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题。 War and peace is (be) a constant theme in history. (16)中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好。 Chinese and Japanese silk are (be) of good quality. 【结论6】当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时，应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。另外，当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物，主语则应该看作是复数， 那么谓语动词也应
9、该用复数。【特别提醒】英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有：iron and steel钢铁law and order治安bread and butter 黄油面包a watch and chain一块带链的表a knife and fork刀叉a coat and tie配有领带的上衣aim and end目的truth and honesty真诚来源:学科网【完成句子】 用动词的适当形式填空 (17)What surprised me most was (be) his attitude towards his study. 【结论7】 what 引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要取决于
10、作表语的名词的单复数。【完成句子】 用动词的适当形式填空 (18)Such is (be) Stephen Hawking, who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much. 【结论8】 such 作主语时， 谓语动词的单复数形式要根据其意义而定。【完成句子】 用动词的适当形式填空 (19)Every day quantities of water are (be) wasted. 【结论9】 quantities of 名词作主语时，不论名词是复数还是不可数，谓语一律用复数。二、形式一致原则【完成句子】 用动词的适当形式填空 (20)Ev
11、ery boy and every girl is (be) having sports now. (21)One and a half hours is (be) not enough to me. (22)More than one boy was (be) invited to the ball yesterday. (23)Many a student in our class wears (wear) glasses. 【结论】 every / each / no 名词and every / each / no 名词作主语时，谓语用单数。 “one 单数名词and a half”作主
12、语时，谓语动词用单数。 “more than one 名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 “many a 单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。【疑难】 Did you go to the show last night? Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area _ invited. A. were B. have been C. has been D. was来源:Z_xx_k.Com【疑难剖析】答案为D项，根据形式一致原则。从last night可以排除B、C。以上四种情况，如果从意义上来讲，主语有复数意义，但由于名词都是以单数形式出现的，故谓语用单数形式
13、，谓语形式上与主语的单数形式一致。 三、就近原则【完成句子】 用动词的适当形式填空 来源:Z*xx*k.Com (24)Either I or they are (be) responsible for the result of the matter. (25)Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has (have) caused me any distress.【结论1】谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, notbut； eitheror， neithernor，not
14、onlybut also等。【完成句子】 用动词的适当形式填空 (26) In the distance was (be) heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people. 【结论2】在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。【完成句子】 用动词的适当形式填空 (27)Here is (be) a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer. 来源:学.科.网 (28)There is (be) a pen, a knife and several books on the
15、desk. (29)There are (be) twenty boystudents and twentythree girlstudents in the class. 【结论3】当一个句子是由 there 或here引起，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常和最靠近它的主语一致。 北京市2012届高三下学期综合练习试题分类汇编之阅读理解：北京市石景山区第三部分：阅读理解（共两节，40分）第一节（共15小题，每题2分，满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AWhen I was eight, I saw a movie about
16、 an island that had an erupting volcano and jungles filled with wild animalsThe island was ruled by a beautiful woman called Tondalaya, the Fire Goddess of the VolcanoIt was a low budget movie, but to me, it represented the perfect lifeBut through the years, Tondalaya was forgottenThe week I turned
17、50, my marriage came to a sudden endMy house, furniture and everything Id owned was sold to pay debts that I didnt even know existedIn a week I had lost my husband, my home and my parents who had refused to accept a divorce in the familyId lost everything except my four teenage childrenI used every
18、penny I had to buy five plane tickets from Missouri to HawaiiEveryone said I was crazy to think I could just run off to an island and surviveI was afraid they were rightI worked 18 hours a day and lost 30 pounds because I lived on one meal a dayOne night as I walked alone on the beach, I saw the red
19、 orange lava（火山岩） pouring out of Kilauea Volcano in the distanceIt was time to live my imagination!The next day, I quit my job, bought some art supplies and began doing what I lovedI hadnt painted a picture in 15 yearsI wondered if 1 could Still paintMy hands trembled the first time I picked up a br
20、ushBut before an hour had passed, I was lost in the colors spreading across the canvas（画布） in front of meAnd as soon as I started believing in myself, other people started believing in me, tooThe first painting sold for $ 1500The past six years have been filled with adventuresMy children and I have
21、gone swimming with dolphins, watched whales and hiked around the crater rim （火山口边缘） of the volcanoWe wake up every morning with the ocean in front of us and the volcano behind usThe dream I had more than 40 years ago is now realityIm living freely and happily ever after56Why did the writer go to Haw
22、aii?ATo make a livingBTo spend her holiday CTo free herself from trouble DTo realize her childhood dream57Which of the following is the writers dream?AGet close to wildlifeBLive a free and happy lifeCLive in nature with animals.DBecome a successful painter58We can infer from the passage that _Athe w
23、riter had never done painting beforeBthe writers parents encouraged her to divorceCthe writers husband took away most of her moneyDthe writer wasnt sure whether she could survive in Hawaii at firstBThe Homeless World Cup is an international football tournament, where teams made up entirely of people
24、 who are homeless competeThe event has been held annually since 2003It was at the end of 2001 that Mel Young, a famous expert in the media industry, came up with the idea of the Homeless World Cup18 months later the first event took place in Austria It was such a success that people decided to do mo
25、reThere are some interesting and special rules of the eventFor example, players（male or female at least 16 years old） must have been homeless at some time after the previous-years World Cup, or make their main living income by selling newspapers in the street, or be asylum （政治避难） seekersAnyone can t
26、ake part, regardless of his or her abilitiesThere are at most 4 players per team to compete in the fieldGames are 14 minutes longIn 2007, 48 nations, 500 players took a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to represent their countries for true spirit and glory in Copenhagen, DenmarkThe winner in 2007 was
27、ScotlandThe 2008 Homeless World Cup took place in Melbourne, AustraliaAnd in 2009 it was held in MilanThe latest Homeless World Cup was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in September 2010 Paris 2011 Homeless World Cuptakes place August followed by the Mexico City 2012 Homeless World CupThe success of t
28、he competition has been in two aspectsto attract the worlds attention to the problems of homelessness and also to help participants live a better lifeAccording to a survey by the Homeless World Cup Organization after 2006 Homeless World Cup, 92% of the players had a new motivation for life, 93 playe
29、rs successfully got rid of their dependency on drugs and alcohol, 44% improved their housing situation and 72% continued to play football59According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?AThe first Homeless World Cup took place in 2003BThe Homeless World Cup was held every other yearCThe ho
30、st country of the 9th Homeless World Cup was AustraliaDAnyone who is homeless can take part in the Homeless World Cup60The aim of the Homeless World Cup is to _Apromote the cause of footballBhelp the homeless live a better lifeCdraw attention to those living in povertyDcall on homeless people to uni
31、te and compete for honor61What can we learn from the last paragraph?AMost players moved out of povertyBHomeless players became professional footballersC93% of the players were independent of drugs and alcoholDThe Homeless World Cup helped homeless people change their lives62What would be the best ti
32、tle for this passage?ATo End HomelessnessBFootball for EveryoneCHope for the Homeless PlayersDBeating Homelessness Through FootballCAlthough new laws have been passed in some American states to cut down on Distracted(分心的） driving , many accidents and deaths were still related with it, especially usi
33、ng cell phones while drivingRecently the Obama administration is considering disabling cell phones in cars aiming to cut down cell-phone-related road deathsTransportation Secretary Ray LaHood, the nations anti-distracted-driving supporter, said in an interview on November 18 that federal officials a
34、re looking at technology to disable cell phones inside carsI think it will be done, LaHood saidI think the technology is there and I think youre going to see the technology become adaptable in automobiles to disable these cell phones- We need to do a lot more if we were going to save livesAlso on Th
35、ursday, the transportation government started a new Faces of Distracted Driving video campaign that features people who have been killed or lost their loved ones because of inattentive driversThe video features heartbreaking stories of children killed, in crashes because of phoning or text messaging
36、, and new videos are expected to be added every few weeksA driver is four times more likely to crash while using a mobile phoneMore than 5,500 people were killed last year by distracted drivers, and another 500,000 were injuredLaHood has said it is never safe to talk on a cell phone while driving, h
37、ands-free or not, because it can really cause distractionIncidentally, a lot of people seem to agree with this viewpointa new research shows nearly two-thirds of Americans support a national ban on the use of cell phones while driving, even if the driver is using a hands-free device（装置）But the resea
38、rch didnt ask how people feel about government-issued mobile phone scramblers or other disabling devices63We can learn from the text that Ray LaHood _Ais in charge of the invention of the technologyBis strongly for the use of the technology in carsCthinks its easy and practical to invent the technol
39、ogyDthinks its unnecessary to use cell phone while driving64The Faces of Distracted Driving video campaign aims to _Afind out the real drivers who caused the accidentsBshow that most of the victims in car crashes are childrenCmake the public aware of the terrible results of distracted drivingDcall o
40、n drivers to buy the new device which disables cell phones in cars65In the last paragraph, the mobile phone scramblers are probably _.Aa kind of disabling devicesBa kind of hands-free devicesCa new kind of cell phonesDnew devices to help text messaging66We can infer from me text that _Amost people r
41、ealize the harmfulness of distracted drivingBthe disabling devices in cars will be widely used if it is freeCmost people would like to choose hands-free devices while drivingDthe writer is not sure whether disabling devices will be accepted by the driversDAre you stressed out, scared or worried all
42、the time? Do you avoid going to certain places, seeing friends or doing certain things because of your worries? Do your worries keep you awake at night? If youve answered yes, you may be suffering from anxietyAnxiety is a normal and necessary part of lifeAnxiety is your brains way of telling you abo
43、ut dangerIt is anxiety which helps you jump out of the way if a car is speeding towards youBut if it gets out of hand, anxiety can get in the way of your getting on with life and can become a real problemIf this is the case for you, treatment may be a helpful way for you to get your anxiety under co
44、ntrolAnxiety is a normal part of lifeSome people may feel uneasy if moving to a new place and some may get overly anxious in certain situationsThere are lots of reasons for thisOne main reason is after a stressful thing which has happened in your lifeSo, if you are involved in a car crash, its quite
45、 likely that you will be more worried than other people around cars and drivingBeing anxious also probably runs in familiesIf your parents suffer from anxiety then you are more likely to be anxious tooThis is probably partly due to genetics, and partly because of how things are when youre growing up
46、Even though people dont talk about it much, anxiety is one of the most common mental health problemsAbout 1 in 4 people will have an anxiety problem at some time in their lifeIf you have an anxiety problem its hard for other people to understand why something that doesnt worry them, like being in a
47、crowd of people, can be so scary for youThis can make you feel separated and lonely, as may become worse and worseThe good news is there are lots of excellent treatments available for anxietyThese include taking therapies （疗法） and drugs67Which of the following statements is true about, anxiety?AWith
48、 anxiety you are far away from traffic accidentsBIts abnormal for people to get too anxious after a stressful thingCAlmost everybody has a certain degree of anxiety in certain situationsDWhen you feel stressed out, scared or worried, you are surely suffering from anxiety68Which of the following reas
49、ons for anxiety is NOT mentioned in the passage?AIllness BExperience CGenetics DEnvironment69What can we infer from the fifth and sixth paragraph in the passage?AAnxiety is the most common mental health problemBThose suffering from anxiety need others understanding badlyCAbout a quarter of the popul
50、ation are suffering from anxiety nowDOnce you suffer from anxiety, youd better seek for medical treatment70The author will most probably talk about _ following this passageAwhat is about anxiety Bwhat causes anxietyChow to handle anxiety Dwhen anxiety becomes serious第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选
51、项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Meaning of HappinessAre you happy? I asked my brother, Lan, one day,YesNoIt depends what you mean, he saidThen tell me, I said, when was the last time you think you were happy?April 1967,he said,It served me right for putting a serious question to someone who has joked hi
52、s way through lifeBut Lans answer reminded me that when we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle（顶点） of sheer （纯粹的） delight, 71 72 I remember playing police and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school playOf course, kids also experience lo
53、ws, but their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreservedIn the teenage years, the concept of happiness changes 73 I can still feel the pain of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going toI also remember the great happiness of being
54、invited at another event to dance with a very handsome young manIn adulthood the things that bring great joy birth, love, marriage also bring responsibility and the risk of lossLove may not last; loved ones dieFor adults, happiness is complexMy dictionary defines happy as lucky or fortunateBut I thi
55、nk a better definition of happiness is the ability to enjoy something 74 Its easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good healthWhile happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as everHapp
56、iness isnt about what happens to us; its the ability to find a positive for every negative, and view a difficulty as a challenge 75 AFor a child, happiness has a magic qualityBYou never know where happiness will turn up nextCSo we chase it and make it equal to wealth and successDAnd those pinnacles seem to get rarer, the older we getEThe more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we areFIts not wishing for what we dont have, but enjoying what we do possessGSuddenly its conditional on such things as excitement, love, and popularity
