1、第2课概要写作 对应学生用书P292概要写作，要求考生根据所提供的材料写一篇60词左右的内容概要。其中所提供的短文词数在350以内，所选材料的题材和体裁没有限制，常规逻辑上，体裁以说明文、议论文为主，辅以记叙文等文体。题材则是以考生熟悉的话题为主，段落相对较清晰。这一题型主要考查考生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。具体来讲涉及三项核心能力：1.提取文本的关键信息(即要点)；2.用自己的语言对关键信息重新措辞；3.清晰、有逻辑地、连贯地呈现要点。一、理清写作思路，打造高分作文1获取主旨大意，寻找支持信息主旨大
2、意是文章或段落主题的主要内容或作者在该主题上的观点或主张。把握主旨大意有助于把握语篇或段落要义，为下一步区分主次信息、提出细节信息做好铺垫。议论文和说明文常常含有概括全文或全段主要内容的段落主旨句，它大多出现在段首。但有时候，段落第一句或前几句只是起到导入话题或过渡衔接的作用，而不是统领全文或全段的主旨句。少数主旨句也可能出现在段中或段尾。有时候，段落主旨句需要根据段落内容予以归纳和概括。归纳段落主旨大意时既要考虑“本段的主题是什么” ，又要回答“就该主题作者写了什么”。为了让读者更好地理解段落主旨句所表达的含义，作者会提供信息支持主旨句，我们称之为支持句。其中多个表达同一意思的支持句组成一个
3、支持句群。在阅读中我们可以根据衔接词判断支持句所表达的意思。归纳全文主旨大意时，要理清段与段之间的关系，尤其注意段落之间的连接词和过渡句，以便更好地抓住贯穿全文的中心思想。有时候，第一段或前几段只是起到导入话题的作用，不能直接反映全文的主旨。例1Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeast Hebei.(主旨句) For three days the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell.Farmers noticed that the wel
4、l walls had deep cracks in them.A smelly gas came out of the cracks.(支持句1) In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat.Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide.Fish jumped out of their bowls and ponds.(支持句2) At about 3：00 am on July 28, 1976, some people saw
5、 bright lights in the sky.The sound of planes could be heard outside the city of Tangshan even when no planes were in the sky.(支持句3) In the city, the water pipes in some buildings cracked and burst.(支持句4) But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usua
6、l that night.分析本段的第一句为段落主旨句，后面的句子组成了支持句群，详细说明了“Strange things”的具体内容。例2What is standard English？(引题句1) Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand？(引题句2) Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English.(主旨句)Many people believe the English spoken on TV and t
7、he radio is standard English.(支持句1)This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English.(支持句2)However, on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak.(支持句3)分析本段的第句和第句为引题句，而第句中的“there is no such thing as standard Engli
8、sh”为段落主旨句，而第句为支持句。例3Is there water on the planet Mars? Is there life on Mars? Was there ever life on Mars? Scientists from NASA wanted to know the answer to these questions.They built a spacecraft called the Mars Climate Orbiter to travel around Mars and get information.分析本段没有主旨句，通过阅读，我们可以提取关键词Scien
9、tists from NASA, built, the Mars Climate Orbiter, travel around Mars和get information，然后把关键词进行整合，连词成句得出这段话的主旨： Scientists from NASA built the Mars Climate Orbiter to travel around Mars and get information.。2立足文章结构，筛选主要信息把握文章结构有助于迅速抓住文章主要信息。说明文和议论文常采用总分式、递进式或并列式的结构。总分式结构通常分为总分、总分总和分总三类。在这种结构的文章中，全文主旨大
10、意是第一级信息，各段落主旨大意是第二级信息，支持句是第三级信息。其中，第一、二级信息必须作为主要信息写入概要，而第三级信息可在筛选后根据实际需要写入概要。在采用递进式或并列式结构的文章中，各段落的主旨大意并列作为第一级信息，各段落大意的支持句为第二级信息，它们作为主要信息必须写入概要。例4Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing.However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.(总主旨句)In the early 16th century
11、, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, (段落主旨句) as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kin
12、gdom.So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman shoul
13、d not go out.Though the belief in the merit of dirt was longlived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.(段落主旨句) Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet,
14、it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War .Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many firs
15、ttime parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.(段落主旨句)And the latter (后者) position is
16、gaining some ground.分析文章共四个自然段，为总分结构。文章按时间发展的顺序讨论了在不同的历史时期，人们对“除去皮肤上的污物”的看法。将文章主旨句、各段的主旨句和主要信息以及第二段的支持句融合在一起即可作为本文的概要。3分析句子关系，提取关键词关键词是与文章主旨关系最密切的词语，它们通常为实词，包括名词(短语)、动词(短语)和形容词(短语)。这些词可能以原词、代词、同义词、近义词或反义词的形式重复出现，在提取关键词时不能重复。提取关键词的技巧如下：(1)在简单句中，关键词通常在主谓宾部分，而不是在定语、状语和其他补充说明的部分。(2)在并列句中，连接两个简单句的并列连词是判断
17、关键词的关键。并列连词but, however 和so 等连接的并列句的关键词在它们之后，而and和or连接的并列句的关键词前后都有。(3)在复合句中，关键词通常在主句部分，而不在从句部分。但在宾语从句中，关键词在宾语从句中。(4)在相对重要的句子中提取关键词时，不要在表达相同或相近含义的句子中重复提取。例5We shouldnt judge a person by his or her appearance but we do.In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time, we make a de
18、cision about what that person is like in three seconds.But what do we look at? One of the most important things is clothes, but it isnt the brand of clothes that people wear that is important.The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.Schools have always understood this and a
19、lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform.Why? A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about their studies.Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too.If all the students wear uniforms,
20、they cant judge each other because of their clothes.It also avoids arguments about who or what is fashionable.However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way.We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear.If we visit a doctor, we expect t
21、o see respectable clothes under the doctors white coat.When we go into a bank, we expect the staff to wear suits or dresses.Police officers wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing a visible presence while on patrol, to make themselves easily identifiable to nonpolice officers or their colleague
22、s who require assistance, and to quickly identify each other at crime scenes for ease of coordination.In fact, a lot of companies have dress codes for their staff because they know that the customers expect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes.But can our clothes really tell people what w
23、e are like? Maybe not, but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment.When people see us in the right clothes, they think we are serious about what we are doing.Furthermore, if we are clean, smart and polite, people will have confidence in us.分析先通读文章；再分析句子之间关系，提取关键词或高频词；最后连词成句、连句成
24、篇。段落关键词段落概要第一段：clothes；important thing；wear；right clothesWearing proper clothes is important for peoples first impressions.第二段：ask；students；wear a uniform；part of their school；helps；serious；studiesFor example, schools ask students to wear a uniform because it benefits them in various ways.续表段落关键词段落概
25、要第三段：profession；doctor；bank；Police officers；identifiable；identify；for ease of coordination；companies；staffBesides schools, other places, like hospitals, banks, police stations and some companies also want their staff to dress in uniforms because of convenience and seriousness.第四段：show；attitude；right
26、 clothes；serious；have confidenceIn conclusion, our clothes can show our attitude and win confidence from others.4.依据逻辑关系，合并相关信息合并信息前首先对信息进行分类、整合，理清它们之间的逻辑关系，再将联系密切的信息合并到一起。在合并信息时，同一层级的主旨句一般不作合并，但如果关系密切且没有支持句，也可以考虑融合到一起。另外，段落中与主旨句关系密切的支持句，也要以恰当的手段进行合并，写入概要。常用的合并信息的手段有以下几种：(1)运用同位语： 对人物、事物、地点作出的解释可放于名
27、词后作同位语。(2)运用非谓语动词：对状语从句、定语从句和并列复合句进行改写以合并信息。(3)运用并列连词： 将关系密切的信息进行合并。(4)运用主从复合句： 根据实际情况选用定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句将多处信息进行合并。例6Then I read an article.It said health is to a happy life what water is to fish.Then I read an article and it said health is to a happy life what water is to fish.(用并列复合句合并信息)Then I read
28、 an article that said health is to a happy life what water is to fish.(用定语从句合并信息)Then I read an article saying health is to a happy life what water is to fish.(用非谓语动词合并信息)例7Taking part in sports events is fun.It is not always easy.However, it helps children learn how to deal with stress.Everyone mus
29、t learn to face stress in life.Taking part in sports events is fun but not always easy, but it helps children learn how to deal with stress, something that everyone must learn to face in life.(综合使用多种手段合并信息)5忠于原文思想，变换表达方式认真阅读原文，准确理解文意，用自己所熟悉的词汇、句型等表达手段简要表达原文的意思，常用方法如下：(1)改变词序：在不改变原句含义的基础上，调整概要要点表达中各成
30、分的先后次序。 例8There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.Attitudes towards dirt are various in different time.(2)转化词性：词形有变化，但单词内容不发生实质性变化。例9Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Peoples attitudes to dirt are still largely different now. Nowadays there exists great differences about peoples
31、 attitudes to dirt.(3)同义词替换：用词性相同的同义词、近义词或同义词组对原句的某些成分进行相应的替代，而句子意思保持不变。同义替换包含同义词替换，同义短语替换和同意句替换。例10In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease. In the early 16th century, people thought dirt on the skin defended their bodies against the attack of
32、 disease. In the early 16th century, people regarded dirt on the skin as a barrier against disease. (4)反义表达：把肯定形式改成否定形式，否定形式改成肯定形式，正话反说，反话正说，从而实现语言的正反转换。例11There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.Peoples attitudes to dirt have been changing all the time. (5)改变句子结构：运用最基本、最简明、最典型的句子结构来表达与原句相同的句
33、意。常用的策略有：改变语态、句式变换、从句变短语、从句变分词、简单句变复句。例12Researchers who use animals in experiments should try their best to protect animals from unnecessary sufferings.What is highly recommended is that researchers using animals should try their best to avoid causing animals unnecessary discomfort.例13It seemed as
34、if the city was at an end.Everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed.Immediately, the whole city was in ruins.6运用衔接手段，确保行文连贯为了使上下文表达连贯，我们可以合理地运用一些有效的衔接手段。(1)词汇衔接：运用原词、近义词、反义词、同根词复现等方法使语义表达更加紧凑。例14Getting up early is a good habit and we should try our best to keep it.If we stick to rising
35、 early every day, we will certainly benefit a lot from it.(2)逻辑衔接：根据句子之间的内在逻辑关系，选用合理的过渡词实现上下文之间的连接。例15One of the most important things is clothes, but it isnt the brand of clothes that people wear that is important.(3)语法衔接：利用代词替代、省略等方法简化句子，使上下文连接更加紧密。例16We shouldnt judge a person by his appearance b
36、ut we do.例17The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform.二、避免四个误区，写作三步成文(一)力避四个误区(1)不能准确抓住要点概要写作的重点是能概括出要点，如果要点弄错了，那么就失去了目标。如果不能抓住要点，句子写得再好，也不能得分。因此，抓住要点是关键。抓准要点，除了读懂文章的主旨、了解文章的结构，还要特别注意高频
37、词。(2)随意打乱文章的结构概要写作一般会提供结构比较清楚的文章。而写概要的时候，一般都是按照文章的结构去概括要点。不要轻易打乱文章的结构。(3)各个要点的独立性不够考试说明对要点的独立性有明确的要求。因此，我们对要点的陈述也要有相对的独立性，一般不要把几个要点放到一个句子当中。(4)照抄原文中的句子概要写作的独立性除了各个要点的独立之外，其实还要求用自己的语言去概括文章，不能直接抄原文的句子。因此，切记要用自己的语言，而不是原文中的句子来概括要点。【典型例题1】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Its a really good idea to visit colleges
38、 before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same.Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园)like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students.It seems a
39、 little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can
40、to make sure you are making the right one.Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that wont be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it
41、out!If campus visits arent going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you dont like about certain c
42、ampuses, things that you wouldnt know unless you actually visit.Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.Its a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors(顾问), and it wont cost you a penny! You ca
43、n register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair cant take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities youd like to attend.阅读点拨本
44、文采用了总分结构，每一段的第一句都是主旨句。写作流程1获取主旨大意，寻找支持信息(1)文章主旨句Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same.(2)段落主旨句Paragraph 2Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.Paragraph 3.you should find some time between appl
45、ying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools.Paragraph 4.check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.(3)支持句第四段中的“.it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities youd like to
46、attend.”可以看作是对段落主旨句的进一步解释和说明。2立足文章结构，筛选主要信息本文为议论文，文章采用了总分结构，全文主旨大意是第一级信息，各段落主旨大意是第二级信息，它们必须作为主要信息写入概要。根据本文实际，段落支持信息不再写入概要。3分析句子关系，提炼关键词本文为议论文，visit colleges、visit the schools、check out the online college fairs等词语为关键词，它们是概要写作的基础和核心。4依据逻辑关系，整合相关信息(1)可利用同位语将文章主旨句和第二段的主旨句进行整合：Its a really good idea to v
47、isit colleges before you apply, especially the ones in your local area.(2)可利用定语从句将最后一段的段落主旨句和支持句进行整合：Check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive that will help you make an informed decision.5忠于原文思想，变换表达方式Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply, especially the ones in your
48、 local area.Its wise of you to visit colleges before you apply, especially the ones close to you.6运用衔接手段，确保行文连贯It is wise of you to pay a personal visit to colleges, especially the ones close to you.(使用副词especially增强了上下文之间的连贯性)范文1It is wise of you to pay a personal visit to the college you are apply
49、ing to, especially the ones close to you.(要点1) In order to avoid making a wrong choice, you should at least visit the colleges before getting your acceptance letters.(要点2) If you find it difficult to get enough time and money, it will be helpful to go to the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive a
50、nd there you can get the necessary information.(要点3)范文2It is a wise choice for you to visit the colleges you are applying to in person, especially the ones that are close to you.(要点1) In order to avoid being regretful, you should at least visit the colleges before getting your acceptance letters.(要点
51、2) If time and money are your problems, it will be of great benefit to go to the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive where you can get the necessary information.(要点3)(二)写作三步成文第一步读懂原文，归纳全文大意和段落大意第一步是概要写作的最基本也是最重要的要求，如果不能正确理解原文，不能正确把握文章大意和段落大意，那么概要写作就会下笔千言，离题万里。语言再地道优美也是无用的。第二步定位主题句，提取关键词，恰当合并信息概要
52、写作涉及的文体主要有两种：议论文和说明文。针对不同的文体，应采用不同的方法定位主题句，并提取关键信息。第三步组织语言，转换表达转换表达注意遵循两个原则：1不增不减不曲：客观精准地表述原文要点。用自己的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。2不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。【典型例题2】(2019浙江高考)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Parents everywhere praise their kids.Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z G
53、uide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite.Too much praise can bac
54、kfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them.(段落主题句)Still, dont go too far in the other direction.(段落主题句)Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving t
55、oo much.Kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.If praise is sincere and focused on t
56、he effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.(段落主题句)“We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Foc
57、using on What Really Matters.“One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters.”Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team.But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses.Praising
58、 the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report.But whatever it is, praise should be given on a casebycase basis and be proportionate(相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.(段落主题句)解
59、题演示第一步读懂原文，归纳全文和段落大意 本文是议论文，提出当前父母对孩子进行过度赞扬和不表扬是同样有害的，正确的做法是找到其闪光点进行适度的表扬，以培养其自信乐观的心态。第二步定位主题句，提炼关键词 关键词主题句the opposite extreme；stay on top where their parents praise has put themToo much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk
60、for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them.Not giving enough praise；theyre not good enough or that you dont careStill, dont go too far in the other direction.the quality of praiseIf praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as
61、 often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.outcomeBut whatever it is, praise should be given on a casebycase basis and be proportionate(相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.第三步组织语言，转换表达 (1)the opposite extremecontrary to (同义替换)(2)stay on top where their pare
62、nts praise has put them(指的是孩子为得到父母的表扬需达成的过高的目标)unrealistic goal(语义转换)(3)Not giving enough praiseinadequate praise(同义替换)(4) theyre not good enough or that you dont carethey are not doing well or they are ignored(同义替换)(5)the quality of praise praise them properly(语义转换)(6)outcomeresult(同义替换)范文Contrary
63、to the past, some parents are likely to overpraise their kids, making them feel given unrealistic goal.(要点1) However, others give their kids inadequate praise, which gives them a false idea that they are ignored or they are not doing well.(要点2) Therefore, praising them properly and punctually is def
64、initely favorable.(要点3) And to do so, parents are advised to focus on their effort rather than the result.(要点4)附：评分标准(一)评分原则1本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。2评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。3词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。4评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；(3)上下文的连贯性；(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。5
65、拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。6如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。(二)各档次的给分范围和要求档次描述第五档(2125分)理解准确，涵盖全部要点。能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。完全使用自己的语言。第四档(1620分)理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点。所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不影响意义表达。比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。有个别整句抄自原文。第三档(1115分)理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点。所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达。应用简单的语句间连接成分，使上下文内容连贯。出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。续表第二档(610分)理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点。有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达。较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性。出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。续表第一档(15分)没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符。有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响了意义的表达。缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯。多个句子抄自原文。0分白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。
