1、温馨提示： 此套题为Word版，请按住Ctrl,滑动鼠标滚轴，调节合适的观看比例，答案解析附后。关闭Word文档返回原板块。高效解答语法填空必须掌握的基础知识一、学会划分句子成分(一)主要成分1. 主语主语是动作发出者。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句或名词化形容词等充当。一般位于句首, 而在there be句型和倒装句中, 主语常位于be动词、助动词、谓语动词或情态动词之后。若不定式短语作主语, 常用it作形式主语, 则把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。(2020全国卷)Its hard to tell exactly how many people agree with hi
2、m, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. 很难说到底有多少人同意他的观点, 但研究表明, 这一数字已经上升了一段时间。小题快练 (2020江苏高考)I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. (2018浙江高考)They realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 2. 谓语谓语用于表示主语的动作或者表示主语具有
3、的特征或状态, 常位于主语之后。常用作谓语的主要有动词和动词短语等。谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应, 即主谓一致。小题快练 (2020江苏高考)We used to think that insects were(be) the smallest organisms. You must weigh the benefits(benefit) against the cost. (二)次要成分1. 宾语宾语用于表示动作涉及的对象或承受者, 一般位于及物动词或者介词之后。常用作宾语的主要有名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句等。小题快练 She walked up to the desk
4、 and asked to see(see) the manager. I appreciate being given(give) this opportunity. He suggested taking (take)the children to the zoo. 2. 补足语补足语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。宾语补足语简称宾补, 是对宾语进行补充说明的句子成分, 一般放在宾语之后。常用作宾补的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、从句等。这种句型中的“宾语+宾语补足语”可统称为“复合宾语”。The book in the study must be kept
5、in good order. 书房里的书必须放得井井有条。You must keep the classroom clean. 你必须保持房间清洁。小题快练. 单句语法填空He could hear his heart beating(beat) fast. After hours in the cold and wet, he reached inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact the driver, only to discover(discover) it containe
6、d 400 in notes, with another 50 in spare change beside it. . 完成句子We dont allow such things to happen again(再一次发生). She made him give up smoking(放弃吸烟). 3. 表语表语用于说明主语的身份、特征、属性或状态等, 常位于be, become, get, keep, look, grow, seem, sound, turn等系动词之后。常用作表语的主要有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、表语从句等。小题快
7、练 (2020新高考全国卷)As the author explains, this is (be)neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. (2020全国卷)The good news is that its simple to learn and can be worth the effort. I felt frightened(frighten) as I waited for the mysterious man. It is surprising (surprise)that he shou
8、ld have been so stupid. 4. 定语定语是用于对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子, 单词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前, 而短语或从句作定语时, 往往放在被修饰词之后。常用作定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、定语从句等。小题快练 (2020全国卷)I think all writers should support libraries in a significant(significance)way when they can. (2020全国卷)She wondered if centuries of di
9、ving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that/which made the task easier for them. His surprised(surprise) look suggested that he knew nothing about it. 5. 状语状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、其他状语或整个句子, 说明动作或状态的特征, 以及时间、地点、原因、目的等, 其位置不固定。常用作状语的有介词短语、副词、形容词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、状语从句等。小题快练 . 单句语法填空(201
10、9全国卷) As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep(keep) others out of private e-spaces. . 完成句子(2020全国卷)There are three books I reread annually(每年地). Seen from the space(从太空看), the Earth is a blue sphere. 6. 同位
11、语同位语用于对名词或代词的进一步解释说明, 且与之前的名词或代词在语法上处于同等的地位, 常位于名词或代词之后。常用作同位语的有名词、名词短语、数词、代词、同位语从句等。如: (2020浙江高考)“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University. 佛罗里达大西洋大学的研究员亚历克斯斯特万诺维奇说: “自适应信号可以确保现有的交通需求
12、得到满足。”They each grabbed a shovel and began to shovel dirt into the well. 他们每人拿了一把铲子, 开始往井里铲土。(2020天津高考 )This led Jones to the conclusion that there are too many extremely lonely people in his community, who are easy targets of cheating. 这让琼斯得出了结论, 在社区中有太多极其孤独的人, 他们很容易成为行骗的目标。小题快练(2020江苏高考)It is not
13、a problem whether we can win the battle; its just a matter of time. They each play (play)a key role in allowing the “background search” to happen without a page reload. (一)划分句子成分的基本方法分析句子结构首先要找出主语和谓语。然后, 再分析其他的词和短语, 确定它们的成分。1. 如果说明名词或代词, 有三种情况: 修饰关系, 是定语。如: (2020 天津高考)Directed sound is a new technol
14、ogy that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯)are used in the theater. 定向声音是一种新技术, 它使公司能够像剧院使用聚光灯一样使用声音。(directed, new和the same均修饰后面的名词, 故是定语。)解释说明的关系, 在语法上又处于同等地位, 是同位语。如: (2020全国卷)Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the
15、University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. 芝加哥大学幼儿数学发展专家、心理学家苏珊莱文发现, 在2岁至4岁之间玩拼图游戏的儿童后来会发展出更好的空间技能。( an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago为Susan Levine的同位语。)逻辑上的主谓(或主系表)关系, 意义上的补充
16、, 是补足语。如: (2020全国卷)I encourage readers to go to their local library when they cant afford to purchase a book. 我鼓励读者在买不起书的时候去当地的图书馆。(readers和to go to their local library逻辑上构成主谓关系, 故to go to their local library作宾语补足语。)2. 如果说明动词, 有两种情况: 修饰关系, 是状语。如: (2020江苏高考)When something new turns up, more often tha
17、n not, we do not even know its name. 当新事物出现时, 我们通常甚至不知道它的名字。(more often than not用来修饰动词know, 作状语)动作的对象或承受者, 是宾语。如: (2020浙江高考)To show the versatility (多面性) of the short play, I have included a guidance play, a radio play and a television play. 为了展示短剧的多面性, 我把一部指导剧、一部广播剧和一部电视剧包括在其中。(the versatility作动词sh
18、ow的宾语; a guidance play, a radio play and a television play作动词include的宾语。)3. 如果说明形容词, 有两种情况: 修饰关系, 是状语。如: (2020江苏高考)Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). 在其中一次锻炼之前, 这些人不吃早餐, 这意味着他们在长时间禁食后完全空
19、腹进行锻炼。(completely用来修饰形容词empty, 作状语)词义的补充, 一般是定语。如: (2020江苏高考)Beaten first by the march of technology and lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (废品场), the phone boxes representative of an age are now making something of a comeback. 最早被科技进步打败, 最近又被废品场的恶劣天气打败, 代表一个时代的电话亭现在又卷土重来。(representative of
20、 an age修饰phone boxes, 作定语。)4. 在系动词后, 说明主语的特征、状态和身份等, 是表语。如: (2020全国卷)The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. 最好的书是那些随着时间推移而不断开放的书。(the ones作系动词are的表语)5. 如果和句子没有语法联系, 较独立成分, 则为插入语。包括: Hey! I didnt expect to meet you here. 嗨! 我没想到会在这儿遇到你。Dear, dear! Where have I put my keys? 哎呀!
21、我把钥匙放在哪啦? (2020全国卷)As a novelist, Ive found a new relationship with libraries. 作为一名小说家, 我发现了与图书馆的新关系。(二)英语句子的主干结构根据句子成分, 英语简单句可归纳为 3个主干结构句型: 1. 句型: There be+主语+地点状语(或时间状语)(存在句)用来表示人或事物的存在、出现等意义, 而且大都是用于描述性文章中。表示“(客观)存在、有”。这里的there没有实际意义, 不可与副词“there那里”混淆。小题快练 完成句子There may be a rain this afternoon.
22、今天下午可能有雨。There stands a tall building across the river over there. 那边河对面耸立着一幢高层建筑物。There was a car stolen last night. 昨晚有辆车被偷了。2. 句型: 主系表结构S+V+P句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做系动词。表示状态的系动词有: be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain等。表示转变或结果的系动词有: become
23、, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove等。小题快练 完成句子With winter coming on, it is getting colder and colder day by day. 冬天慢慢到来, 天气也一天比一天冷了起来。(2020江苏高考)Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health. 早餐前体育锻炼对健康更有益。The pizza tastes delicious without any cheese at all. 不加奶酪的比萨饼很好吃。3. 句型: 主谓宾结构 S+V+O按照
24、是否含有宾语和宾语的不同形式, 包括下列4种结构: (1)S+V(主+谓)句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词, 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。常见的有: appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise等。小题快练 完成句子His heart broke when his wife died. 他妻子死时他的心都碎了。Her son used sign language to tell her what happened. 她儿子用手语告诉她发生了什么事。His v
25、oice rose almost to a scream. 他提高了嗓门, 几乎在尖叫。(2)S+V+O(主+谓+宾) 谓语动词都具有实义, 都是主语产生的动作, 但不能表达完整的意思, 必须后接一个宾语, 即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。小题快练 完成句子(2020江苏高考)As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. 结果, 他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比先吃早饭后锻炼时多。(2020 天津高考) You will he
26、ar from me soon. 你很快就会收到我的信。They will receive their awards at a ceremony in Stockholm. 他们会在斯德哥尔摩举行的仪式上接受颁奖。(3)S+V+O+O(主+谓+宾+宾) 有些谓语动词必须后接两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者, 另一个是动作的间接承受者。这种句型中, 作间接宾语的常常是“人”, 作直接宾语的常常是“物”。如: He gave us good advice on the work. 他对这项工作给我们提出了很好的建议。这种句型可以转化为其他两种句型: 动词+宾语+for
27、sb. ; 动词+宾语+to sb. 。例如: He gave good advice on the work to us. 小题快练完成句子He told us why we should love our country. 他告诉我们为什么我们应该热爱我们的祖国。He cooked us a delicious meal. =He cooked a delicious meal for us. 他给我们做了一顿美味的饭菜。He gave me the envelope and we parted. 他给了我那个信封, 我们就告别了。(4)S+V+O+C(主+谓+宾+补)有些及物动词, 如果
28、只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语, 这样才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系。常用于这种句型的动词有: appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make(使、让), name等。小题快练 完成句子I heard a song being sung just now. 刚才我听到一首歌正在被唱。Without knowledge, we can never make our country richer and stronger. 没有知识, 我们就不能使我们国家更加富强、强大。I hear someone knocking on the door. 我听到有人正在敲门。(2020 天津高考)Youll find it easier to get a copy of whatever youre looking for. 你会发现找一份你要找的东西更容易。关闭Word文档返回原板块
