1、Advance with EnglishUnit 3Grammar and usageNon-restrictive attributive clauses 非限制性定语从句skinnyliftconsidereffectaffectsportsmanadj.极瘦的,皮包骨的vt.举起vt.考虑n.效果,作用;影响vt.影响n.运动员Words previewachievementriskpostside effectfall outn.成就n.&vt.冒险n.(在网上发布的)帖子副作用(头发等)脱落Words and Expressions preview*The man _ is sitt
2、ing there is Brad Pitt.*The man _ she speaks to is Brad Pitt.*The man _ she speaks is Brad Pitt.who/thatWho is he?to whomwho/whom/that/-Who is she?Cecilia,_ took weight-loss pills,now realizes that health is important.Cecilia,_ body is thin,still wants to lose some weight(减肥).whowhose限制性定语从句与先行词之间不用
3、逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。My cousin whose father is a teacherwants to be an actor.My cousin,whose father is a teacher,wants to be an actor.1.A.This is the place where I lived ten years ago.B.She is going to spend the winter holiday in Macao,which returned to China in 1999.2.A.He is a man who I can
4、ask for help.B.His father,who works in Beijing,came back yesterday.限制性定语从句和先行词关系密切，如果去掉从句，剩余部分意义不完整；非限制性定语从句只是先行词的附加说明，如果去掉从句，意义仍然完整。S=subject,P=predicate,O=object,我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.Main clauseMy house has got a lovely garden.SPO1.I have a s
5、ister who works in a hospital.我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。2.I have a sister,who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思。（不只一位姐姐）（只有一位姐姐）3.All the magazines here which have beautiful pictures in them were written by him.里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。4.All the magazines here,which have beautiful pictures in
6、them,were written by him.所有的杂志都是他写的，里面都有漂亮的图画。（杂志有带图画和不带图画两类）（杂志只有一种）His father,who works in Beijing,came back yesterday.当先行词是地名人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句。Shanghai,which is in East China,is developing rapidly.1.The famous basketball star,_ is an American,came to China yesterday.2.In those da
7、ys,she used to go to Mr black,with _ she had a wonderful time.3.I bought a car yesterday,_ cost me a lot.whichwhomwho PracticeFill in the blanks with proper relative words.4.Xian,_ I visited last year,is a nice old city.5.He will come to see me next July,_ he wont be so busy.6.The school,_ I once st
8、udied,was built thirty years ago.whichwherewhen7.John said hed been working in the office for an hour,_was true.8._ we all know,he is good at English.Aswhich非限制性定语从句考点归纳：I.as 和which引导非限制性定语从句,代替整个主句。1.As everyone knows,China is a country with a long history.众所周知，中国是一个历史悠久的国家。2.She is a teacher,as is
9、 clear from her manner.她是个教师,这一点从她的举止可以清楚地看出。Examples:3.He missed the show,which was really a great pity.他错过了演出，这真是很大的遗憾。4.He invited me to dinner,which made me very happy.他请我吃饭，这使我很高兴。Conclusion1.as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,as和which可代替整个主句，相当于and this或and that。这两个关系代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。2.as和
10、which引导非限制性定语从句的不同之处在于：(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which引导的定语从句不可放在句首。(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若从句中的谓语为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。另外,as引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如”的意思。Practice1.Alice received an invitation from her boss,_ came as a surprise.2.The weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expe
11、ct.3._ is expected,the England team won the football match.Aswhichwhich4.It rained hard yesterday,_prevented me from going to the park.5._ we can see,the smoke came from the little dustbin.whichAsBy serving others,a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself,_ can be very eye-opening an
12、d rewarding.（2007湖南）A.who B.which C.what D.that Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,_,of course,made the others envy(嫉妒)him.(2004天津)A.who B.that C.what D.whichCarol said the work would be done by October,_ personally(就我个人而论)I doubt(怀疑)very much.(1999全国)A.it B.that C.when D.w
13、hich关系代词：which/who/whom/whose/as 关系副词：when/where(非限制性定语从句中不用关系词that；非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略)非限制性定语从句中通常使用下列关系代词和副词II.all/some/of+whom/which引导非限制性定语从句Examples:1.He has told us many stories,all of whichare about the famous Long Match.2.The students of Class 1,some of whomcame from Japan,went camping yesterda
14、y.Conclusion在非限制性定语从句中,一些表达数量或定位的数词或代词如 all/some/one/both/neither/none/any/either/any 等可与 of 构成介词词组修饰限制先行词,此时先行词在其后的定语从句中作介词的宾语,关系代词不可用that。如先行词指人则用whom，如先行词指物则用which引导从句。1.I am doing different types of exercises,all of _ are quite helpful to my health.2.Many people,some of _ are not overweight,are
15、going on diets.3.There are 54 students in my class,three of _ come from US.Other exampleswhichwhomwhomLast week,only two people came to look at the house,_ wanted to buy it.(2007安徽)A.none of them B.both of themC.none of whom D.neither of whomThe factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every y
16、ear,80%_ are sold abroad.(2004辽宁)A.of which B.which of C.of them D.of thatIt is reported that two schools,_ are being built in my hometown,will open next year.（2007四川）A.they both B.which both C.both of them D.both of which I have many friends,some _ are businessmen.(2005全国)A.why B.from which C.who o
17、f D.of whomCan you find the non-restrictive attributive clauses in the Reading section on pages 42-43.*Im taking weight-loss pills called Fat-Less,which are quite popular among young women here.*My mother,whom you met last year,keeps telling me not to take them because they are dangerous.*Then the d
18、octor found that someone in your country,whose name is Li Dong,was an exact match for me.*Its the same in Chinamany people,some of whom are not overweight at all,are always going on diets or taking weight-loss pills,which are often dangerous.If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men,women will
19、 spend more time in the shop.(2005上海)A.that B.which C.when D.whereI walked in our garden,_ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.(2005辽宁)A.which B.when C.where D.thatGreat changes have taken place in that school.It is no longer what it was 20 years ago,_ it was so poorly equipped.(
20、2005安徽)A.when B.which C.what D.thatJim passed the driving test,_ surprised everybody in the office.（2005浙江）A.which B.that C.this D.it There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.(2004全国)A.where B.which C.when D.thatThe road conditions there turned out to be very good,_ was more
21、than we could expect.(2008全国II)A.it B.what C.which D.that1.This is one of the most interesting films _ shown last week.This is the very one of the most interesting films _ shown last week.A.which was B.that was C.which were D.that wereBDComparison2.He has two sons,_ are college students.He has two s
22、ons,and _ are college students.A.both of which B.both of whom C.both of them D.both of itCB3.He still lives in the room _ window faces to the east.He still lives in the room,the window _ faces to the east.He still lives in the room _ is in the north of the city.He still lives in the room _ there is
23、a beautiful table.A.which B.whose C.where D.of whichCADB4._ we all know,China is rich in natural resources._ is well-known that China is rich in natural resources._ is well-known,China is rich in natural resources.A.Which B.As C.It D.ThatBCB5.Is this museum _ he visited last month?The teacher tells
24、us that _ cleans the blackboard is to be praised.A.that B.the one C.which D.the one whoBDHomeworkFinish the given exerciseson P48-49.Unit 3 Grammar and usageQuestion tags(2nd period)put on weightrecognize体重增加vt.认出,识别;认可,公认Words and Expressions previewDo you say“I love you”to your parents,how do you
25、say?Sometimes,you can ask:You love me,dont you?This kind of sentence is called question tag.Question tags are short questions that come at the end of statements.Question tags can be used when you ask for agreementeg:You still go to the gym every day,dont you?ask for confirmationeg:You still go to th
26、e gym every day,dont you?1.We use a negative question tag at the end of a positivestatement;we use a positivequestion tag at the end of a negative statement.NoticeLooking good is important to women,isnt it?I was very lucky,wasnt I?We shouldnt be ashamed of the way we look,should we?2.Words like neit
27、her,none,nobody,nothing,few,little,never,hardly or seldom are considered negative.Notice Neither of you will have coffee,willyou?No one has found my CD,have they?Nobody understood his speech,didthey?His sister seldom argues with people,does she?e.g.There are a group of little children in the museum,
28、_?arent thereWhat does the word“little”mean here?“Small or young”rather than“almost no”.AttentionQuestion3.We use a personal pron.like I,we,you,he,she,it or they in a question tag.*You wouldnt like to take these pills,would you?*Everyone has advised you not to go on a diet,havent they?Notice4.We use
29、 an auxiliary verb,modal verb or be in a question tag.*You like traveling,dont you?*You cant speak Italian,can you?*There is something wrong,isntthere?Notice5.After an imperative clause,we use will you.After Lets,we use shall we.*Post a letter for me,will you?*Lets have a break,shall we?*Let us go h
30、ome now,will you?Notice6.When the main clause of the sentence begins with I think/suppose/guess/believe/imagine and is followed by an object clause introduced by that,the question tags are formed according to the object clause.NoticeI think everyone will be interested in these books,wont they?I gues
31、s they havent heard about the plan,have they?I dont suppose Tom went back home yesterday,did he?Hes a very good teacher,isnt he?Youd watch the football match rather than go to the party,wouldnt you?7.Remember s=is or has,and d=had or wouldNoticeTips about using question tags:Take note of:the kind of
32、 verb(auxiliary/modal verb/other verbs)the tense of the verb/verb agreement1.When youve finished with that book,dont forget to put it back on the shelf,_?(2007北京）A.do you B.dont you C.will you D.wont you2.There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended _?(2005上海)A.wasn
33、t there B.was there C.didnt it D.did it3.There is no light in the dormitory.They must have gone to the lecture,_?(2004上海春)A.didnt they B.dont they C.mustnt they D.havent theyBills aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising on TV is illegal,_?A.isnt it B.is it C.isnt he D.is he1.consider
34、Now he is considering taking some pills,which he thinks will make him become stronger.(Page 49,line 7)释义：a.think about 考虑,思考b.be of the opinion,regard as 认为,以为c.take into account顾虑,体谅consider(doing)sth.consider sb.as/to beconsider的常见用法consider sb.that clause/wh-clause1.我们已经考虑了今天下午去科技馆。We have _ _ th
35、is afternoon.2.我认为你不该为之受责备。I consider _ _.considered going to the science museumthat you are not to blame for it完成下列句子的英文翻译：3.他们认为你很热心。They consider _ _.4.我们认为这件事不重要。We consider _ _.this matter(as)unimportantyou to be warm-hearted5.这个科学家被认为发明了一种新型电话。This scientist_ _.6.我们认为他这样做是自私的。We consider _.is
36、considered to have invented a new type of telephoneit selfish for him to do soaffecteffecteffortoffera result,impressionagree to give,providetrying hardto produce a change in sb/sth2.affect/effect/effort/offer1.All the people there were _ to tears.2.Kate was much _ by the sad news.3.The book had a g
37、reat _ on his future.affectedaffectedeffectaffect/effect/effort/offerPractice4.He used to _ me black bread for lunch.5.Jim will make more _ to learn English well.offereffortsPractice3.recognize/realize释义：know,identify again;认识,认出to accept that sth is legal,true or important;承认,认可be prepared to admit
38、;自认,知道acknowledge;公认,赏识常见用法:recognize sb/sth.recognizeas/to be recognize thatrecognize释义:be fully conscious of,understand 完全认识,了解convert into a fact 使(计划、希望等)实现exchangefor money 变卖(财产、股票等)obtain as a price or profit卖得、获得常见用法:realize sb./sth.realize thatrealizerecognize/realize1.Has he _ his mistake
39、yet?2.Dogs _ people by their smell.3.I dont think you fully _ the importance of his talk.4.She looked at the letter and _ my handwriting.recognizerealizedrealizerecognizedPracticeFill in the blanks,using the correct forms of the following words.1.He _ his hat and went outside.2.Could you help me _ t
40、his table,please?3.Jim went back home after he had _ his goal.achievedliftput onlift,achievement,risk,post,put on,fall out4.Do you mind _ a letter to me?5.The _ that we might fail made us work twice as hard.6.Her hair has _ after taking this kind of medicine.fallen outriskpostingFill in the blanks,u
41、sing the correct forms of the following words.lift,achievement,risk,post,put on,fall outComplete the following passages with who,whose,which,where,or when.I have a good friend,(1)_ is really skinny.Twice a week he goes to the gym,(2)_ he exercises and lifts weights.But the fact is hes still quite th
42、in,(3)_makes him unhappy.Now he is considering taking some pills,(4)_ he thinks will make him become stronger.Does anyone know if its safe to take these pills?whowherewhichwhichI think going to a gym is a good way to keep healthy and strong.If your friend wants to be stronger,he should try to go the
43、re more often.Yes,there are some pills to make you look strong.However,they have side effects,(5)_ will damage your health.After taking this kind of pill for some time,your friends hair might fall out or he might have health problems,some of(6)_ may even affect his liver or heart.whichwhichMany sportsmen,(7)_ achievements were great,died very young because they took these kinds of pills.I dont think your friend should take the risk.Tell your friend not to take the pills because he may have health problems in the future,(8)_ it is too late.whosewhen
