1、二十一必修5 Unit 1Great scientists(限时35分钟). 阅读理解A(2021北京模拟)Researchers continue to show the power behind our sense of smell. Recent studies have found, among other things, that the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger in drivers on roads. The review explains that smell is unique in it
2、s effects on the brain. According to Conrad King, the researcher who carried out the review, “more than any other senses, the sense of smell goes through the logical part of the brain and acts on the systems concerned with feelings. This is why the smell of baking bread can destroy the best intentio
3、ns of a dieter. ”Smell, which dictates(决定) the unbelievable complexity of food tastes, has always been the least understood of our senses. Our noses are able to detect up to 10, 000 distinct smells. Our ability to smell and taste this extremely large range of smells is controlled by something like 1
4、, 000 genes, which make up an amazing 3% of the human genome. Researchers Richard Axel and Linda Buck were together awarded a Nobel Prize in 2004 for their ground-breaking research on the nature of this extraordinary sense. These two scientists were the first to describe the family of 1, 000 olfacto
5、ry (嗅觉) genes and to explain how our olfactory system works. According to one study in the research review, smelling fresh pizza or even the packaging of fast foods can be enough to make drivers feel impatient with other road users. They are then more likely to speed and experience uncontrollable an
6、ger on roads. The most reasonable explanation is that these can all make drivers feel hungry, and therefore desperate to satisfy their appetites. In contrast, the smells of peppermint and cinnamon were shown to improve concentration levels as well as reduce drivers impatience. Similarly, the smells
7、of lemon and coffee appeared to promote clear thinking and mental focus. However, the way genes regulate smell differs from person to person. A study by researchers in Israel has identified at least 50 olfactory genes which are switched on in some people and not in others. They believe this may expl
8、ain why some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them. The Israel researchers say their study shows that nearly every human being shows a different pattern of active and inactive smell-detecting receptors. 【文章大意】文章主要介绍了人类的嗅觉基因和嗅觉系统, 科学家们通过研究嗅觉基因和嗅觉系统是如何工作的, 发现了嗅觉对我们生活的影响。1. What did
9、Richard Axel and Linda Buck find out? A. The type of food smells. B. The logical part of human brain. C. The nature of human olfactory system. D. The relationship between food and feelings. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。答案定位在第三段These two scientists were the first to describe the family of 1, 000 olfactory genes and
10、to explain how our olfactory system works. (这两位科学家首次描述了1 000个嗅觉基因家族, 并解释了我们的嗅觉系统是如何工作的。)由此可知Richard Axel和 Linda Buck这两位科学家发现了人类嗅觉系统的本质。2. Which of the following can help people concentrate? A. Bread. B. Fast food. C. Pizza. D. Coffee. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。答案定位在第五段Similarly, the smells of lemon and coffee ap
11、peared to promote clear thinking and mental focus. 可知喝咖啡有助于提高思考和注意力。3. What do we know from the last paragraph? A. Different people are sensitive to different smells. B. Every person has a different pattern of genes. C. Some people can recognize up to 50 smells. D. There are still some olfactory gen
12、es to be found out. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。答案定位在最后一段The Israel researchers say their study shows that nearly every human being shows a different pattern of active and inactive smell-detecting receptors. (以色列研究人员表示, 他们的研究表明, 几乎每个人的嗅觉感受器的活跃和不活跃模式都不一样。)由此可知不同的人对不同的气味敏感。4. What is the passage mainly about? A. Log
13、ic and behavior. B. Smell and its influence. C. Sense ability and food tastes. D. Olfactory genes and its system. 【解析】选B。主旨大意题。第一段Recent studies have found, among other things, that the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger in drivers on roads. (最近的研究发现, 比萨等食物的味道会让道路上的司机产生无法控制的愤怒)
14、是全文的主题句, 结合全文内容, 可知这篇文章主要介绍了气味及其影响。【知识拓展】词汇积累uncontrollable anger不可遏止的怒气; unbelievable complexity难以置信的复杂性; detect发现; human genome人类基因库; ground-breaking research开创性的研究; desperate to satisfy their appetites迫切满足欲望B(2021天津模拟)Are we alone in the universe? A team of scientists announced on January 6, 2015
15、 that they had identified eight planets beyond our solar system, three or four of which orbit in their stars “Goldilocks Zone” the region where temperatures are not too hot or too cold for water, which is a necessary ingredient for life as we know it, to exist liquid form. This may be good news for
16、people hoping that Earth is not the only inhabited world in the universe. The scientists, led by Dr. Guilermo Torres of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, made the discoveries using data collected by the planet-seeking Kepler telescope. NASA launched Kepler in 2009. Since then, the tel
17、escope has identified more than 1, 000 planets outside of our solar system. Torres and his team analyzed the data about the eight newly discovered world to determine which ones are most likely to be similar to our Earth. Among the new discoveries, the scientists say the planets called Kepler 438b an
18、d 442b are the closest to Earth. Kepler 438b is just about 10% larger than our planet, and gets 40% more of its energy from its star than Earth receives from the Sun. Temperatures there would be about 140 degrees. Kepler 442b is about 33% larger than Earth, but receives 30% less energy from its star
19、. That would make it a potentially chillier world than our own. Torres says it is possible for life to exist and survive in either of those temperatures, but for that to happen, these planets would need to have another key ingredient for life: a heat-trapping atmosphere like Earths. While these find
20、ings add to the possibility that life exists beyond Earth, Torres cautions against drawing conclusions. “We are not claiming they are inhabited, ” he says. In fact, these planets are so far away that the scientists cannot observe them directly, which can be explanation for why for now it remains unk
21、nown whether these planets contain life. But the discovery of planets in their stars habitable zones suggests that somewhere out there, some form of alien life may have taken hold. 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了科学家宣布找到了太阳系外的另外八个星球, 其中三四个星球的运行轨道温度适宜, 适合水的存在。这使人们相信地球外还可能存在生命的迹象。5. The scientists have identified e
22、ight planets, _. A. which are suitable for humans to live onB. some of which are possible for life to exist onC. some of which have the same situations as EarthD. which are not too hot or too cold for water to exist on【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第一段第二句可知, 科学家已经确定了八个太阳系以外的行星, 其中三个或四个轨道恒星的“适居带”水, 我们所知的生命存在的必要成分, 在
23、这个地区, 水的温度既不太热也不太冷, 能够以液体的形式存在。故可推理得知, 八颗行星中的其中一些可能存在生命。6. Which statement about the discovery of Torres and his team is TRUE? A. Kepler 438b is too hot for any life to exist on. B. Kepler 438b and 442b are the farthest to Earth. C. They have made the discoveries through Kepler. D. They have discove
24、red over 1000 planets in 7 years. 【解析】选C。 细节理解题。根据第二段“The scientists, led by Dr. Guilermo Torres of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, made the discoveries using data collected by the planet-seeking Kepler telescope. ”可知, Torres和他的团队是利用开普勒望远镜收集的数据发现了这些行星。7. What is the possible thing t
25、hat Kepler 442b lacks for life to exist on? A. The water. B. The sunlight. C. The soil. D. The atmosphere. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Torres says it is possible for life to exist and survive in either of those temperatures, but for that to happen, these planets would need to have another key ingredient
26、for life: a heat-trapping atmosphere like Earths. ”可知, 开普勒442b缺少能够让生命存在的另一个关键组成部分: 大气层。8. About their exploration, Torres wants to indicate that _. A. there is a lot left to learnB. they have had decisive gainsC. it is the first in human historyD. it is certain for life on the planets【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据
27、最后一段第三句“In fact, these planets are so far away that the scientists cannot observe them directly, which can be explanation for why for now it remains unknown whether these planets contain life. ”可知, Torres认为这些行星如此遥远以至于科学家们无法直接观测到它们, 这就可以解释为什么目前还不清楚这些行星上是否存在生命。Torres想要暗示我们还有很多很多东西需要了解。【知识拓展】长难句分析In fa
28、ct, these planets are so far away that the scientists cannot observe them directly, which can be explanation for why for now it remains unknown whether these planets contain life. 分析: so. . . that结果状语从句; which引导非限制性定语从句, 指代前面一整句话的内容; why引导宾语从句, 其中it作形式主语, 真正主语是whether从句。翻译: 事实上, 这些行星非常遥远, 科学家无法直接进行观
29、测, 这就解释了为什么这些行星上是否存在生命还是个未知数。. 阅读填句Living to the ripe old age of 90 may depend on your body sizeboth height and weightas well as your level of physical activity, and geeing to influence a womans lifespan more than it does a mans. The study found women who lived to 90 were, on average, taller and had
30、 put on less weight since the age of 20 as compared to women who were shorter and heavier.1 However, men saw more benefit from physical activity than women. In 1986 researchers asked over 7, 000 Norwegian men and women between age 55 and 69 about their height, current weight, and weight at age 20. B
31、oth genders also told researchers about their current physical activities. 2 The men and women were then sorted into daily activity quotas: less than 30 minutes, 30 to 60 minutes, and 90 minutes or more. Men and women in the study fared very differently when it came to the impact of body size and ex
32、ercise. Women who weighed less at age 20 and put on less weight as they aged were more likely to live longer than heavier women. 3 The study found women who were taller than 5 feet 9 inches were 31% more likely to live into their 90s than women who were less than 5 feet 3 inches. 4 Men who spent 90
33、minutes a day or more being active were 39%more likely to live to 90 than men who were physically active for less than 30 minutes. However, women who were physically active for more than 60 minutes a day were only 21%more likely to live to 90 than those who did 30 minutes or less. And unlike men, th
34、ere was no bonus for increasing activity. 5A. Height played a major factor. B. No such association was seen for men. C. The study was observational and couldnt establish cause. D. In fact, the study found that the optimal level of activity for women was 60 minutes a day. E. Neither height nor weight
35、 seemed to factor into whether the men reached their 90s, but activity level did. F. In addition, for each 30 minutes a day the men were active, they were 5% more likely to reach that age. G. And they included dog walking, gardening, home improvements, walking or biking to work and sports. 【文章大意】本文是
36、一篇说明文。文章讲述的是人的寿命取决于哪些因素。研究表明活到90岁的高龄可能取决于你的身高和体重以及你的身体活动水平, 并且指出影响一个女性的寿命比影响一个男性的寿命更多。1. 【解析】选B。上文提示“研究发现活到90岁的女性, 平均而言更高, 20岁后更不易发胖, 这是与更矮、更重的女性相比。”而下文提到men saw more benefit from physical activity than women以及However可知前后相反, 前面提女性, 后面讲男性, 承接上文, B项No such association was seen for men. 切题。2. 【解析】选G。上文
37、提示“男女双方还告诉研究人员关于他们当前的体育活动。”承接上文, G项And they included dog walking, gardening, home improvements, walking or biking to work and sports. (它们包括遛狗、园艺、家庭环境的改善、走路或骑自行车去上班和运动。)切题。该项中的they指的就是上句中的activities。3. 【解析】选A。下文提示“研究发现高度超过5英尺9英寸的女性活到90岁的概率比身高不到5英尺3英寸的女性高出31%。”承接下文, A项Height played a major factor. (高度
38、扮演了一个主要因素。)切题。4. 【解析】选E。下文提示“一天花了90分钟或更多时间在运动上的男性比每天锻炼少于30分钟的男性活到90岁的可能性高39%。”承接下文, E项Neither height nor weight seemed to factor into whether the men reached their 90s, but activity level did. (男性是否能活到90多岁, 其因素似乎既不是身高也不是体重, 而是活动标准。)切题。5. 【解析】选D。上文提示“与男性不同, 增加活动没有额外的收获。”承接上文, D项In fact, the study fou
39、nd that the optimal level of activity for women was 60 minutes a day. (事实上, 研究发现, 女性活动的最优水平是每天60分钟。)切题。. 语法填空阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。The 2020 Nobel Peace Prize 1. _ (go) to the UN World Food Programme (WFP) on Friday, 9 October 2020. The agency was recognized for its efforts to fight hu
40、nger for its contribution to 2. _ (improve) conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force to prevent the use of hunger 3. _ a weapon of war and conflict. The efforts of WFP focus on emergency assistance, development aid and special operations, two thirds of 4. _ a
41、re made in conflict-affected countries. In those countries, people are three times more likely to suffer poor nutrition 5. _those living in countries without conflict do. David Beasley, WFP Executive Director, said the 6. (announce) made by the Norwegian Nobel Committee turned the global spotlight o
42、n the 690 million people 7. _ (expose) to severe levels of food insecurity. “Every one of them has the right to live peacefully and without hunger. ”Mr Beasley also noted that the Nobel Peace Prize was not 8. _(simple) WFPs. He said, “WFP works closely with governments, organizations and individuals
43、 whose love for helping hungry people equals 9. _(we). We could not possibly help anyone without them. And the daily work of our members 10. _(drive) by our core values of integrity (真诚) and humanity. ”【文章大意】本文主要介绍了2020年诺贝尔和平奖颁发给联合国世界粮食计划署的事情。1. 【解析】went。考查时态。根据句中的时间状语“on Friday, 9 October 2020”可知,
44、此处描述发生在过去的动作, 应用一般过去时。2. 【解析】improving。考查非谓语动词。contribution to中的to是介词, 其后应用动名词。3. 【解析】as。考查介词。 此处指防止饥饿被用作战争和冲突的武器。根据句意可知, 应填as, 意为“作为, 当作”。4. 【解析】which。考查定语从句。 此处是“数词+介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句, 修饰先行词The efforts, 关系代词指物, 故用which。5. 【解析】than。考查状语从句。分析句子结构可知, 空处引导比较状语从句, 故用连词than。6. 【解析】announcement。考查词性转换。根据句意及
45、空前的the可知, 此处应用名词作宾语从句的主语。7. 【解析】exposed。考查非谓语动词。expose和其逻辑主语the 690 million people之间是被动关系, 应用过去分词作后置定语。8. 【解析】simply。考查词性转换。修饰谓语动词was应用副词。9. 【解析】ours。考查词性转换。空处在句中作宾语, 指our love for helping hungry people, 应用名词性物主代词。10. 【解析】is driven。 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。此处陈述客观情况, 应用一般现在时; drive和主语the daily work之间是被动关系, 应用被动语态; 句子主语the daily work是不可数名词, 应用单数。
