1、第3讲主谓一致与动词的时态和语态考点一主谓一致主谓一致是指句子的谓语动词和其主语在人称和数上必须保持一致。主谓一致一般遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1语法一致原则主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。(1)动名词短语、动词不定式短语、单个从句或不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。Everything is in a complete mass，which drives people crazy.所有的事情都毫无头绪，让人发疯。w
2、hat引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果从句表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式。What he said is far from the truth.他的话与事实相差太远了。What the school needs are qualified teachers.这个学校需要的是合格的老师。(2)主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，including，in addition to 等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。The teacher as wel
3、l as his students was very excited.老师和他的学生们都很兴奋。(3)and，both.and.连接两个不同的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数形式。The poet and writer has produced many works.这位诗人兼作家创作了许多作品。(4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词的形式要与先行词保持一致。I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasure.我将永远珍惜那些充满欢乐的时光。(5)“m
4、any a或more than one可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。each，every，no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。2意义一致原则意义一致原则是指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。(1)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family，class，team，group，p
5、ublic，committee，government，audience等。The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。The class are doing experiment.全班学生都在做实验。(2)“分数/百分数/the majorityof名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all，some，half，most，the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。About one third of the books are worth reading.
6、这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只做了60%的工作。(3)“the形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The old are taken good care of here.在这儿老年人被照顾得很好。(4)a quantity of后既可接不可数名词，也可接可数名词复数，谓语动词用单数形式；quantities of后无论是可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。A quantity of time has been wasted on the project.Quantit
7、ies of time have been wasted on the project.大量的时间被浪费在这个项目上。(5)“a number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。A number of students have gone for an outing.许多学生去远足了。The number of the students is increasing year after year.学生的数量逐年增加。(6)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。Three thousan
8、d dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.对于一个男孩来说，3 000美元是一大笔钱。3就近一致原则就近一致原则是指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。(1)由or，either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.，not.but.等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.要么是你要么是你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。(2)由
9、there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。There are three books and a pen on the desk.桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。对点演练单句语法填空1(2019山东聊城模拟)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is (be) often acceptable.2(全国卷)Fast food is (be) full of fat and salt；by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat t
10、han they need in their diet.3The publication of Great Expectations，which was (be) both widely reviewed and highly praised，strengthened Dickens status as a leading novelist.4Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming，is (be) regarded as one of the best allround forms of exercise.考点二一般时态1一般现在时(1
11、)一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。由动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式(be动词的一般现在时用am/is/are)构成。*They always care for each other and help each other.他们总是照顾和帮助对方。(2)表示按照时间表、计划安排好的或者规定的行为，只限于go，come，leave，start，stop，arrive，begin，return，open，close等表示动作趋向性或移动意义的词。*The shop closes at 11：00 pm.every day.商店每天晚上11点关门。(3)如果主句是一般将来时，那么在由
12、when，while，before，after，until，as soon as 等引导的时间状语从句、if和unless引导的条件状语从句及让步状语从句中，可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示将来的动作或状态。*The sentence will be easy to understand when you divide it into three parts.当你把句子分成三部分时，句子就容易理解。2一般过去时(1)表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用，如yesterday，last month，just now，the other day，three d
13、ays ago，in 1989等。The other day I came across an old friend on the top of Mount Tai.前几天，我在泰山顶上偶然遇到了一位老朋友。(2)表示在过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。Whenever the Browns went，they were given a warm welcome.布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。(3)有些句子，虽然没有明确地表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词有know，think，expect，want等。Edward，you p
14、lay so well.But I didnt know you played the piano.爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。对点演练单句语法填空1(2020福建五校统考)According to a recent survey，violence did exist in schools.Students showed their fear and parents and teachers also expressed (express) their great concern about it.2(2020浙江湖州模拟考试)Around two oclock every
15、 night，Sue will start talking in her dream.It somewhat bothers (bother) us.3Everybody knows you shouldnt put childrens beds under a window in case a child tries (try) to climb out.考点三进行时态1现在进行时(1)表示此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态，常与时间状语now，at the moment，at present等连用。He is watching a football match on TV at home no
16、w.他现在正在家里在电视上看足球赛。(2)表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作或表示将要开始或结束的动作，常见的动词有go，begin，leave，arrive，come，return等。How many of you are coming to the party next week?你们中有多少人下周要来参加聚会？(3)现在进行时态与频率副词always，constantly连用表达某种感情色彩，如不满、厌恶、赞赏等。You are always forgetting the important things.你总是把重要的事情忘掉。(表达出不满的情绪)2过去进行时(1)过去进行时主要
17、表示过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作，常和表示过去时间的状语then，at that time，yesterday，at five yesterday afternoon，last night等连用。I was visiting a friend of mine most of the afternoon.我(那天)下午大部分时间都在一个朋友家里。(2)表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作，此用法常见动词有go，begin，leave，arrive，come，return等。I was coming to visit you later that day，but I had to phone
18、 and cancel.我本打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是我不得不打电话取消了。3将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如：at this time tomorrow，by then，from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.简不能参加今天下午三点的会议了，因为她那个时间在授课。对点演练单句语法填空1(2020浙江湖州模拟考
19、试)One day，when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he was bathing (bathe) inside，the volcano erupted unexpectedly.2(2020浙江台州模拟考试)The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers are repairing (repair) one of the main pipes.3(2020兰州模拟)Terry and his wife were cleaning (clean) th
20、eir new home busily when the light suddenly went out.考点四将来时态1一般将来时(1)“shall/will动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。Dr Jackson is not in his office at the moment.All right.I will call him later.杰克逊博士现在不在办公室。好的。我稍后给他打电话。Mr Li was ill in hospital.Oh，I didnt know.Ill go to see him tonig
21、ht.李老师生病住院了。哦，我还不知道呢。我今晚去看他。(2)be going to动词原形。表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，认为某事即将发生。Look at the cloud.Its going to rain.瞧那乌云，天就要下雨了。(3)“be to动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.到10点你得交上试卷。(4)“be about to动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。Tom was
22、about to close the window when his attention was caught by a bird.汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。2过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，即过去将来时是“立足过去，着眼未来”的一种时态，常用于宾语从句中。*In Berlin，he first met the woman whom he would one day marry.在柏林，他第一次见到的女人就是后来有一天和他结婚的那人。对点演练单句语态填空1(2020深圳模拟)I think being openminded and fr
23、iendly will do(do) you good.2Ram explained to his mother that he would get home late that night because of extra work.3If students have nutritious food in the morning，energy levels will stay(stay) high and the mind alert.考点五完成时态1现在完成时(1)表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语：already，just，yet，n
24、ever，before，lately，recently，in the last (past) few days/years，up to now，till now，so far等。He has already received three similar invitations this week.本周他已经收到了三个相似的邀请。In the past few years thousands of films have been produced all over the world.在过去的几年里，全世界拍摄了数以千计的电影。(2)表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。
25、常用的时间状语：since时间点；for时间段等。I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me?我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴师。你能为我弹钢琴吗？Sorry，I havent played the piano for years.抱歉，我好多年没有弹钢琴了。(3)在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。Will you come to my office when you have finished your work?你完成工作后到我办公室来一下
26、，好吗？2过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。When walking down the street，I came across David，whom I hadnt seen for years.沿街走路时，我偶然遇见了戴维，我们已经有好几年没见了。(2)表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before，by then，by that time，by the end of，by the time从句等。It took me a long ti
27、me before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我做的一切。(3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。I had intended to call on you yesterday，but I had an unexpected visitor.昨天我本来打算去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。3将来完成时将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作
28、将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by将来的某个时间”。By this time of next year，all of you will have become college students.到明年的这个时候，你们就都成为大学生了。对点演练单句语法填空1(2020浙江金华十校模拟)Doctors and scientists have learned (learn) a great deal about sleep in the last thirty years.2(2020陕西西安模拟)Just as I got to the school gate，I realized I had le
29、ft my book in the cafe.3(2019合肥一次调研)It is reported that China will have completed (complete) its first orbiting space station by around 2022.4Since she was born，she has gained (gain) impressive popularityshe is an international fashion queen.考点六完成进行时现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的组合，表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作
30、或表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直反复进行的动作，它既具备现在完成时的特征，又具备现在进行时的特征，如：它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”的特点。He has been learning English for 6 years.他学英语已经六年了。(从过去某一时间开始学英语，强调到现在还在学)It has been raining for 3 days.已经下了三天雨了。(强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)考点七被动语态1被动语态的构成(以do为例)时体现在过去将来过去将来一般is/am/ are donewas/weredonewill/shallbe donewould/should b
31、e done进行is/am/ are beingdonewas/werebeing done完成have/hasbeendonehad beendonewill/shallhave beendonewould/ shouldhavebeen done2.被动语态的用法(1)不知道或不必指出动作的执行者时。Computers are widely used in transport.计算机被广泛运用于交通领域。(2)强调动作的承受者时。A third ring will be built around this city.这座城市将建一条三环路。(3)出于策略、婉转、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者时。
32、Much has been said but little has been done about the issue.关于这件事，说的太多，做得太少。(4)出于修辞的需要，使用被动语态可以使句子更加简练、匀称。The plan was supported by those who wished to have more chances to speak English.这项计划受到那些希望有更多机会说英语的人的支持。(5)科技文献、新闻报道中常使用被动语态。The WestEast Gas Pipeline Project was kicked off on July 4.“西气东输管道工程
33、”7月4日全线开工。(6)用于一些固定句式中。It is hoped that.希望It is supposed that.据推测说It is known that.据说It is believed that.有人相信It is thought that.人们认为对点演练单句语法填空1(2020武汉武昌区调研)As a foreigner，I was absorbed (absorb) and charmed by the genuine warmth of welcome and unique culture during the trip.2(2019江西南昌一模)John，as well
34、 as the other children who have no parents is being taken (take) good care of in the city now.3(2017全国卷)When fat and salt are removed (remove)from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.4The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded (reward) with
35、 success in the end.5The giant panda is loved (love) by people throughout the world.(一)主谓一致在语法填空中的命题点1考查语法一致原则(2019全国卷)Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six are (be) stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.2考查意义一致原则(2019威海模拟)Onethird of the country i
36、s (be) covered with trees and the majority of the citizens are (be)black people.3考查就近一致原则(湖南卷改编)Either you or one of your students is (be) to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.(二)时态和语态在语法填空中的命题点动词的时态和语态在语法填空题中通常以有提示词的形式进行考查，通常括号中给出动词原形，让考生填写适当的动词时态和语态。1考查时态(2018全国卷)When the gorillas and I frig
37、htened each other，I was just glad to find them alive.True to a gorillas unaggressive nature，the huge animal meant (mean) me no real harm.(2017天津卷)I was_driving (drive)down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.2考查语态(2019全国卷)On the last day of our weeklong stay，we were_invited(
38、invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm.(2018天津卷，改编)My washing machine is_being_repaired (repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand.单句语法填空1Every one of you _ (be)encouraged to visit it.答案：is2The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one third _ (be) used regula
39、rly.Now we have 60 working all day long.答案：were3Such poets as Shakespeare are widely known，of whose works，however，some _ (be)difficult to understand.答案：are4The fact that so many people still smoke in public places _ (suggest)that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of s
40、moking.答案：suggests5The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials，the rest of which _ (save) for other purposes.答案：were saved6The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody _ (see) them since.答案：has seen7Hi，lets go skating.Sorry，Im busy right now. I _ (fill) in an application form for a new job.答案：am
41、 filling8Im calling about the apartment you _ (advertise) the other day. Could you tell me more about it?答案：advertised9Writing out all the invitations by hand was more timeconsuming than we _ (expect)答案：had expected10They made up their mind that they _ (buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs.答案：wo
42、uld buy11Sofia looked around at all the faces; she had the impression that she _ (see)most of the guests before.答案：had seen12Close the door of fear behind you，and you _ (see) the door of faith open before you.答案：will see13If nothing _ (do)，the oceans will turn into fish deserts.答案：is done14Hundreds
43、of jobs _ (lose) if the factory closes.答案：will be lost15A new cinema _ (build) here. They hope to finish it next month.答案：is being built16(2020武汉武昌区调研)This medicine _ (taste) terrible.I hate it.解析：由整句语境可知，此处为一般现在时，表示对客观事实的描述。此处taste为系动词，表示事物本身具有的性质时不使用被动语态。答案：tastes17(2019河北邯郸一模)I dont understand wh
44、y you didnt go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.Im so sorry.But I _ (do) my homework.解析：句意：“我不解的是你昨天下午为什么不去听讲座。”“对不起。但是(当时)我正在做家庭作业。”很显然，答话者没有去的原因是当时在做家庭作业，即“听讲座”和“做家庭作业”是同时进行的，因此此处要用过去进行时。答案：was doing18As is known to all，one big Easter tradition in Western countries is hunting for hidden Easter eggs.Children carry baskets and collect eggs which _(make)of chocolate or candy.答案：are made
