1、考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 译林卷区版 英语 语法专练十 特殊句式 考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 高频考点一 倒装1.完全倒装考点清单 表示方位或地点等的副词或介词短语,如:here,there,up,down,in,away,off,out,under the tree等置于句首,且主语是名词时。2.部分倒装(1)only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句,且放在句首时。(2)否定词never,nor,not,hardly,little,seldom,rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time,under/in no circumstances,in no case,by no mean
2、s,on no condition,in no way等置于句首时。3.as/though引导让步状语从句用形式倒装的情况:使用情况表语+as/though+主语+系动词(注意:如果是单数名词作表语,名词前不再用冠词)状语+as/though+主语+动词动词原形+as/though+主语+情态动词(may/might/would/will)考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 典例1(2015天津,3)Only when Lily walked into the office she realize that she had left the contract at home.答案 did 解析 句意:
3、直到莉莉走进办公室她才意识到她把合同落在家里了。“only+状语从句”置于句首时,主句需用部分倒装形式。根据题干中的had left可以推断出设空处应该用一般过去时,故填did。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 高频考点二 强调句式典例2(2015重庆,9)Bach died in 1750,but it was not until the early 19th century his musical gift was fully recognized.答案 that句式结构陈述句It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+剩余成分一般疑问句Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+剩
4、余成分特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+is/was it+that+剩余成分not.until的强调句It is/was+not until+被强调部分+that+剩余成分(注意时态)解析 句意:巴赫死于1750年,但是直到19世纪初他的音乐天赋才得到完全认可。本题考查not.until.的强调句型it was not until.that。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 高频考点三 省略1.不定式的省略不定式作动词expect,refuse,mean,like,love,prefer,wish,hope,want等的宾语时,常承前省略不定式后的内容,但保留不定式符号to。2.状语从句的省略(1)在时间、条
5、件、让步、原因等状语从句中,当从句主语和主句主语一致,或从句主语是it时,且谓语中含有be动词时,可以将从句主语和be动词省略。(2)在if引导的非真实条件句中,如果从句含有had,should或were时,可以省略if,同时将这些词置于主语前。典例3(2015北京,31)If (accept)for the job,youll be informed soon.答案 accepted 解析 句意:如果你被录取做这个工作,你将很快被通知。本题考查状语从句的省略。完整的句子为:If you are accepted for the job,youll be informed soon.考点清单知
6、识清单 栏目索引 高频考点四 祈使句、反意疑问句1.以动词原形开头的句子就是祈使句,考查的重点是“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句式。要注意有时候用一个名词短语来代替祈使句的情况。2.反意疑问句中的反意疑问部分首先要根据陈述部分谓语动词的时态和形式做出判断,第二要根据语境判断问的是主句还是从句的情况,尤其要注意陈述部分本身含有否定意义词汇的情况。在学习中注意几个特殊句型的反意疑问句:陈述部分含有must,used to,ought to以及陈述部分为祈使句。考查反意疑问句的答语时要看所提到的事情是否已经发生:发生了就用肯定回答,没发生就用否定回答。典例4(2015湖南,31)Always (k
7、eep)in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.答案 keep 解析 句意:永远记住:你的主要任务就是让这个公司顺利运作。句子没有主语且表示命令,故为祈使句,答案为keep。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 高频考点五 主谓一致该语法主要考查考生对一些固定用法的掌握,只要熟练掌握了以下几种情况就会做出正确选择。1.“名词或代词+with/together with/as well as等+名词或代词”作主语时,谓语动词的数与第一个名词或代词保持一致。2.由either.or.,neither.nor.,n
8、ot only.but also.等连接并列主语时,谓语动词的数遵循就近原则,取决于离它最近的名词或代词。3.and连接两个单数名词表示同一个人、同一个物时谓语动词用单数形式。4.主语从句或非谓语动词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。5.某些集体名词如果表示一个整体时谓语动词用单数形式,如果表示集体中的各个成员时就用复数形式。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 6.一段时间、一段距离作主语时往往把它看成一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。7.百分数或分数与名词搭配时,如果是可数名词复数,谓语动词就用复数形式;如果是不可数名词,谓语动词就用单数形式。8.注意a number of与the number of,
9、a large quantity of与large quantities of的区别。典例5(2015湖南,27)It is important to remember that success (be)a sumof small efforts made each day and often (take)years to achieve.答案 is;takes 解析 句意:记住这一点很重要:成功是每天所付出的一点一滴的努力的积累,经常需要很多年才能获得。根据句子结构可知,第一空和第二空共用主语success,它是不可数名词,故谓语动词用单数形式。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 知识清单一 倒装一
10、、完全倒装(Full Inversion)谓语动词完全放在主语之前的句子,便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有两种:1.表示方位或地点的副词或介词短语,如here,there,up,down,in,away,off,out,in the room,on the wall 等置于句首,且主语是名词时。如:知识清单 In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.在英格兰一所大学的一个讲堂里坐着一位教授。South of the river lies a small factory.一个小型工厂坐落在这条河的南岸。Out rus
11、hed the children.孩子们冲了出去。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 In she came.(主语是代词时,不倒装)她走了进来。2.such 置于句首时。如:Such was Albert Einstein,a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scientist.这就是艾伯特爱因斯坦,一个简单的人,也是20世纪最伟大的科学家。此句型中的such 多被认为是表语,所以such 后的be动词应与其后的“真正的主语”保持一致。如:Such are the facts;no one can deny them.这些就是事实,没有人能否定它们
12、。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 二、部分倒装(Partial Inversion)只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子,叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有以下几种:1.only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句,且放在句首时。如:Only in this way can we learn English well.只有用这种方法我们才能学好英语。使用特点:考点清单知识清单 栏目索引(1)在部分倒装句中,如果谓语部分无助动词,则须找助动词来“帮助”它构成倒装句。如:()Only after the war learned he the sad news.()Only after the
13、 war did he learn the sad news.直到战后他才得知那个悲惨的消息。(2)only 修饰状语从句时,从句不可倒装。如:()Only when did he return did we find out the truth.()Only when he returned did we find out the truth.直到他回来,我们才查明了真相。(3)only 修饰主语时,句子不可倒装。如:()Only can he answer the question.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引()Only he can answer the question.只有他能回答这
14、个问题。2.否定副词never,nor,not,hardly,little,seldom,scarcely,rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time,under/in no circumstances,in no case,by no means,on no condi-tion等置于句首时。如:Never before have I seen such a moving film.=I have never seen such a moving film before.以前我从未看过这么感人的电影。Hardly do I think it possible to finish
15、the job before dark.=I hardly think it possi-ble to finish the job before dark.在天黑之前完成这项工作我认为几乎不可能。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 3.六个重要的固定句型:(1).so+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语“也是如此”。They love having lots of friends;so do I.他们喜欢交很多朋友,我也是如此。使用特点:此句型也可写成“it is the same with.”,或“so it is with.”。如:They love having lots of friends;
16、it is the same with me/so it is with me.如果句意不是“也是如此”,而仅是对前面内容的肯定或附和(此时的so=indeed),那么,句子不可使用倒装。试比较:A:I was afraid.(句中的 I 指的是A)B:So was I.(I 指的是B,此句相当于:I was afraid,too.)考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 A:我害怕。B:我也是。A:I was afraid.(I 指的是A)B:So you were.(you 指的也是A。此句相当于:Indeed you were afraid.)A:我害怕。B:你就是这样。再比较几个句子:A:It i
17、s hot.A:天很热。B:So it is.B:的确如此。A:He is lazy.A:他很懒惰。B:So is she.B:她也一样。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引(2).neither(或nor)+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语,“也不这样”。Lily cant ride a bicycle;neither/nor can Lucy.莉莉不会骑自行车,露西也不会。使用特点:此句型也可写成“it is the same with.”,或“so it is with.”。Lily cant ride a bicycle;it is the same with Lucy/so it is wit
18、h Lucy.此句型中的neither(或nor)不可用so.not 替代,但可用not.either 改写。如:()I have never been abroad.So hasnt he.()I have never been abroad.Neither/Nor has he.()I have never been abroad.He has never/not been abroad,either.我没出过国。他也没有。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引(3)So+adj./adv.that.“如此以至于”。So clearly does he speak English that he ca
19、n always make himself understood.他说英语说得如此清晰,以至于别人都能听得懂。使用特点:在这个句型中,so后面的句子要倒装,而that 引导的句子不倒装。(4)Neither.,nor.“不,也不”。Neither do I know it,nor do I care about it.我不知道这件事,也不关心。由于neither 和nor 都是否定词,所以它们后面的分句均需倒装。(5)Not only.,but also.“不仅而且”。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 Not only does he like English,but also he learns
20、it well.他不仅喜欢英语,而且学得好。使用特点:此句型也可写成 Not only.but.或Not only.but.as well 的形式,但but(also)引导的句子必须用正常语序。(6)Not until.“直到才”。Not until he returned did we have supper.直到他回来我们才吃晚饭。使用特点:这句话可以改写成:We didnt have supper until he returned.再如:Not until 4:00 in the morning can he fall asleep.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引=He cant fall
21、 asleep until 4:00 in the morning.直到凌晨4点他才睡着。如果 not until 引导的是句子,until 从句不可倒装,只是主句需要倒装。三、形式倒装(Formal Inversion)形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是只把强调的内容提至句首,主谓并不倒装。这样的结构非常多,但有几个重要的句型需要特别注意:1.感叹句What an interesting talk they had!他们进行了一次多么有趣的谈话呀!How interesting their talk is!他们的谈话多么有趣呀!考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 使用特点:对名词(或中心词是名
22、词)感叹时,用what 引导;对形容词或副词感叹时,用how 引导。2.the+形容词/副词比较级.,the+形容词/副词比较级.句型The more you listen to English,the easier it becomes.你听英语听得越多,它就变得越简单。The harder you work,the greater progress you will make.你越努力,取得的进步就越大。此句型中的前半句相当于一个条件状语从句;后半句相当于一个主句。所以,上面第二个例句的意思实质上就是:If you work harder,you will make greater pro
23、gress.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 3.whatever+n.或however+adj./adv.引导的让步状语从句Whatever reasons you have,you should carry out your promise.无论你有什么理由,你都应当遵守诺言。However difficult the problem may be,we must work it out this evening.无论这个问题有多难,今晚我们必须解决它。使用特点:whatever 后面常接名词;用however时常构成以下形式:However+形容词/副词+主语+.4.as,though引导让步
24、状语从句时采用形式倒装的情况(1)表语的倒装Tired as/though he was,he still went on with his work.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 尽管很累,他还是继续工作。Strange as/though it seems,it is true.尽管看上去奇怪,这事却是真的。Exhausted as/though she was,she wasnt able to sleep.尽管已经筋疲力尽,但她还是睡不着觉。注意:如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语,前置时要省略冠词。如:Youngest as he is in our class,he speaks
25、English the best.他虽然是我们班年龄最小的,但他英语说得最好。(2)谓语动词的倒装Try as he might,he didnt pass the exam.尽管他可能努力了,但考试还是不及格。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引(3)状语的倒装Much as he likes the bike,he doesnt want to buy it.他虽然很喜欢那辆自行车,但并不想买它。Hard as I studied,I could not catch up with them.我虽然努力学习,但赶不上他们。知识清单二 强调一、强调句型1.强调句型的一般结构:It is/was+被强调
26、部分+that/who+其他成分。强调人时可用 who/that来连接,强调事物时常用 that。所强调的可以是单词、短语,也可以是从句,但结构必须完整。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语或状语,但不能是定语或谓语。如:考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 It is I who/that am right.我才是对的。(主语)It was him that/who we met at the school gate.我们在校门口见到的就是他。(宾语)It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.汤姆是在公园里丢的那只手表。(状语)2.强调句型的一般疑问句形式:Is/W
27、as it+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分?如:Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗?Is it Professor Wang who teaches you English?教你们英语的是王教授吗?考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 3.强调句型的特殊疑问句形式:特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that+其他成分?如:Who was it that broke the window?打破窗户的是谁?When was it that you called me yesterday?你昨天给我打
28、电话是什么时候?What is it that you want me to do?你要我干什么?4.有时可用It might be.that.,It must have been.that.句型表示强调。如:It might be his father that youre looking for.你正在找的可能是他父亲。It must have been his brother that you saw.你看到的一定是他的弟弟。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 5.not.until.句型的强调句其强调句式为:It is/was not until.+that+其他成分。如:He didnt g
29、o to bed until ten oclock.It was not until ten oclock that he went to bed.直到10点他才上床睡觉。I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.直到她摘掉墨镜我才认出她是一位著名影星。6.强调句型中的it与作形式主语的it考点清单知识
30、清单 栏目索引 可根据能否恢复原句来判断,即把It is/was和that去掉,如果剩下的成分仍然能构成一个完整的句子,这就是强调句型,否则就不是。如:It is there that accidents often happen.Accidents often happen there.事故经常在那里发生。以上就是强调句型,被强调成分是状语,把It is和that去掉,可还原成原来的非强调句。It is clear that not all boys like football.很显然并非所有男孩都喜欢足球。去掉 It is和that,句子成了:Clear not all boys like
31、 football.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 很显然这不是一个完整的句子,因此不是强调句型,而是由it 作形式主语,that从句作真正主语的复合句。7.强调句型 It is/was.that.;It is/was+时间+when/before从句;It is+时间+since 从句;It was not long.before.等句型的区别(1)强调句型与It is/was+时间+when/before 从句在“It is/was+时间+when/before从句”中,it 指时间,when/before引导的是时间状语从句。注意两种句型“时间”表达方式的不同。如:It was at mid
32、night that I got back home yesterday.昨天午夜我回到了家里。It was midnight when/before I got back home yesterday.昨天当我回到家里时,已经是午夜了。/昨天我还没到家就到了午夜了。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 第一句是强调句型,被强调的是时间状语,因此用介词短语表达;而第二句是一般句型,时间以名词的方式表达,用来作表语。(2)强调句型与 It is+时间+since 从句It is.since.表示“自从以来已有(时间)”。注意:两个句型中的时态一般不同,试比较:It was two years ago th
33、at I began to learn English.我是在两年前开始学英语的。It is two years since I began to learn English.我学英语两年了。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 第一句为强调句型,强调的是过去的事情,用一般过去时;而第二句表示“从过去到现在已有多长时间”,主句用一般现在时,其强调句型同样可以用一般现在时。如:It is two hours that he spends on English every day.他每天花在学英语上的时间是两个小时。(3)强调句型与It was not long.before.上述句型可有以下几个句式:It
34、 wasnt long before.不久以后就了It wont be long before.不久就会It was two years/days before.过了两年/两天才考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 It was not two years/days before.不到两年/两天就It will be two years/days before.还得两年/两天才It will not be two years/days before.用不了两年/两天就会试比较:It was two years before he came back from abroad.It was two year
35、s later that he came back from abroad.同样表示“他两年以后回国”,强调句型中应注意状语的表达方式。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 二、对谓语动词的强调It is/was.that.结构不能强调谓语动词。如果需要强调谓语动词,用助动词do,did 或does。如:Do come this evening.今天晚上一定要来呀。He did write to you last week.上周他的确给你写信了。Tom does study hard now.现在汤姆的确学习很努力。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 当must 作“必须”讲时,其反意疑问部分用neednt;当
36、含有mustnt(不允许、禁止)时,其反意疑问部分用must。如:You must go now,neednt you?你现在必须走,是吗?You mustnt smoke here,must you?你不可以在此吸烟,行吗?当must/may(might)表示推测,即must作“一定,准是”讲,may/might作“可能”讲时,可首先将句子改为“I am sure/guess that从句”,反意疑问部分的动词形式根据be sure/guess后的宾语从句的谓语动词形式确定。如:1.You must/may(might)be hungry now,?I am sure/guess that
37、you are hungry now,arent you?You must/may(might)be hungry now,arent you?知识清单三 反意疑问句一、陈述部分含有must的反意疑问句考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 你现在一定/可能饿了,是吗?2.You must have heard about it,?I am sure that you have heard about it,havent you?You must have heard about it,havent you?你一定听说过这件事了,是吗?3.You must have watched that footba
38、ll match last night,?I am sure that you watched that football match last night,didnt you?You must have watched that football match last night,didnt you?你昨晚一定看那场足球赛了,是吗?(陈述部分有表示过去的时间状语last night)二、陈述部分含有used to 的反意疑问句其反意疑问部分用 usednt或didnt均可。如:You used to sleep with the windows open,usednt/didnt you?考
39、点清单知识清单 栏目索引 你过去经常开着窗户睡觉,是吗?三、陈述部分含有ought to的反意疑问句其反意疑问部分用oughtnt或shouldnt均可。如:He ought to attend the lecture,oughtnt/shouldnt he?他应该去听这个演讲,是不是?四、陈述部分含有否定词或半否定词的反意疑问句当陈述部分带有seldom,hardly,scarcely,never,few,little,nothing,nobody等否定词或半否定词时,反意疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如:He could hardly walk without a stick,could he
40、?没有拐杖他几乎不能走路,是吗?考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 五、如果陈述部分含有由表示“否定”意义的前缀构成的词,其反意疑问部分一般用否定式。如:Tom dislikes playing tennis,doesnt he?汤姆不喜欢打网球,是吗?Its unfair,isnt it?那不公平,不是吗?六、陈述部分含有宾语从句的反意疑问句1.当陈述部分带有宾语从句时,反意疑问部分的主语与助动词常和主句保持一致。如:He said that he would come to my birthday party,didnt he?他说他要来参加我的生日聚会,是吗?考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 2.陈述
41、部分主句的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,guess,expect,imagine,且主语为第一人称时,反意疑问部分的主语和时态与宾语从句的主语和时态保持一致;陈述部分主句的主语为第二、三人称时,反意疑问部分的主语和时态与主句的主语和时态保持一致。如:I dont believe he will succeed,will he?我认为他不会成功,会吗?Tom doesnt believe Jane will succeed,does he?汤姆认为简不会成功,对吗?七、祈使句的反意疑问句祈使句后的附加问句不表示反意,而表示一种语气。其结构为:1.否定祈使句,+will y
42、ou?考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 2.肯定祈使句,+will/wont you?3.Lets.,+shall we?4.Let us.,+will/wont you?5.Let+第三人称.,+will you?如:Open the door,will/wont you?打开门,好吗?Lets go out for a walk,shall we?我们出去散步,好吗?Let us go home now,will/wont you?现在,(您)让我们回家,好吗?八、回答反意疑问句时应遵循的原则考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 1.不管是主句为否定,还是附加问句为否定,回答时只看所提到的事情是否已/会发
43、生。如果发生了,用肯定回答,否则用否定回答。如当对方问你You arenta teacher,are you?或You are a teacher,arent you?时,你只要听懂you和teacher两个单词即可,如果你是老师,回答Yes,I am.否则,回答No,I am not.2.要么肯定到底,要么否定到底,不会出现类似于Yes,I dont.或No,I do.的形式。九、附加问句的主语和陈述部分的主语在人称、数上保持一致的几种情况陈述部分主语附加问句主语例句one(指人)one 或he One cant be careful enough,can he/one?再小心也不为过,是吗
44、?this,that,these,those it 或theyThis isnt a fast train,is it?这不是趟快车,对吗?everything,anything,something,nothing it Nothing happened to him,did it?他没发生什么事,是吗?考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 there be 句型be动词/情态动词/助动词+thereThere will be rain tomorrow,wont there?明天要下雨,是吗?There should be no problem,should there?应该没什么问题,是吗?考点清单
45、知识清单 栏目索引 知识清单四 祈使句和感叹句一、祈使句1.否定式和强调式Dont be so sure.别那么有把握。(否定式)Please dont forget to take your medicine.请不要忘了吃药。(否定式)Do come on time this evening.今晚务必准时到。(强调式)Do be careful!千万要小心!(强调式)2.带主语的祈使句(1)为了加强语气或要特别指明向谁提出命令或要求时,需加主语“you”,有时还可同时加称呼语。如:Tom,you water the flowers!汤姆,你浇花!考点清单知识清单 栏目索引(2)命令/吩咐几个
46、人分头做几件事情时,祈使句需带主语“you”,还可同时带称呼语。如:You,girls,clean the desks;you,boys,sweep the floor.你们,女生,擦桌子;你们,男生,打扫地板。(3)在表达“不高兴,厌烦”等情绪时,可带主语“you”。如:You mind your own business!你少管闲事!(4)祈使句的主语除了用“you”外,还可用“everybody,everyone,somebody,someone”等,它们可以放在句末。如:Be quiet,everyone!大家静下来!3.祈使句+and+陈述句=If.,+主句祈使句+or+陈述句=If
47、.not.,+主句考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 Work hard and you will succeed.(=If you work hard,you will succeed.)努力学习,你就会成功。Hurry up or we will be late.(=If you dont hurry up,we will be late.)快点儿,否则我们就迟到了。二、感叹句1.基本构成形式(1)What(+a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!(2)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!(3)How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!What a clever boy he is!=Ho
48、w clever a boy he is!考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 多聪明的男孩儿啊!What beautiful flowers these are!=How beautiful these flowers are!这些花多美啊!What sweet water it is!这水可真甜呀!How high the mountain is!这山真高呀!How fast he is running!他跑得真快!2.省略形式的感叹句(1)how直接修饰谓语动词:How+主语+谓语!How(much)we love our motherland!我们多么热爱我们的祖国呀!考点清单知识清单 栏目索引
49、(2)省略主语和谓语How wonderful(it is)!真棒!3.其他形式的感叹句How can you be so silly!你怎么这么傻!The design and the colours!多美的图案和色彩!To sell such a suit as that to a millionaire!竟然要把那样一套衣服卖给一个百万富翁!知识清单五 省略一、定语从句中的省略现象定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 二、状语从句中的省略现象1.当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致,且从句谓语中含be动词时,可以省略状语从句中的主语和
50、be动词,这时从句中可出现如下结构:(1)连词(as等)+名词As(he was)a student,he worked very hard.当他是个学生的时候,他学习非常用功。(2)连词(though,if,when等)+形容词Work hard when(you are)young,or youll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。(3)连词(as if,while等)+介词短语He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 他四处张望,好像在找什么东西。(4)连词(when,while,t
51、hough等)+现在分词While(I was)walking along the street,I heard my name called.走在街上的时候,我听见有人叫我的名字。(5)连词(when,if,even if,unless,once,than,as等)+过去分词The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.那个展览比预料的更有趣。(6)连词(as if,as though等)+不定式He opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.他张了张嘴,好像要说话。注意:当从句的主语和主句
52、的宾语一致时,有时候也有这样的省略。如:考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.她爸爸告诉她过马路时要小心。2.当从句中的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有be动词时,可以把it和be动词一起省略。此时构成“连词(if,unless,when,whenever等)+形容词”结构。如:Unless(it is)necessary,youd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没必要,你最好不要查字典。另外,我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容,
53、此时可用“if+so/not”省略句式。如:Get up early tomorrow.If not(If you dont get up early),you will miss the first bus.明天得早起。如果不早起,你就赶不上首班车。He may not be at home then.If so(If he is not at home),leave him a note.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 那时他可能不在家。如果不在家的话,给他留个便条。三、不定式的省略1.单独使用不定式符号to,代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常用在be afraid,expect,forget,
54、hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish等后面。如:I asked him to see the film,but he didnt want to.我叫他去看电影,但是他不想去。2.不定式符号to用在have,need,ought,be going,used等后面。如:I didnt want to go there,but I had to.我不想去那里,但不得不去。3.不定式符号to用在某些形容词,如glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后面。如:考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 Will you
55、 join in the game?Id be glad to.你愿意参加这个比赛吗?我很愿意。4.否定形式的省略用not to。如:Shall I go instead of him?I prefer you not to.我可以代替他去吗?我宁可你不去。5.如果不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留be,have和have been。如:Are you a sailor?考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 No,but I used to be.你是水手吗?不是,但我过去是。He hasnt finished yet.Well,he ought to have.他还没完成。哦,他
56、早该完成了。知识清单六 there be句型一、there be句型在英语中表示“什么地方或什么时间存在什么事物”。在这种结构中,there是引导词,be后面的名词是主语,句子的结尾是地点(或时间)状语。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 There is a tall tree in front of the classroom.教室前有棵大树。二、如果有两个或两个以上的主语,谓语动词be要采用就近一致原则。There is a pen,two books,and many pencils on the desk.桌子上有一支钢笔、两本书和许多铅笔。三、there be结构有不同时态的形式,而且可以
57、和各种助动词、情态动词连用。There was a meeting in our school yesterday.昨天在我们学校召开了一次会议。There will be much discussion over this problem.对于这个问题将有很多讨论。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 There have been many great changes in our country since then.从那时起,我们国家发生了很大变化。There cant be any mistakes in his passage.他的文章里不可能有什么错误。四、there be结构中的谓语动词
58、be有时可用seem to be,happen to be,is likely to be或半系动词remain,stand,lie,go,exist,follow,live,come,occur等替换。There is likely to be something wrong with his computer.他的电脑可能出了一些问题。Once upon a time there lived an old monk in the temple.从前,那座庙里住着一个老和尚。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 I never dreamed of there being a picture on t
59、he wall.我从未想到墙上有幅画。(there be的动名词形式作of的宾语)I expect there to be many chances for him to get the job.我希望有很多机会让他得到那份工作。(there be的不定式结构作expect的复合宾语)It is natural for there to be a generation gap between the parents and their children.父母与孩子之间有代沟是正常的。(there be的不定式结构作真正的主语)There being not enough time left,w
60、e have to hurry.(Because there is not enough time left,.)时间不多了,我们得抓紧。(独立主格结构作状语)五、there be句型的非谓语形式考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 There having been no water for 2 days,the travelers were all very thirsty.(Because there had been no water for 2 days.)已经两天没有水了,这些游客们口渴得很厉害。(独立主格结构作状语)知识清单七 主谓一致一、并列主语的主谓一致1.两个单数名词用and连接,表
61、示两个不同的概念时,谓语动词常用复数形式。如:Tom and Jack were close friends.汤姆和杰克是密友。Steam and ice are different forms of water.蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 2.两个单数名词用and连接,表示同一人、同一物或同一个概念,或表示不可分割的整体时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。3.被every,each,many a,no等限定的单数名词由and连接作主语时,谓
62、语动词仍用单数形式。其中,后一个限定词可省略。如:Each boy and(each)girl has an apple.每个男孩和每个女孩都有一个苹果。Many a teacher and(many a)student has seen the film.许多老师和学生都看过这部电影。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 4.一个单数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词修饰时,可以指一件事或几件事,这种名词作主语时,要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如:Simple and plain living is a fine quality.生活俭朴是一种优良的品质。Ancient and mod
63、ern history are the subjects we are studying.古代史和现代史是我们目前学习的课程。5.由and连接的两个what从句作主语时,要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如:What he says and does do not agree.他言行不一致。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 What he says and does does not concern me.他的言行与我无关。6.由or,nor,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but(also)连接的并列主语,通常根据就近原则,谓语动词的单复数形式要和与它邻近
64、的主语的数保持一致。如:One or two friends are coming this evening.今天晚上有一两个朋友要来。Neither I nor he is in favour of her marriage.我和他都不赞成她的婚姻。Either you or I am going to be in charge of this matter.不是你就是我将负责这件事。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 7.主语后有“with/along with/together with/as well as/rather than/but/except等+名词”结构时,谓语动词的单复数形式要与
65、主语保持一致。如:Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请去参加聚会了。Dr.Smith,together with his wife,is to arrive on the evening flight.史密斯博士及其夫人将乘晚班飞机抵达。二、某些名词作主语时的主谓一致1.集体名词family,class,crew,team,group,public,audience,crowd,government,committee等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式要根据主语所指的意义而定。当把集体
66、名词作为一个整体来看待时,谓语动词常用单数形式;如果指其中各个成员时,谓语动词常用复数形式。如:考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。The class are doing experiments.全班学生正在做实验。2.由两部分构成的表示物体的名词,如trousers,pants,jeans,compasses,glasses,shorts等作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of/two(three).pairs of来修饰
67、,谓语动词在数上要与pair保持一致。如:These trousers need cleaning.这些裤子需要洗。Your glasses are very nice.你的眼镜很漂亮。This pair of trousers is mine.这条裤子是我的。Here are some new pairs of shoes.这里有几双新鞋。考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 三、数词与量词作主语时的主谓一致1.表示时间、重量、距离、价格、体积等的名词的复数形式作主语时,通常当作整体来看待,谓语动词用单数形式。如:Twenty years is a long time in ones life.20年
68、在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。Forty miles was covered in a single night.一夜走了40英里。20,000 dollars is not a small sum of money.两万美元不是一笔小数目。2.分数和百分数修饰可数或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于它们所表示的意义。如:考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只干了60%
69、的活。About 20 percent of the students are absent today.今天有大约20%的学生缺席。3.有“kind(form,type,sort,species,portion,series)of”等修饰的主语,其谓语形式常取决于这些词的单复数。如:This new type of buses is now on show.这种新型的公共汽车现在正在展出。All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 必须克服各种各样的困难。Some new forms of art were disc
70、ussed at the meeting.会上讨论了一些新的艺术形式。4.由a number of(许多),a variety of(各种各样的)和a group of(一群,一组)修饰的名词作主语时,谓语常用复数形式。但是the number of(的数目)和the vari-ety of(的种类)修饰名词作主语时,谓语常用单数形式。如:A number of students are from the south.不少学生来自南方。The number of students from the north is small.来自北方的学生人数很少。The variety of goods
71、on sale in that shop is surprising.考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 那个商店里货物的品种多得惊人。5.如果主语由“many a/more than one+单数名词”构成,那么,谓语动词用单数形式。如:More than one student has failed the exam.不止一个学生考试不及格。6.a quantity of后既可接复数名词,亦可接不可数名词。如果a quantity of后接不可数名词,则谓语用单数形式;如果接复数名词,则谓语通常要采用复数形式。quantities of后接复数名词或不可数名词,其谓语动词都用复数形式。如:With
72、 more and more forests being destroyed,a large quantity of good earth is be-ing washed away each year.(=With more and more forests being destroyed,quanti-ties of good earth are being washed away each year.)考点清单知识清单 栏目索引 随着越来越多的森林被砍伐,每年有大量的泥土被冲刷走了。There is a small quantity of water left in the bottle.瓶子里还剩下少量的水。A large quantity of books are on sale now.大量图书现在正在热销。Great quantities of fish were caught that day.那天抓了很多鱼。
