1、第十讲构词法考纲解读定方向正确运用构词法知识，是词汇学习的重要途径，同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重要方法。英语中构词法主要分为派生法、转化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识，不仅有助于提高考生对阅读中生词进行辨识的能力，使其更加灵活地应对语法填空和短文改错对于词性转化的考查。重点强化一、派生法在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法，即称作派生法词缀。加在词根之前的词缀叫做前缀，加在词根之后的叫做后缀。1形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词agecyshortshortage不足；短缺efficientefficiency 效率；功效fluentfluency 流利；流畅accura
2、teaccuracy 准确性privateprivacy 隐私；私密domfreefreedom自由；自主wisewisdom 明智；智慧encedifferentdifference差异silentsilence 沉默nessweakweakness虚弱；弱点kindkindness 仁慈；好意carelesscarelessness 粗心大意darkdarkness 黑暗thstongstrength力气；强项warmwarmth 温暖；热情truetruth 真实widewidth 宽度ytyitydifficultdifficulty困难cruelcruelty 残酷；残暴safesa
3、fety 安全disabledisability 无能；残疾 责任2.动词变名词的后缀后缀例词alapproveapproval 赞成；批准arrivearrival 到来；到达survivesurvival 幸存proposeproposal 提议；建议anceappearappearance出现；外貌guideguidance 指引；指导performperformance 表演；节目enceexistexistence 存在；生存preferpreference 偏爱referreference 参考；查阅ionattractattraction吸引constructconstructi
4、on 建设educateeducation 教育evaluateevaluation 评估graduategraduation 毕业ationexpectexpectation期待；期望explainexplanation 解释considerconsideration 考虑imagineimagination 想象力starvestarvation 挨饿inviteinvitation 邀请；请柬(s)siondiscussdiscussion讨论；辩论decidedecision 决定admitadmission 接纳；准许入学inghearhearing听力；听觉beginbeginni
5、ng 开始mentachieveachievement功绩；成就argueargument 辩论；论据treattreatment 对待；治疗equipequipment 设备urefailfailure失败presspressure 压力turemixmixture 混合；混合物departdeparture 离开；出发yrecoverrecovery恢复；痊愈discoverdiscovery 发现其他growgrowth成长；发展choosechoice 选择varyvariety 多样化；种类tendtendency 趋向；趋势3.动词、名词变形容词的后缀后缀例词ableaccepta
6、cceptable 可接受的comfortcomfortable 舒适的fashionfashionable 时髦的suitsuitable 合适的reasonreasonable 有道理的almusicmusical音乐的originoriginal 最初的personpersonal 个人的；私人的centercentral 中央的；中心的naturenatural 自然的；天生的formformal 正式的nationnational 全国的fuldoubtdoubtful怀疑的forgetforgetful 健忘的harmharmful 有害的hopehopeful 有希望的peace
7、peaceful 和平的carecareful 细心的useuseful 有用的helphelpful 有帮助的(e)dscarescared恐惧的confuseconfused 困惑的puzzlepuzzled 迷惑的worryworried 担心的borebored 厌倦的exciteexcited 激动的；兴奋的underlineunderlined 加下划线的ingsurprisesurprising令人惊讶的convinceconvincing 令人信服的satisfysatisfying 令人满意的worryworrying 令人担心的boreboring 令人厌倦的ibleacc
8、essaccessible容易达到的； 容易取得的horrorhorrible 可怕的；恐怖的terrorterrible 可怕的iveactactive积极的；活跃的effecteffective 有效的；生效的attractattractive 有吸引力的impressimpressive 给人印象深刻的instructinstructive 有教育意义的expenseexpensive 昂贵的ouscontinuecontinuous 不断的；持续的anxietyanxious 忧虑的cautioncautious 十分小心的；谨慎的curiositycurious 好奇的humorhu
9、morous 幽默的some tiretiresome 令人厌倦的troubletroublesome 麻烦的ytastetasty 美味的；可口的healthhealthy 健康的wealthwealthy 富裕的；丰富的dirtdirty 有灰尘的；脏的rainrainy 有雨的sunsunny 阳光明媚的cloudcloudy 阴天的erneasteastern东方的；向东的westwestern 西方的；向西的ishchildchildish 孩子气的foolfoolish 愚蠢的；可笑的selfselfish 自私的icsciencescientific科学的economyecono
10、mic 经济的historyhistoric 历史上著名的aryimagineimaginary 想象的4.形容词变副词的后缀规则示例一般情况加lyslowslowly缓慢地commoncommonly 普通地immediateimmediately 立刻地以“辅音字母y”结尾，将y改为i然后加lyhappyhappily高兴地steadysteadily 稳定地busybusily 繁忙地以le结尾，去掉e加ysimplesimply简单地gentlegently 温柔地terribleterribly 可怕地possiblepossibly 可能地以ic结尾，加allyeconomicec
11、onomically 经济地scientificscientifically 科学地常考容易拼错的副词rudely；truly；politely；widely；nicely；closely；fortunately；surprisingly；increasingly；hurriedly；healthily5.表示“人”的名词后缀在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。后缀例词ercleancleaner 清洁工reportreporter 记者strangestranger 陌生人orinventinventor发明者visitvisitor 游客directdirecto
12、r 导演arlieliar说谎者begbeggar 乞讨者；乞丐eeemployemployee雇员interviewinterviewee 参加面试者traintrainee 受训者；学员esshosthostess女主人actactress 女演员ianmusicmusician音乐家politicpolitician 政治家historyhistorian 历史学家istartartist 艺术家sciencescientist 科学家pianopianist 钢琴家antserveservant 仆人participateparticipant 参加者assistassistant 助
13、手；助理6.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀前/后缀例词前缀disagreedisagree 不同意advantagedisadvantage 缺点appeardisappear 消失comfortdiscomfort 不舒适的honestdishonest 不诚实的illegalillegal不合法的logicalillogical 不合逻辑的impoliteimpolite 无礼的patientimpatient 不耐烦的moralimmoral 不道德的informalinformal非正式的convenientinconvenient 不方便的directindirect 间接引起的ir
14、regularirregular 不规则的responsibleirresponsible 不负责任的misleadmislead 误导understandmisunderstand 误解unusualunusual不寻常的willingunwilling 不愿意的happyunhappy 不高兴的knownunknown 不出名的后缀lesshopehopeless 绝望的endendless 没完没了的carecareless 粗心的helphelpless 无助的useuseless 无用的7.变动词的前缀和后缀前/后缀例词前缀enableenable 使能够largeenlarge 扩
15、大richenrich 使充实；使丰富dangerendanger 危及courageencourage 鼓励后缀enbroadbroaden使变宽riperipen 使成熟sharpsharpen 使尖锐widewiden 加宽shortshorten 变短deepdeepen 加深darkdarken 使变暗hardharden 使变硬ifyclass classify 把分类justjustify 证明正确simplesimplify 简化beautybeautify 美化izeapologyapologize道歉emphasisemphasize 强调memorymemorize 记住
16、realrealize 认识到；实现二、转化法转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法，这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。转化规则例词注意名词动词facen脸v.面对shoulder n肩v.肩负water n水v.浇水back n背v.后退name n名字v.命名high，deep，wide用作副词时表示具体，而highly，deeply，widely表示抽象动词名词lookv&n.看try v&n.尝试dream v&n.梦想chat v& n. 聊天形容词动词emptyadj.空的v.倒空slow adj.慢的v.减慢dirty adj.脏的v.弄
17、脏warm adj.暖的v.使变暖形容词副词hardadj.困难的adv.努力地high adj.高的adv.高deep adj.深的adv.深入地wide adj.宽的adv.广泛地三、合成法把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新的单词的构词法叫做合成法。以合成法构成的单词称作合成词，包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。1合成名词构成例词名词名词newspaper报纸babysitter 保姆airport 机场schoolmate 校友形容词名词greenhouse温室highway 高速公路mainland 大陆shorthand 速记动词副词gettogether联欢会break
18、down 崩溃breakthrough 突破副词动词outbreak 爆发output 产量downfall 垮台outcome 结果其他构成wellbeing健康grownup 成年人passerby 路人gobetween 媒人bridetobe 准新娘parentstobe 准父母soninlaw 女婿byproduct 副产品2.合成形容词构成例词形容词/数词名词edwarmhearted热心的blueeyed 蓝眼睛的absentminded 心不在焉的middleaged 中年的ninestoreyed 九层楼的threelegged 三条腿的onesided 片面的名词/副词分词
19、peaceloving 热爱和平的Englishspeaking 讲英语的meateating 食肉的manmade 人造的snowcovered 白雪覆盖的handmade 手工的stateowned 国有的welldressed 穿着体面的newlybuilt 新建的widespread 广泛流传的名词形容词worldfamous世界著名的icecool 冰冷的snowwhite 雪白的grassgreen 草绿的taxfree 免税的fatfree 无脂的troublefree 无忧无虑的形容词名词fulltime 全职的parttime 兼职的secondhand 二手的uppercl
20、ass 上层阶级的；上流社会的highgrade 品质优良的largescale 大规模的形容词分词goodlooking好看的easygoing 随和的slowmoving 移动缓慢的数词名词形容词200meterlong200米长的1,000wordlong 1 000词长的18yearold 18岁大的20meterwide 20米宽的3.其他合成词构成例词合成动词upset使心烦意乱overcome 克服overjoy 使狂喜overthrow 推翻oversleep 睡过头undergo 经历overcharge 超额收费overbook 超额预订合成副词afterwards 以后，
21、后来inwards 向内地upwards 向上地downwards 向下地forward 向前；前进upstairs 在楼上anywhere 在任何地方anyhow 无论如何forever 永远合成介词outside在外面without 没有within 在之内into 进入onto 在之上小题夯基练单句语法填空1When we handed him the bag of food，he lit up and thanked us with _ (water) eyes.解析：watery用形容词充当前置定语。2A travel company in Hong Kong，says it _ (
22、regular)arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.解析：regularly用副词修饰动词arrange。3My good performance in the job interview left me _ (optimism) about my future and about what I can do here.解析：optimistic用形容词充当宾补。4With online shopping increasingly popular，the Internet is see
23、n as an _ (efficiency) way of reaching target customers.解析：efficient用形容词充当前置定语。5Frank put the medicine in a top drawer to make sure it would not be _ (access)to the kids.解析：accessiblebe动词后用形容词充当表语。6If you want to see the chairman of the department，youd better make an _ (appoint) with his secretary f
24、irst.解析：appointment make an appointment with sb.意为“和某人预约”。7Dont jump to a _ (conclude) before considering all the facts or you may be easily taken in.解析：conclusionjump to a conclusion意为“得出结论”。8It is reported that the government is considering removing a _ (restrict) on immigration from other countri
25、es into its country.解析：restrictionremove a restriction意为“取消限制”，remove后用名词形式充当宾语。9Great inventors dont _ (necessary) graduate from famous universities.Some didnt even go to university.解析：necessarily用副词修饰短语动词graduate from。10I wrote him a letter to show my _ (appreciate)of his thoughtfulness.解析：appreci
26、ation由形容词性物主代词my可知空格处用名词。大题提能练语法填空构词法专练Bike to Work Day is started by the League of American Bicyclists in 1956 with the aim of promoting the bicycle as a serious choice of getting to and from work.It is _1_ (annual) held across North America on the third Friday of May.In todays world where _2_ (glo
27、be) warming is a serious issue，the bicycle is a perfect way of reducing our carbon footprint.Cycling to work is a_3_ (health) alternative to driving or taking public transport.It can not only save you money but also _4_ (able) you to be more _5_ (create) once you get to work，thus improving your _6_(
28、perform)Bicycles are the most common form of transport in the world and there are about two billion in use worldwide，making the bicycle the most popular _7_(invent) ever.When we think of some countries，like the Netherlands，we imagine hundreds of people cycling everywhere.Even in hightech Japan，it is
29、 _8_ (possible)not to see businessmen，farmers，mothers or workers in the streets on their bikes.Bicycles were invented in the 19th century and havent changed much since.Today，we use bicycles for pleasure，_9_ (fit)，Olympic _10_ (compete)，mail delivery and lots more.Without the bicycle，much of the world might stop working!答案：1.annually2.global3.healthy4.enable5.creative6.performance7.invention8.impossible9.fitnesspetitions
