1、2011高考英语考前知识梳理回扣通过分析近几年山东高考英语试卷可以看出,“语法和词汇知识”部分主要考查考生对语法和词汇知识及常用表达方式的掌握情况。考点分布明确、合理,题干简短但语境自然完整,意义明确,没有偏题怪题,重视语言的真实性。近年来单纯考查语法知识的试题越来越少,通过增加综合性与语境化因素来考查运用能力成为本节重点。在考查考生是否具备语法和词汇知识,是否能够读懂题干和选项的基本含义之外,还考查考生交际用语是否恰当得体,是否达到交际目的。不仅注重考查语言形式、语义内容,而且注重考查语言运用,即在特定语言环境中运用语言的能力。所以同学们很有必要对所学过的语法项目的重点内容集中梳理一遍,复习
2、一下重点词汇和句型以及高考阅读理解中的高频词汇,进一步巩固扩大词汇量和句子量。(见附表和市二轮16k本资料。)及时查漏补缺。阅读和写作的限时训练和综合模拟也不能丝毫松懈。如数家珍 Are you ready ?重点语法项目:1. 名词 (1)可数名词及其单复数 (2)不可数名词 (3)专有名词 (4)名词所有格 2代词 (1)人称代词 (2)物主代词 (3)反身代词 (4)指示代词 (5)不定代词 (6)疑问代词3数词 (1)基数词 (2)序数词 4介词和介词短语 5连词 6冠词7副词(比较级和最高级) 8形容词(比较级和最高级) 9动词 (1)动词的基本形式 (2)系动词 (3)及物动词和不
3、及物动词 (4)助动词 (5)情态动词10时态(请你写出主要的句式结构)(1)一般现在时 (2)一般过去时 (3)一般将来时 (4)现在进行时 (5)过去进行时 (6)过去将来时(7)将来进行时 (8)现在完成时 (9)过去完成时 (10)现在完成进行时 11被动语态 12非谓语动词 (1)动词不定式 (2)动词的-ing形式 (3)动词的-ed形式 13构词法 (1)合成法 (2)派生法 (3)转化法 (4)缩写和简写 14句子种类 (1)陈述句 (2)疑问句 (3)祈使句 (4)感叹句 15句子成分(1)主语 (2)谓语 (3)表语 (4)宾语(5)定语 (6)状语 (7)补语 16简单句
4、的基本句型 17主谓一致 18并列复合句 19主从复合句(每个类型写几个例句吧!) 宾语从句 状语从句 定语从句 主语从句 表语从句 20间接引语 21、省略 22倒装 23强调 24虚拟语气话题项目有以下24项:1. 个人情况 (Personal information)2. 家庭、朋友与周围的人 (Family, friends and people around)etc.)3. 周围的环境(Personal environments)4. 日常活动(Daily routines) 5. 学校生活(School life)6. 兴趣与爱好 (Interests and hobbies) 7
5、. 个人感情 (Emotions)8. 人际关系 (Interpersonal relationships) 9. 饮食(Food and drink)10. 节假日活动 (Festivals, holidays and celebrations) 11. 购物(Shopping)12. 计划与愿望(Plans and intentions) 13. 健康(Health)14. 文娱与体育(Entertainment and sports) 15. 天气(Weather) 16. 旅游和交通(Travel and transport) 17. 社会 (Society)18. 世界和环境(The
6、 world and the environment) 19. 自然 (Nature)20. 科普知识与现代技术 (Popular science and modern technology)21. 贴近生活和时代的热点话题 (Topical issues) 22. 历史和地理(History and geography) 23. 语言学习(Language learning) 24. 文学与艺术 (Literature and art)查漏补缺 Do make sure !Part 1 语法(一)时态问题 1.记住与各时态相关的“特征词”2.表示“将来”的几种形式及基本区别: shall w
7、ill be going to +动词原形 be to do sth. be +coming (leaving, starting, reaching, returning. be about to do sth.3.用于表示过去未实现的希望和计划的表达:A. should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时态B. was / were going to do sth.(用过去将来时态表示原打算做什么)C. was / were going to have done sth.表示未完成原来的计划和安排D. expect , int
8、end , hope , mean , plan , promise , suppose , think , want , wish常用过去完成时态在这些词后接宾语从句或者接不定式的一般形式;或者用一般过去时态后面接不定式的完成形式表示过去未曾实现的愿望E. wish that had done sth.表示过去未曾实现的愿望F.情态动词should ,would, could, might, ought to等后接不定式的完成时,表示过去本该做,打算做,想做而未做的事情G. had better / would rather + 不定式的完成时,表示一种过去的愿望常译为“当初最好当初真该”4
9、. 完成时态中瞬间动词的处理方法:A. 不和表示一段时间的时间状语连用 B. 将瞬间动词变成状态动词C. 换用句型It is. since did5. 复合句中的时态问题:A.主句是现在时态,从句可是任意时态B.主句是将来时态,条件状语从句中只能用现在时态 C.主句是过去时态,从句只能是过去的时态6. 情景中的时态问题这是近几年高考中时态考查的重点关键是要对所提供的情景进行仔细认真地分析善于找到判断时态的依据(二)定语从句 1.引导词的功能:. 引导定语从句. 代替先行词在定语从句中充当某一句子成分 2.引导定语从句的连词用法表解: 连 词主 句 中 先 行 词 是在 从 句 中 充 当 的
10、成 分 是who人主语whom人宾语whose人或物定语(该词后要跟名词)that人或物主语,宾语,表语which物主语,宾语(还可以引导非限制性定语从句)where表示地点的名词地点状语 (=介词 + which )when表示时间的名词时间状语 (=介词 + which )whyreason原因状语 (= for which )as在限制性定语从句中常和suchas,the sameas 等句型连用在非限制性定语从句中,可以代替主句中的某一成分或整个句子的意义 3. way 后面的定语从句可由in which , that 引导,或者什么都不要4. that 在使用中的特殊要求 5. 限制
11、性和非限制性定语从句的区别6. as 与which在引导非限制性定语从句的三点区别:as常和know, see, understand, expect等词连用;可位于句首;常译为:正如(三)状语从句状语从句引导从句的连词备注 时间after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as long as, as soon as, hardly(scarcely) when, No sooner than, the time (moment, instant, minute, day)1. hardly, no s
12、ooner在句首,引导的从句要部分倒装2. since引导的从句注意看启动词是否是瞬间动词还是延续性动词3. when 引导的从句注意其特殊用法4. 一些名词也可以引导时间状语从句地点where , wherever 后者表示强调方式as, as if, as though,as引导的方式状语从句多在句首原因because, since, as, now (that)语气一个比一个弱for可以引导原因状语从句,但它只能位于句末结果so that, such (a) that, so that, thatsothat中的so在句首,主句要部分倒装目的so that, in order that,
13、 that, so,so that 使用最普遍条件if , unless, in case , as long as, 注意分清if从句中是否该用虚拟语气让步though, although, even if, even though, as, in spite of the fact, while, no matter wh- , as 引导的让步状语从句要倒装(四)名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句, 表语从句, 同位语从句)1.that 在引导名词性从句中的用法2.whether, if 在引导名词性从句中的用法区别3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别及判断4.what在引导名词性从句中的用法5.
14、宾语从句中否定转移时应该注意的几个问题6.宾语从句中使用形式宾语it的问题及注意事项7.哪些表语形容词后可以跟从句最常用连词用法辨析连 词从 句 种 类功 用what主、宾、表语从句在从句中充当主、宾、表同时在主句中充当主、宾、表语that主、宾、表、同位语、定、状在名词性从句中引导从句,不充当成分,无词意;定语从句中代替人或物,在从句中充当主、宾。表;在状语从句中引导目的、结果状语从句whether主、宾、表、同位语在从句中引导从句,不充当成分,有词意:“是否”who主、宾、表、定在从句中充当主语which主、宾、表、定在名词性从句中充当定语,词意为:“哪一个。”;在定语从句中代替物,在从句
15、中充当主、宾语,与介词一起作状语when主、宾、表、同位语、定、状在从句中作时间状语,词意为:“在何时”where主、宾、表、同位语、定、状在从句中作地点状语,词意为:“在何处”how主、宾、表、同位语、状在从句中作方式状语,词意为:“如何”why主、宾、表、同位语、定在从句中作原因状语,词意为:“为什么”(五)主谓语一致三个原则1语法一致原则:是根据主语的语法标记决定其谓语动词的单数、复数形式。主语为单数,谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数,谓语动词用复数。2意思一致原则:是指主谓语的一致不是根据其外部语法形式来决定,而是取决于主语所表达的内在涵义,一般有三种情况。单数形式的主语,谓语动词用复数
16、。复数形式的主语,谓语动词用单数。同一词作主语,有时谓语动词用单数有时用复数。3就近一致原则:即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。具体如下:)主语是一个抽象概念(包括不定式、动名词和名词性从句作主语),谓语动词用单数。)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有:with , together with , as well as , no less than, rather than , like , but , besides , except , as much as, including , along with .等引起的短语,谓语动词仍然用单数。)each , some , any , n
17、o , every 构成的复合代词;one of +复数名词 , many a , more than one ( a )等所修饰的词作主语,它们的谓语都用单数。) people , police, cattle 等词作主语通常用复数。) majority , population , class , family , group , team , crowd , audience , army , government, company ,enemy 等集体名词,按意思一致原则,作为整体,看作单数;指其中一个一个成员,看作复数。)表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的名词作主语,尽管是复数,谓语动词
18、用单数。)or , either . or . , neither . nor . , not . but . , not only . but also. 等连接两个主语时,谓语动词用就近一致原则。)以 there , here , such 引起的句子,而主语又不只一个,谓语动词用就近一致原则。)以what 引起的主语从句,all , most , half , the rest , the remainder 等引起的主语,谓语动词按意思一致的原则处理。)关系词who, that , which 引起的定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词在数和人称取得一致。但one of + 复数名词 +
19、that从句。从句的谓语动词应用复数,而the ( only ) one of +复数名词 + that 从句,从句的谓语动词应用单数。)当 the与原级形容词连用,表示一类人时;或某些以-s(es) 结尾的人名,指一家人、夫妻俩或同名同姓的若干人时,谓语动词用复数。(六)虚拟语气1.条件状语从句中的虚拟语气(后退一步法)2.wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气(后退一步法)3.表示建议,请求,命令等词后宾语从句中的虚拟语气(should 加原形)4.表语从句,主语从句中虚拟语气(should 加原形)5.suggestion,insist后从句中不用虚拟语气的问题6.其它从句中的虚拟语气问题Wou
20、ld you mind .did.? would rather sb. did sth.It is time that did sth.7、 错综复杂条件状语从句中的虚拟语气问题:8、 单词或短语表条件;情境中提供虚拟语气(七)独立主格结构The boy wore a shirt with the neck open, showing his bare chest.The professor came into the room, with some books under his arm.The picture only came out like a white circle, with
21、three black spots showing for mouth and eyes.He was looking at the screen again, with the machinery turned on.With these to help him, he tried to send a picture of a face. (八). when 引导的时间状语从句,其主句常有三种时态。I had just finished my supper when suddenly someone asked me to eat out.John was about to go out w
22、hen the telephone rang.I was wandering in the street when I caught sight of a tailors shop.(九)首选原则1.在宾语补足语或表语中,如有形容词,及物动词的过去分词表示状态应该首选形容词. 2.在选择动名词或名词做宾语时,应该首选名词3、在名词性从句中,当主句中缺宾语而从句中又缺主语时,whomever, whoever, whom, who应首选whoever或who引导从句(十)连词1.并列连词A. and, or, but连接两个相同的句子成分或句子。B. bothand, neithernor只连接
23、两个相同的句子成分,不能连接句子。C. not only but also既可以连接相同的句子成分,又可以连接两个并列句,强调的重点在后一个并列成分上。D. whetheror, eitheror可以连接句子中的两个成分,表示选择,eitheror可以连接两个句子,.而whetheror不行。E. for引导一个并列句,对前面一个句子做补充说明或推断原因。F. when作为并列连词时, = and then 这时候, 此时此刻。G. while做并列连词用时,连接两个在意义上相互对比的句子.留意在while之前,一般有逗号与前一个句子分开。H. and (or)用于祈使句(名词短语), and
24、(or) 将来时态的陈述句结构中。2.从属连词that, when, which.详见前面的从句中。(十一)非谓语动词不定式1.不定式的基本特征: 主动的,表将来的,表目的2.不定式做主语时,谓语动词怎样在人称与数方面保持一致3.可以用不定式做宾语的动词:want , like , wish, hate, prefer, hope, continue, manage, try, ask, offer, start, forget, promise, mean, pretend, begin, decide, learn, agree, expect等4.可以用wh.不定式做宾语的动词ask,
25、decide, explain, forget, know, learn, remember, see, tell, show, teach, discuss, wonder, advise 等5.不定式做宾补的注意事项:A)使役动词后的宾补 B)感官动词后的宾补6.不定式作定语时应的事注意项:A)不定式的主动式或被动式的选择 B)与被修饰词的逻辑关系7.不定式作状语A) in order to, so as to (表目的) B) be glad to do sth. (表原因,注意该句型的形容词) C) only to do sth. (表结果,多数有only在前)8. too to 与
26、enough to do sth. 的转换问题9.是不是凡是too to 结构都能译成“太而不能”?当然要视情况而定了。 Im too glad to see you .10.省略不定式符号的几种情况:A)感官动词、使役动词后的宾补中 B)help后作宾语或宾补中 C)had better , would rather, would sooner, rather than 后 D)but, except 位于do anything(nothing, everything)后E) 由and , or 连接两个不定式,第二个不定式前可省略分词1.分词的基本特征A)现在分词 主动的,表进行的,表特征
27、的;B)过去分词 被动的,表完成的,表状态的2.现在分词的形式:1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)? (与谓语动词同步发生)2)完成形式: Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生在谓语动词之前)3)完成被动形式: Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.(发生在谓语动词之前且表示被动)3.过去分词1)过去分词表示被动:Fight no battle unprepared.2)过去分词的进行形式:Youll f
28、ind the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系主动还是被动,往往就是考点。独立主格结构中,要留意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。4.不是任何动词都可以用于过去分词(只有及物动词才可以用作过去分词.)5.留意现在分词作表语与过去分词作表语的区别6. have sb. (sth.) do (doing , done )的使用区别7. make sb. doing sth .怎么回事?8.独立主格结构的用法。9.如何使用分词短
29、语化简复合句。10.分词作定语时应该留意的问题(missing, lost; remaining, left等)动名词1.能用动名词作宾语的的动词:consider cant help cant stand enjoyexcuse escape practice put off miss mind avoid risk give upfinish imagine keep suggest2.用动名词作宾语而用不定式作宾补的动词:advise allow permit encourage3.“八大金刚” remember forget stop mean try regret agree go
30、on4. need , demand, want, require 表示“需要”的用法 5.动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别6.状语中的动名词7.动名词的复合结构(十二)关于后置定语的问题1. some, any, anything, nobody, somewhere, nothing等词的修饰语要后置2. else修饰somebody, what, who, something 时,要后置3.不定式短语,动名词短语,分词短语,介词短语做定语要后置4. proper(本身), present(在场的,出席的), involved(有关的), concerned(相关的),(left 剩下的
31、), objecting (反对的), mentioned (提及的), selected (当选的)等词做定语要后置5. a-开头的形容词做定语要后置如:alike, alive, alone, asleep(十三)替代词it, that, one, which, so的用法比较最常用于表示替代关系的词语有it, that, which, one, so等,近几年高考试题中均对这些词的用法进行了考查,可见这几个替代词的用法非常重要。下面归纳它们表示替代时的不同用法。it的用法1、it指代上文所提事物的本身(it表时间、强调等的用法此处不阐明),假如所代替的事物为复数,则应该用they或the
32、m表示。2、it也可以用来代替上文所提到的一件事。例如:The Parkers bought a new house but _will need a lot of work before they can move in.A. they B. it C. one D. whichthat的用法1、that用来指前文中确定的非同一事物,常用来替代与定冠词或形容词性物主代词连用的单数可数名词或不可数名词,相当于“the 名词”,其复数形式为those。2、that表替代时为始终是特指(作指示代词和关系代词用时另论),可指上文谈到的人、物或情况(均为单数),可代替可数名词和不可数名词。3、若tha
33、t所代替的内容为前置用法,即要代替的内容将出现在下文中,一般用this, these或the following表示。例如:He was nearly drowned once When was _?_ was in 1998 when he was in middle school.A. that, It B. this, This C. this, It D. that, Thiswhich的用法1、在后置的非限制性定语从句中代替上文出现的事物或情况(单数或复数)。2、在问句中作为疑问代词,在名词从句中作为连接代词用,其含义为“哪个、哪些”。3、假如非限制性定语从句的先行词不是指主句内容,
34、而是指具体的人、时间、地点,则不用which。4、假如非限制性定语从句前置,则用as。例如:Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy. A. who B. which C. this D. what one 的用法1、 常用来代替与上文所提到人或物相类似的不确定的另一人或物(泛指),且被替代者为可数名词单数形式。2、 若下文替代者表示非特指含义,则用a/anadjone形式表示;若下文替代者为另一特指含义,则用the one或theadjon
35、e表示;若下文替代时为复数含义,则用theadjones 或the ones表示。3、 one作替代词用时,其前可加某些形容词或限定词,如the, this, that, which, each, every, any,但一般不能直接在其前加物主代词。4、one被后置定语修饰表示特指时,前面应加the;被形容词修饰表示泛指时,其前应加a/an;被形容词修饰表示特指时其前应加the。5、one作主语时,其对应的物主代词用ones或his,反身代词用oneself或himself,重复主语用one 或he。例如:I hope there are enough glasses for each gu
36、est to have _. A. it B. those C. them D. oneSo 的用法1、so表示替代常用来代替上文中出现的内容,尤其是上文内容在下文中以宾语从句形式出现时。2、假如在下文被代替者为否定含义的宾语从句,常用否定动词 so或直接用not代替。例如:Do you think its going to rain over the weekend?_.A. I dont believe B. I dont believe it C. I believe not so D.I believe not(十四)情态动词 (1)主要用法【表示能力】can be able to这两
37、个都可以表示能力。can指单纯的表示一个人有某种能力。而be able to则表示某人通过努力、克服困难做成某事。另外be able to还可以用于各种时态;can只能用于现在或过去(could)。【表示许可】can(could) may(might)可以表示许可。用它们的过去式,则语气更加委婉、客气。can主要用于第一、二人称。may主要用于第一人称。留意:用May I征求对方的许可比较正式,语气比较客气;而用Can I.常用于口语中。【表示必须】must have to ought to should都可以表示必须、应该、必要。但它们用法各异。must表示要做什么的愿望是发自内心的主动的;
38、have to指要做某事是被动的受某种压力而为的;ought to表示应该、理应做什么;should表示应该多含有责备之一。【表示虚拟】should用在表示请求、建议、命令等后面的从句中,should可以省略。也可以用在if引导的条件状语从句中表示与将来事实可能相反。would用在含有if引导的条件状语从句的主句中。也可以用其它情态动词。情态动词 (2)【其它情态动词的用法】 need 作为情态动词表示“需要、必须”,仅用于否定句或疑问句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should代替。 dare作为情态动词主要用于疑问句、否定句或条件从句中,一般不用于肯定句
39、中。 I dare say是一个固定搭配。表示“我猜测,可能、或许”后面一般跟从句。 shall用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意见(说话人做某事)。用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。 will一般用于第二人称表示请求、建议对方做某事;假如用would语气就更加委婉。也可以表示意愿、愿望和决心。情态动词 (3)【其它情态动词的用法】 need 作为情态动词表示“需要、必须”,仅用于否定句或疑问句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should代替。 dare作为情态动词主要用
40、于疑问句、否定句或条件从句中,一般不用于肯定句中。 I dare say是一个固定搭配。表示“我猜测,可能、或许”后面一般跟从句。 shall用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意见(说话人做某事)。用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。 will一般用于第二人称表示请求、建议对方做某事;假如用would语气就更加委婉。也可以表示意愿、愿望和决心。 had better“最好做什么” would rather“宁愿做什么”情态动词 (4)情态动词表示“推测”时,要记住“三种推测两种形式”。 三种推测:对过去发生动
41、作或状态的推测; 对现在状态的推测;对将来发生动作或状态的推测。 两种形式:用情态动词加完成事态表示对过去发生动作或状态的推测;用情态动词加动词原型表示对现在或将来发生动作或状态的推测。must have done 表示过去一定做了什么,语气十分肯定cant have done 表示过去不可能过了什么,语气也比较肯定(是上面的否定形式)neednt have done 表示过去没有必要做什么但已经做了。should have done 过去该做什么但没有做。(含有责备的意思)。shouldnt have done 表示过去不该做什么但做了。(含有责备的意思)would have done 表示
42、过去会做什么,而没有做。ought to have done 表示过去该做什么而没有做。(是职责和义务)must do sth. / must be doing sth. 表示现在或将来一定在做什么。will be 表示推测,主要用于第二、三人称,是对目前情况的推测。(十五)冠词1.不用冠词的情况A.学科名词前不加冠词。 B.体育或动名词前不加冠词。C.形容词的最高级不含比较意义,而只表示非常时,不加the。D.形容词的最高级只用于本身不同情况的比较而不是与其它事物的比较时,不加the。E.广场,公园,街道,建筑物以及重要的机构或处所的名词前不加the。F.季节,月份,星期,节日,假日,一日三
43、餐的名词前不加the。G.普通名词 as引起的让步状语从句中,名词前不加冠词。H.在独立主格结构中不加冠词. 例如:gun in hand 但是(with) a gun in ones handI. turn(go)作为变成讲时,后面所跟的名词前不加冠词。2.rather, quite后面的冠词问题rather a difficult job = a rather difficult jobEnglish is quite a useful tool.= English is a quite useful tool.3.词组中的冠词go to school go to the school a
44、t school at the school go to prisongo to the prison take advice(征询他人意见) take the advice(听人劝告)take place take the place go to town go to the countryside in townin the city out of question(毫无问题) out of the question(完全不可能)(十六)省略与替代A、动词不定式中的省略1在下列动词see,watch,notice, observe, look at, make, have,let, hea
45、r, listen to, feel等后的不定式做宾补,要省略不定式符号。2在do nothing but / except do的结构中,在介词but或except后作宾语时不定式符号要省略。3在would rather和had better后不定式符号要省略。4在几个不定式并列时,第二个、第三个不定式的不定式符号要省略。5在expect,forget, like,want, wish, try, have, need, used, ought, be able, be going等动词和动词词组后接的不定式中,不定式符号后面的动词原形常省略。B、从句中的省略。在if, as if,whil
46、e, when, where, although, unless, what, whether等引起的状语从句中可以省略主谓部分。Mistakes, if any,should be corrected( = if there are any mistakes)Please come again,if possible(= if it is possible for you to come)Fill in the proper articles where necessary(= where they are necessary)He wont come,unless invited(= un
47、less he is invited)He opened his lips as if to say something(= as if he were going to say something)(十七) it的常见用法有以下几类:A、it可用于代替上文中提到的那一个事物。B、it可用于代替上文中说到的一件事。C、it可用于代替不知情的人(尤其是不知身份、性别和姓名的人)。D、it可用于表示时间、天气、距离、计算结果等。E、it可用于代替不定式、动名词、从句等,充当形式主语。其常用句型为:It be adj./ n. / v-ed to V/ V-ing/ ClauseF、it 可用于代替
48、不定式、动名词、从句,充当形式宾语,把真正宾语(不定式、动名词、名词或从句)置于句末。其常用句型为:G、 it可用于构成强调句,把一个句子中除谓语以外的句子成分(如主语、宾语、表语、状语等)提到句首加以强调。其构成形式是:It is(was) +被强调成分(不能改变被强调成分的数和格)+ that/ who+ 原句剩余部分。H、it常用于一些固定结构中,作无人称代词用,充当主语等。(2) if 和whether引导宾语从句,表示“是否”,一般是可以互换的,如:I wonder if(whether)I can catch the last bus, 但下列十种情况要用whether,而不用if
49、。1、if之后不能直接加or not。 2、动词discuss后不用if。3、动词不定式前不用if。 4、介词之后不用if。5、引导同位从句不用if。 6、引导主语从句放句首不用if。7、引导表语从句不用if。 8、造成歧义时尽量用whether不用if。9、宾语从句置于主句之前时不用if。 10、引导让步状语从句,表示“不管”时不用if。(十八)倒装1、部分倒装(助动词倒装)是指把谓语的一部分(助动词)提到主语的前面。例:Never in my life have I seen such a thing. 1)句首为否定词或否定意义的词语时,句子要部分倒装。( not , not only
50、, never , little , seldom , hardly. )2)hardly ( scarcely ) , no sooner 引导的部分在句首要部分倒装。3)not only . but also . 引导两个并列句,前倒后不倒。4)only在句首引导状语,或Not until 引导的状语在句首,主句要部分倒装。5)if从句中如有 were ( had , should ) , if 省去后,要部分倒装。6)as 引导的让步状语从句,要部分倒装(表语、状语倒装)。7) 状语位于句首表示强调或使句子平衡,或使上下文紧密衔接,句子要部分倒装8) so that 结构中,假如so在句
51、首,主句要部分倒装。留意,so必须和它修饰的形容词或副词一道移至句首。2、完全倒装(主谓倒装)是指把谓语部分全部提到主语的前面。例:In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.1)由here , there , now , then . 引导的句子,要完全倒装。2)句首是拟声词、直接引语或 away , down ,out, in, up等副词,句子要完全倒装。(以上两种情况中的主语如是代词则不倒装)3)介词短语作地点状语在句首,句子要完全倒装。4) 当形容词、过去分词、介词短语做表语位于句首时,要完全倒装。Pre
52、sent at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.5)So do ( am ) I .或Nor ( Neither) do (am ) I. 是完全倒装,其主句与前一句的主语各是一人。(十九)插入语插入语一般对一句
53、话作一些附加的说明。它是中学英语语法的重点,也是高考的考点。把握这一语言现象不仅有利于对句子、篇章的理解,而且也有助于提高书面表达的写作水平。一、常见的插入语有形容词(词组)、副词、不定式、现在分词短语、介词短语、从句以及固定短语。1.常见的形容词(词组)、副词作插入语的有:sure enough(果然); strange; worse still(更糟糕的是);most important(最重要的是); honestly; obviously; however; otherwise; luckily; unfortunately; besides; first; second; espec
54、ially; surprisingly等。例如:Worse still, the lion could even carry off the baby in its mouth.We must do the experiment carefully; otherwise youll get another result.Honestly, I dont need it at the moment.He likes the country, especially in spring.2.常见的不定式有:to tell the truth; to be short(简单地);to begin wi
55、th(首先); to be sure(自然、当然、果然);to be honest/frank; to make things worse; to make a long story short; to speak of(值得一提的是),to be fair ,to sum up(概括地说) 等。这些插入语表示说话人的态度,在句子中作独立成份。例如:_ the truth, this is all Greek to me.A. Tell B. To tell C. Telling D. Told Thats a good idea, to be sure!To make things wors
56、e, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay.3.常见的现在分词短语有:generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from/by; talking of(谈到); considering(考虑到,因为是);putting it mildly(说得客气一点)等。这些分词用来修饰全句。例如:Judging from appearance, he seems to be a strong man.4.常见的介词短语有:in fact; in addition; i
57、n a word; on the other hand; in other words; in ones opinion; in that case; by the way; of course; as a rule(通常);to ones surprise; for example; on the contrary(相反);in a way(在某点上、在某种程度上); for one thing; for another (thing)等。例如:In a way, I think we both won in the game.5.常见的从句有:if you dont mind; if yo
58、u like; if you please; if necessary; if any; if I may say so; if convenient; if it happens等。例如:You can, _, come to join us in the game.A. if you please B. if you possible C. if you happy D. if you necessary Key: A6.常见的固定短语:as a result; that is (to say); whats more; as above; all in all(总之),等。例如:All
59、in all, they have had a wonderful time today.二、插入语的位置,可放在句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号或分号隔开。例如:Besides, I enjoy learning about new things from politics to sports and music.He knows three foreign languages, namely, English, Japanese and Spanish.但是有些词或短语可插在句子中,不用逗号隔开。例如:What on earth are you doing here?三、表示疑问的插入语结构含
60、think, suppose, guess, say, imagine, expect, believe等动词的疑问句,后接含疑问词的宾语从句时,要将疑问词放在句首。例如:Whom do you think I should see first?这一结构可改为:Whom should I see first, do you think?He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science.A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think i
61、t D. I think is Key: A这里I think是插入语。which引导非限制性定语从句,故选A。Part 2. 句型复习 1. would (should) you like to do sth. should love to do sth. feel like doing sth.would like to do sth.would like sb. to do sth.2.such a diligent man that so diligent a man that such a diligent man as such interesting books that suc
62、h rapid progress that so many (few) people that so much (little) money that so diligent (fast) that diligent (fast) enough to do sth.so lazy (slowly) that he cannot too lazy (slowly) to do sth.3.Whats wrong (the matter, the trouble) with ?Is there anything wrong (the matter ) with ?There is somethin
63、g (nothing ) wrong (the matter) with?Something (Nothing ) is wrong (the matter) with?4.in order thatmay (might, can, could,) so thatcan (could, may, might) so as to (in order to) do sth.5.do (try) ones best to do sth. do what (everything, all) you can do sth.what he said all that he said 6. It is su
64、ggested ( ordered . ) that .句型6 中的过去分词应该是表示请求,建议,命令等词,that后的从句要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should 可以省常译为据建议;有命令)7. It is a pity ( a shame . ) that .句型中,that后的从句一般用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should以省去表示出乎意料,常译为竟然没有这种意义时,则不用虚拟语气.8. It is time ( about time ,high time ) that .句型8中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气,值得注意的是 用过去时态表示虚拟 sho
65、uld + 动词原形,should 不能省常译为是(正是)的时侯9. It is the first ( second . ) time that .句型要和句型区别开来,该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气,而用完成时态,至于用什么完成时态,由主句的谓语动词的时态决定,如果是一般现在时,后面从句用现在完成时态;如果是一般过去时,后面从句则用过去完成时态该结构中 that 可以省去;it有时用 this 替换常译为是第一(二)次10. It is . since .句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时,又要和表示一段时间时间状语连用的问题主句中是时间作表语,一般是现在时或完成时,since 引导
66、的从句一般是一般过去时态,而且是瞬间动词如果主句是一般过去时,从句则用过去完成时11. It is . when .句型中的 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句,主句中的 it 指时间,表语由具体的时间充当常译为当的时候,是12. It be . before .句型中的主句时态只有将来一般时或过去时两种时态主句中的表语多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等时间常译为之后 13. It happens (seems, appears ) that.句型号中it是形式主语, that 引导的是主语从句,主句中的happen , seem是不及物动词 14. I
67、t is + 被强调部分 + that .在句型 1 中,将被强调的部分放在前面,其它部分置于that之后被强调部分可以是主语,宾语,表语或状语强调的主语如果是人,that可以由who换用如果把这种句型结构划掉后,应该是一个完整无缺的句子这也是与其 它从句区别判断的方法15. It is not until + 被强调部分 + that .句型2 主要用于强凋时间状语,译成汉语直到才,可以说是 not . until . 的强调形式16. It is clear ( obvious, true, possible, certain.) that .句型3中it 是形式主语,真正的主语是that
68、 引导的主语从句,常译为清楚(显然,真的,肯定)是主语从句最常见的一种结构 17.典型句式 (1). would rather (not) do sth.would rather do sth. than do sth. would rather sb. did (had done) sth.prefer sth. to sth. else prefer doing sth. to doing sth. elseprefer to do sth. rather than do sth. insist on doing sth. rather than do sth. (2). No matte
69、r what (Whatever) he doesNo matter how (However) difficult it is (3). to ones surprise (delight, satisfaction, disappointment, joy) What surprises (delights, satisfies, disappoints, pleases) one is(4). It seems that sb. do sth. = sb. seems to do sth.It happened that sb. do sth. = sb. happened to do
70、sth.It is said (reported) that sb. do sth.= sb. is said (reported) to do sth.(5). Half of the visitors are Half of the wood is Most of the teachers areMost of the water is The rest of the books are The rest of the money is One-fourth of the population in the world are Chinese.The population of China
71、 is larger that that of any other country in the world.Three-fourths of the workers in the factory are men.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is the sea.A larger number of students areThe number of the students in our school is PART 3 部分常用词用法 1、agreesb. agree with + sb. / sb.s opinion / what
72、同意某人意见 sth. agree with sb.适合 sth. agree with sth.相一致,相符,和谐 agree on (upon) sth.就取得一致的意见 agree with sb. on sth.在方面同意或意见一致 agree to do sth.愿意(同意)做 agree that.同意是事实或应当如何注释:该词一般作为不及物动词用表示“同意”时有三种表达法,with后接“人” 具体的观点和看法:opinion, plan, idea等;what引导的从句作及物动词用时,agree to do sth. 愿意做agree that 同意是事实或应当如何。2. loo
73、k link-v look + adj. (过去分词,名词,介词短语,)看起来,look about 四周打量look about for四处寻找look ahead预测未来look like看起来像look as if看起来好像 look well看起来不错look sb. up and down上下打量某人 look at看,望,看待look after照看,照管,照顾,负责处理 look back on回顾,回想look down upon (on)看不起,蔑视 look for找寻,自找(麻烦),look forward to盼望,希望;预计会有look in作短时间的访晤(参观),l
74、ook in on拜望,顺便来看望 look into调查,了解,研究look on旁观,在旁边看 look on as把看作look out查找,找出;当心,注意 look out for当心,提防;找寻,注意;look over翻阅,审读;复习 look round审视,到处看看;回头望look through 翻阅,查看;读一遍 look to照顾,注意,负责look up查出,了解;看望,拜访 look up and down上下打量3. appear vi. link-v. = seem 似乎, 显得 appear to do sth. appear + adj. appear +
75、done appear + sth. It appears that.4. make make sth. 做,制造 make sb. do sth. 使得 make sb. (sth.) done make sb. (sth.) + adj. make sb. (sth.) + n. make it + adj.(n.) + thatmake it + adj.(n.) + to do sth. make it + adj.(n.) + doing sth. make a dash for 赶往,冲向make a deal with 达成协议,做成交易make a decision 作出规定
76、make a face = make faces做鬼脸,做苦相make a good effort 作很大的努力 make a record 录制唱片 make a plan for 为作计划 make a note of注意,记下来make an impression on 给留下(某种)印象,引人注目make fun of 取笑,和开玩笑,嘲笑 make a guess猜测 make into把做成;使成为,使变成be made intobe made from由做的(化学变化)be made of由做的(物理变化)make it按时到达某处,办事成功;约定时间;及时赶上(火车,轮船等)m
77、ake ones living维持生活make progress 取得进步 make out 看清楚,看出,辨识;理解,明白;开(账单,收据等)进展;假装,装出,把说成是make room (for)让地方,让位置 make sense有道理,好懂,有清楚的意思make sure that.弄肯定,一定要做到;弄确切,弄清 make sense of 理解 make sure to do sth. 一定要做 make . to ones own measure 依照某人的尺寸做 make up创造,编造;弥补,把补上;化妆,打扮 make up for弥补 make up ones mind
78、to do sth.打定主意,决定,决心make use of相当于动词“use” make arrangements安排;make an attempt尝试 make a call打电话,访问make a change改变 make a choice选择make a contribution对作出贡献make a delivery送货 make a discovery发现make efforts/ an effort努力 make ones entrance进入make a speech演讲make an error犯错误 make an exchange交换make an examinat
79、ion检查 make a difference有差别make an explanation解释 make progress进步 5.consider 考虑 consider thatconsider what (how) to do sth. consider doing sth. 认为 consider that consider sb. (sth.) + sb. (sth.) consider sb.+ adj. 把看作是 consider sb. to be consider sb. + p.p. consider sb.+ 介词短语 consider . as 把(某人)看作6. ne
80、ed 需要 need sthdo sthdoing 情态动词:用于否定句,疑问句(较少用于肯定句)He neednt go out for such a thing .Need you buy this book ?n.需要,必要(不可数);需要的东西(可数)a friend in need 患难之交need of需要7. take take sth.拿,取,带;吃,喝;占领,赢得;take a look at 看一看 take a nap小睡 take a taxi 打的 take a job接受(工作) take a bet打赌 take a chance 碰碰运气,冒风险take a r
81、isk冒风险 take a seat坐下take an interest in对有兴趣 take a photograph ( of ) 照一张相 be taken up with忙于(某事);喜欢take after长得像,性格等像take aim瞄准 take along 随身携带 take as看作,认为 take away拿走;减去;take back收回(诺言,话语等);送还;退(货)take back to使回想起 take care当心 take care to do sth. take care thattake care of 照料,料理,照顾;当心,注意;处理,对付 tak
82、e charge (of)负责(处理某事或照料某人);接管take ill (sick)突然生病 take cold感冒,伤风take control of控制住,管住 take delight (pleasure) in sth.喜欢(做)某事take delight (pleasure) in doing sth. take down拿下来,取下来;记下来take effect开始起作用;生效takefor (to be) sth.(错)当作,以为是take it for granted thattakefor granted想当然认为(会是某种情况);认为是理所当然take for ex
83、ample以为例take hold of抓住;吸引住8. do do a good deed 做件好事 do away with 废除,破除,取消,消除,干掉 do about sth.对想某种办法或采取某种行为 do everything (all) one can 尽一切努力,尽力去做do good做好事 do sb. good (harm) = do good (harm) to sb. 对有好处(害处) do sb. a favour (kindness)帮一个忙 do sb. the favour to do sth. (that)帮忙做 do ones best = try one
84、s best尽最大的努力 do ones bit (duty) 尽一份力(履行职责,做份内的事) do up 收拾,整理,打扮;包,扎,系 do well 做得对,做得好do with 处理,安排,多和what连用) do with 想要,需要(多和can连用)do with 受不了,不能(多和cant连用) do something (nothing , anything, little, much) to do with 与有关系 do wonder = work wonder 创造奇迹do wrong 做坏事、犯罪 do sb. wrong = do wrong to sb. 委屈,冤枉
85、某人,做对不起某人的事9. take take in接受(房客,客人等),留宿;理解,明白;包括,涉及;(把衣服)改小,改瘦;订阅 take it easy不要着急;慢慢来 take note of注意take notes作笔记,记笔记take notice of理会;注意take off脱下(衣,帽等);起飞;匆匆离开;休假,请假;取消take off ones hat to佩服;敬重take on接受,从事(工作);雇用;上车,接受乘客take ones time慢慢来,从容不迫take out取出,使退色;领取take over接替(职务);接管 take part in参加,参与tak
86、e pity on(upon)可怜,怜悯take place发生,举行 take (a) pride in为感到自豪(骄傲)take sth. lying down甘心忍受(而不反抗)take sides ( in ) 站在.一边take the chair担任主席 take the place of 代替、取代take trouble to do sth.不辞劳苦的做take to sth.喜欢;养成某种爱好take to doing sth take turns to do sth.轮流做take turns (at) doing sth. take up开始学习(课程),选修;从事;向提
87、出;占用(时间);占掉(空间)10. means1)a/one/this/that/every means 2)all/these/those/such means 3)by all means/be means of /by no means11. consider考虑1) consider (doing) sth 2) consider 疑问词 to do 认为1) consider sb(sth) adj./n. 2) consider sb(sth) to be3) consider sb(sth) as 4) consider that从句 5)consider it adj.(n.
88、) to do sth12.experience 1) experience “经验”不可数,经历可数2) experience sth 3)be experience in/at sth13.prefer 1) prefer sth 2) prefer to do sth 3) prefer sb to do sth4) prefer doing sth 5) prefer A to B 6) prefer doing A to doing B7) prefer to do A rather than do B 8)prefer that从句14.strike 1) (钟)敲响,The cl
89、ock has just struck six 2)给以印象,打动,感动 How dose the plan strike you?3)忽然想到 A good idea struck the scientist. 4)侵袭,压倒 He was struck with a bad cold.15. setbe set in以为背景 set an example for为树立榜样set off 出发,动身;使爆炸 set out出发,开始set about开始,着手 set apart 留出,拨出set aside留出,拨出;不顾,把置于一旁;取消,驳回set down记下,写下,登记;放下;使(
90、乘客)下车,使(飞机)着陆set foot in /on踏上16.telltell apart区别,辨别 tell A from B.区分A和B tell the difference(s) between区别的不同点tell it like it is 实事求是地说Youre telling me!还要你告诉我!(我早就知道了)17. as 有哪些常见用法?做连词可用于:(1).引导时间状语从句 “在的时候,当”(2).引导原因状语从句“因为,由于”(3).引导方式状语从句“依照,按照,如,像”(4).引导让步状语从句“尽管,虽说”此种用法时从句要倒装(表语倒装,谓语倒装,状语倒装)(5).
91、 as后跟名词(相当于一个时间状语从句)As a young man, he worked hard. = When he was a young man, he worked hard.(6).和某些动词连用,构成固定搭配: treatas; regardas; look on(upon)as; takeas; take upas; think ofas; introduceas; take a job as; serveas; act as (7).用于某些成语:as black as coal; as dry as dust; as blind as a bat; as easy as
92、ABC; as brave as a lion; as fair as a rose; as fat as a pig; as busy as a bee; as free as the air; as cold as ice; as gentle as a lamb; as deep as a well; as greedy as wolf; as happy as a king; as heavy as lead; as sound as a bell; as poor as a church mouse; as white as snow; as proud as a peacock;
93、as quiet as a lamb; as red as blood; as a matter of fact事实上; as a result结果; as a result of由于; as a rule一般(说来);通常; asas possible = asas one can尽力,尽可能;as follows如下;as if (as though)就像似的; as to 名词 至于,说到; as to that从句 关于(常不译); as usual像平常一样; so as to以便; soas to如此以至; as well as也,还; so (as) long as只要; suc
94、has to如此以至; asas和一样; as soon as一就; as soon as possible尽快地; as well也,还短语复习according to根据 a lot of/lots of许多 add up to加起来a few一些 again and again一再,多次 a great deal许多all kinds of各种各样的 a little一些 a kind of一种 after all毕竟and so on 等等a number of许多 a set of一套as a result结果as well as也 at any time任何时候 at first首
95、先 at least至少at once立即at the beginning of开头,开初at the edge of在边缘at the end of在末尾at the moment此刻at the same time同时 a variety of各种各样的be annoyed at生的气be busy with忙于be divided into 分成be fit for适合be fond of爱好be full of充满be grateful for感谢be interested in对感兴趣be known for因出名be made up of由组成be satisfied with对满
96、意be similar to与相同be unfamiliar to与不熟悉be used to doing习惯于 because of因为by hand手工做的carry out执行,进行catch up with赶上 clear off清除,跑开comparewith与比较concentrate on聚精会神consist of包含deal with处理,对付devote oneself to献身于die out绝种 divideinto把分成do harm to伤害 draw a conclusion得出结论eitheror既又 for a moment一会儿for a while 一会儿
97、for example 例如for instance例如from time to time不时hand over 递过去 in a hurry 匆忙in case万一 in front of在前面in line 排队 in no mood 无心思(心情)in other words换言之in spite of尽管 instead of 代替 in the course of 在.期间out of sight看不见over and over再三 refer to意指,提交since then从那以后right away马上 run away跑掉run out用完,耗尽side by side肩并
98、肩regardas把当作对待;认为是be willing to do sth.愿意做devote to 把贡献于go over复习succeed in成功give off放出(气味,热) go by过去,依照work hard at致力于set off (vt.) 引起 pay off还清take an interest in对感兴趣have effect on对有影响set out出发,开始have to do with 与有关believe in 信任set sail 启航be admitted to sp. 被录取 take by surprise 对突然袭击/ 出乎意料 put eff
99、ort into sth.(致力于) put into prison = send to prison 送入监狱 clear up(梳理回扣,收拾,打扫) do a word puzzle = do a puzzle in words (猜字谜) keep a certain distance away (保持一定的距离)far below (远远低于)further education(进修) absence of 缺乏 access to .的入口,通路 acquaintance with 相识,了解 action on sth 对.的作用 addition to sth 增加 admis
100、sion to /into 进入,入(场,学,会) admission of sth 承认 advance in 改进,进步 advantage over 优于.的有利条件absence from 缺席,不在 answer to .的答案把某人看作consider/regard/treat/think of/look on sb as in the future/in future instead of /in place of /take the place of get/take/keep/break away from get /stand close to nature 6. take
101、 exercise watch out for /look out for/watch for /be careful of protectfrom(against) be /get caught in 10. be upon 逼近,临近 Hold on to /hold on(电话用语)不挂上on the (ones) way to a place/on the way to doing sth as well as (离开)去某地set out/leave for be/go off to by horse/car/plane/spaceship 三思think twice /on sec
102、ond thoughts/thought重新考虑get on ones feet around the corner tree after tree fight for/against/with go through see/send sb offon the other hand/the other way roundkeep an eye on/upon注视着 have an eye to着眼于;对有企图 catch ones eye 引起某人的留意in the eyes of在心目中,以观点看 an eye for an eye以牙还牙,报复 do sb. in the eye欺骗某人
103、feast ones eyes on大饱眼福/ a feast for eyes 大饱眼福 have an eye for很能鉴赏make eyes at sb.向某人送秋波 with an eye to /on着眼于 easy as my eye易如反掌What if要是又怎么样? what for为什么 What about?怎么样? So what?那又怎么样呢? what though尽管有什么关系 What next?下一步怎么办? whats more而且 Whats happening?你好吗?through thick and thin同甘共苦 to begin/start w
104、ith=in the first place=firstlyfirst of all首先 in reality事实上 provide sb with sth/provide sth for sb.providing that=provided that=on condition that假如,倘若,除非result in导制 result from是结果 as with就而言as for /to 至于 pull out of从中退出 stick with坚持 be stuck with被缠住stick around待在原地 stick by坚持,忠于 stick to 坚持 for the s
105、ake of=for sbs sake由于take into account=take into consideration 重视 count sb/sth as=be accepted=consideras认为 attach to 属于,把固定在 be familiar with(人)对通晓 be familiar to(物)对所熟知to degree 达到程度 convince sb. of sth./that使某人相信(be convinced of /that ) on important state occasions在主要的正式场合 commit a crime 犯罪; commi
106、t suicide自杀pay a high price for 为付出高的代价 to ones (great) surprise/joycome to light 显露,为人所知 make a beeline for 走直路/抄近路live in groups 群居 feast on sth. 享受某物 as a matter of fact. 事实上记住下列动词并写出它们的汉语意思:distribute vt.disturb vt.double v.draw v.dress v.drive v.drop v.fetch vt.fight v.fill v.finish v.fire v.fi
107、t v.fix v.fly v.follow v.absorb vt. accept vt.accompany vt.account v. act v.adapt v. add v.admit v.advance v.advise vt.afford vt.aim v.answer v.achieve vt. adopt vt.allow v.appear vi.apply v. appoint vt.appreciate vt.approach v. approve v. arrange v. assign vt.attack v.attain vt. attempt vt.attend v
108、.avoid vt.belong vi. bend v.blow v.bother v.build vt.buy vtcease vcharge v.change v.check v.choose v.clear v.close v.collect mit pare v.concern vt.consider v.consist vi.construct vt. continue v.contribute v.control vt.convince vt.cost vt.count v.cover vt.create vt.cross v.crowd v.cry v.deal v. decid
109、e v.declare v.defend vt.delay v. delight v.deliver vt. demand vt.deny vt.depend vi.deserve vt. design vt.desire vt.destroy vt.determine vt.develop v.devote vt.direct vt.discover vt. discuss vt.force vt.forget v.form v.frighten vt.gain vt.gather v. grant vt. greet vt.grieve v.guard v.guess v.guide vt
110、.hand vt.handle vt.hang v.happen vi.imagine vt.impose v. impress vt.improve v.incline v.include vt.increase v.inform v.injure vt.inquire v.insist v. inspire vt.intend vt.interfere vi.introduce vt.invite vt.involve vt.insolate vt. issue vt. join v. judge v.jump vi. knock v. know v.lack v.last vi.laug
111、h vi. lay vt.lead v.learn v.leave v. lend vt.reputation(n); embarrass(v); temporary(adj); compromise; resign;bureaucratic; finance; decline; dynamic; commitment; expand;contradictory; restriction; advocate; actual; percentage; obtain;definite; distribute; suspect; sceptical; evident; ambitious; pres
112、entationcoincidence n. elegant adj. bachelor n. curse v.&n.considerate adj. investigate vt. vital adj. guilty adj.assume vt. cancel vt. remark v. n. innocent adj. commit vi. offend vt. humorous adj. surrounding adj.troop v. n. semicircle n. maximum n. fetchvt. spectator n. 高 频 词 汇 400 条 1 .alter v.
113、改变,改动,变更2. burst v n. 突然发生,爆裂3. dispose vi. 除掉;处置;解决;处理(of)4. blast n. 爆炸;气流 vi. 炸,炸掉5. consume v. 消耗,耗尽6. split v. 劈开;割裂;分裂 a.裂开的7. spit v. 吐(唾液等);唾弃8. pill v. 溢出,溅出,倒出9. slip v. 滑动,滑落;忽略10.slide v. 滑动,滑落 n. 滑动;滑面;幻灯片11.bacteria n. 细菌12.breed n. 种,品种 v. 繁殖,产仔13.budget n. 预算 v. 编预算,作安排14.candidate n
114、. 候选人15.campus n. 校园16.liberal a. 慷慨的;丰富的;自由的17.transform v. 转变,变革;变换18.transmit v. 传播,播送;传递19.transplant v. 移植20.transport vt. 运输,运送 n. 运输,运输工具21.shift v. 转移;转动;转变22.vary v. 变化,改变;使多样化23.vanish vi. 消灭,不见24.swallow v. 吞下,咽下 n. 燕子25.suspicion n. 怀疑,疑心26.suspicious a. 怀疑的,可疑的27.mild a. 温暖的,暖和的;温柔的,味淡的
115、28.tender a. 温柔的;脆弱的29.nuisance n. 损害,妨害,讨厌(的人或事物)30.insignificant a. 无意义的,无足轻重的;无价值的31.accelerate vt. 加速,促进32.absolute a. 绝对的,无条件的;完全的33.boundary n. 分界线,边界34.brake n. 刹车,制动器 v. 刹住(车)35.catalog n. 目录(册) v. 编目36.vague a. 模糊的,不明确的37.vain n. 徒劳,白费38.extinct a. 绝灭的,熄灭的39.extraordinary a. 不平常的,特别的,非凡的40.
116、extreme a. 极度的,极端的 n. 极端,过分41.agent n. 代理人,代理商;动因,原因42.alcohol n. 含酒精的饮料,酒精43.appeal n./vi. 呼吁,恳求44.appreciate vt. 重视,赏识,欣赏45.approve v. 赞成,同意,批准46.stimulate vt. 刺激,激励47.acquire vt. 取得,获得;学到48.accomplish vt .完成,到达;实行work n. 网状物;广播网,电视网;网络50.tide n. 潮汐;潮流51.tidy a. 整洁的,整齐的52.trace vt. 追踪,找到 n. 痕迹,踪迹5
117、3.torture n./vt. 拷打,折磨54.wander vi. 漫游,闲逛55.wax n. 蜡56.weave v. 织,编57.preserve v. 保护,保存,保持,维持61. abuse v. 滥用,虐待;谩骂62. academic a. 学术的;高等院校的;研究院的63. academy n. (高等)专科院校;学会64. battery n. 电池(组)65. barrier n. 障碍;棚栏66. cargo n. (船、飞机等装载的)货物67. career n. 生涯,职业68. vessel n. 船舶;容器,器皿;血管69. vertical a. 垂直的70
118、. oblige v. 迫使,责成;使感激71. obscure a. 阴暗,模糊72. extent n. 程度,范围,大小,限度73. exterior n. 外部,外表 a. 外部的,外表的74. external a. 外部的,外表的,外面的75. petrol n. 汽油76. petroleum n. 石油77. delay vt./n. 推迟,延误,耽搁78. decay vi. 腐烂,腐朽79. decent a. 像样的,体面的80. route n. 路;路线;航线81. ruin v. 毁坏,破坏 n. 毁灭,pl.废墟82. sake n. 缘故,理由83. satel
119、lite n. 卫星84. scale n. 大小,规模;等级;刻度85. temple n. 庙宇86. tedious a. 乏味道,单调的87. tend vi.易于,趋向88. tendency n.趋向,趋势89. ultimate a. 极端的,最大的,最终的 n. 极端90. undergo v. 经历,遭受91. abundant a. 丰富的,充裕的,大量的92. adopt v. 收养;采用;采纳93. adapt vi. 适应,适合;改编,改写 vt. 使适应94. bachelor n. 学士,学士学位;单身汉95. casual a. 偶然的,碰巧的;临时的;非正式的
120、96. trap n. 陷阱,圈套 v. 设陷阱捕捉97. vacant a. 空的,未占用的98. vacuum n. 真空,真空吸尘器99. oral a. 口头的,口述的,口的100. optics n. (单、复数同形)光学101. organ n. 器官,风琴102. excess n. 过分,过量,过剩103. expel v. 驱逐,开除,赶出104. expend v. 消费105. expenditure n. 支出,消费;经费106. expense n. 开销,费用107. expensive a. 花钱多的;价格高贵的108. expand v. 扩大,扩张;展开,膨胀
121、109. expansion n. 扩大,扩充;发展,膨胀110. private a. 私人的,个人的111. individual a. 个别的,单独的 n. 个人,个体112. personal a. 个人的,私人的;亲自的114. personnel n. 总称人员,员工;人事部门115. the Pacific Ocean 太平洋116. the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋117. the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋118. the Antarctic Ocean 南冰洋119. grant vt. 授予,同意,准予119. grand a. 宏伟大,壮丽的,重大的1
122、20. invade v. 侵入,侵略,侵袭 121. acid n. 酸,酸性物质 a. 酸的;尖刻的122. acknowledge v. 承认;致谢123. balcony n. 阳台124. calculate vt. 计算,核算125. calendar n. 日历,月历126. optimistic a. 乐观127. optional a. 可以任选的,非强制的128. outstanding a. 杰出的,突出的,显著的129. export n. 出口(物) v. 出口,输出130. import n. 进口(物) v. 进口,输入131. impose vt. 把.加强(o
123、n);采用,利用132. religion n. 宗教,宗教信仰133. religious a. 宗教的134. victim n. 牺牲品,受害者135. video n. 电视,视频 a. 电视的,录像的136. videotape n. 录像磁带 v. 把.录在录像带上137. offend v. 冒犯,触犯138. bother v. 打搅,麻烦139. interfere v. 干涉,干扰,妨碍140. internal a. 内部的,国内的141. beforehand ad. 预先,事先142. racial a. 人种的种族的143. radiation n. 放射物,辐射1
124、44. radical a.根本的;激进的145. range n. 幅度,范围 v. (在某范围内)变动146. wonder n. 惊奇,奇迹 v. 想知道,对.感到疑惑147. isolate vt. 使隔离,使孤立148. issue n. 问题,争论点;发行,(报刊)期149. hollow a. 空的,中空的,空虚道150. hook n. 钩 vt. 钩住151. adequate a. 适当地;足够152. adhere vi. 粘附,附着;遵守,坚持153. ban vt. 取缔,禁止154. capture vt. 俘虏,捕获155. valid a. 有效的,有根据的;正
125、当的156. valley n. 山谷,峡谷157. consistent a. 坚固定;一致的,始终如一的158. continuous a. 继续的,连续(不断)的159. continual a. 不断地,频繁的160. explode v. 爆炸;爆发;激增161. exploit v. 剥削;利用,开采162. explore v. 勘探163. explosion n. 爆炸;爆发;激增164. explosive a. 爆炸的;极易引起争论的165. remote a. 遥远的,偏僻的166. removal n. 除去,消除167. render vt. 使得,致使167. r
126、ender vt.呈递, 归还, 着色, 汇报, 致使, 放弃, 表演, 实施 vi.给予补偿 n.交纳, 粉刷, 打底168. precaution n. 预防,防备,警惕169. idle a. 懒散的,无所事事的170. identify vt. 认出,鉴定171. identify n. 身份;个性,特性172. poverty n. 贫穷173. resistant a. (to)抵抗的,抗.的,耐.的174. resolve vt. 解决;决定,决意175. barrel n. 桶176. bargain n. 便宜货 vi. 讨价还价177. coarse a. 粗的,粗糙的,粗
127、劣的178. coach n. 教练;长途公共汽车179. code n. 准则,法规,密码180. coil n. 线圈 v. 卷,盘绕 181. adult n. 成年人182. advertise v. 为.做广告183. advertisement n. 广告184. agency n. 代理商,经销商185. focus v.(使)聚集 n. 焦点,中心,聚焦186. forbid vt. 不许,禁止187. debate n./v. 辩论,争论188. debt n. 欠债189. decade n. 十年190. enclose vt. 围住;把.装入信封191. encount
128、er vt./n. 遭遇,遭到192. globe n. 地球,世界;地球仪193. global a. 全球的;总的194. scan vt. 细看;扫描;浏览195. scandal n. 丑事,丑闻196. significance n. 意义;重要性197. subsequent a. 随后的,后来的198. virtue n. 美德,优点199. virtual a. 实际上的,事实上的200. orient vt. 使适应,(to,toward)使朝向 n. 东方201. portion n. 一部分202. target n. 目标,靶子 vt. 瞄准203. portable
129、a. 手提式的204. decline v. 拒绝,谢绝;下降205. illusion n. 错觉206. likelihood n. 可能,可能性207. stripe n. 条纹208. emphasize vt. 强调,着重209. emotion n. 情感,感情210. emotional a. 感情的,情绪(上)的 211. awful a. 极坏的,威严的,可怕的212. awkward a. 笨拙的,棘手的213. clue n. 线索,提示214. collision n. 碰撞,冲突215. device n. 装置,设备216. devise vt. 发明,策划,想出2
130、17. inevitable a. 不可避免的218. naval a. 海军的219. navigation n. 航行220. necessity n. 必需品;必要性221. previous a. 先,前,以前的222. provision n. pl.给养,口粮;准备,设备,装置223. pursue vt. 追逐;追求;从事,进行224. stale a. 不新鲜的,陈腐的225. substitute n. 代用品 vt. 代替226. deserve vt. 应受,应得,值得227. discrimination n. 歧视;辨别力228. professional a. 职业
131、的,专门的229. secure a. 安全的,可靠的230. security n. 安全,保障231. scratch v./n. 抓,搔,扒232. talent n. 才能,天资;人才233. insurance n. 保险,保险费234. insure vt. 给.保险,保证,确保235. nevertheless ad. 仍然,然而,不过236. neutral a. 中立的,中性的237. spot n. 地点;斑点 vt. 认出,发现;玷污238. spray v. 喷,(使)溅散239. medium a. 中等的,适中的 n. 媒介物,新闻媒介240. media n. 新
132、闻传媒241. auxiliary a. 辅助的,备用的242. automatic a. 自动的243. compete vi. 竞争,比赛244. competent a. 有能力的,能胜任的245. competition n. 竞争,比赛246. distribute vt. 分发247. disturb vt. 打搅,妨碍248. infer v. 推论,推断249. integrate v.(使)成为一体,(使)合并250. moist a. 潮湿251. moisture n. 潮湿252. promote vt. 促进;提升253. region n. 地区;范围;幅度254.
133、 register v./n.登记,注册255. stable a. 稳定的256. sophisticated a. 老于世故的,老练的;很复杂的257. splendid a. 极好的,壮丽的,辉煌的258. cancel vt. 取消,废除259. variable a. 易变的,可变的260. prospect n. 前景,前途;景象261. prosperity n.兴旺,繁荣262. aspect n. 方面;朝向;面貌263. cope vi. (with)(成功地)应付,处理264. core n. 果心,核心265. maintain vt. 维持,保持;坚持,主张266.
134、mainland n. 大陆267. discipline n. 纪律;惩罚;学科268. domestic a. 本国的,国内的;家用的;家庭的269. constant a. 不变的,恒定的 n. 常数 270. cliff n. 悬崖,峭壁 271. authority n. 权威;当局272. audio a. 听觉273. attitude n. 态度274. community n. 社区,社会275. commit vt.犯(错误,罪行等),干(坏事等)276. comment n./vt. 评论277. distinguish vt. 区分,辨别278. distress n.
135、 痛苦,悲伤 vt. 使痛苦279. facility n. pl. 设备,设施;便利,方便280. faculty n.能力,技能;系,学科/院;全体教员281. mixture n. 混合,混合物282. mood n. 心情,情绪;语气283. moral a. 道德上的,有道德的284. prominent a. 突出的285. substance n. 物质;实质286. substantial a. 可观的;牢固的;实质的287. prompt vt. 促使 a. 敏捷的,及时的288. vivid a. 生动的289. vocabulary n. 词汇(量);词汇表290. ve
136、nture n. 风险投资,风险项目 v. 冒险;取于291. version n. 版本,译本;说法292. waist n. 腰,腰部293. weld v./n. 焊接294. yawn v i. 打哈欠295. yield vi. (to)屈服于;让出,放弃 n. 产量296. zone n. 地区,区域297. strategy n. 战略,策略298. strategic a. 战略(上)的,关键的299. tense a. 紧张的 v. 拉紧 n. 时态300. tension n. 紧张(状态),张力301. avenue n. 林荫道,大街302. available a.
137、现成可用的;可得到的303. comparable a. (with,to)可比较的,类似的304. comparative a. 比较的,相对的305. dash vi. 猛冲,飞奔306. data n. 数据,资料307. dive vi. 跳水,潜水308. diverse a. 不同的,多种多样的309. entitle vt. 给.权利,给.资格310. regulate vt. 管理,调节311. release vt./n. 释放,排放;解释解脱312. exaggerate v. 夸大,夸张313. evil a. 邪恶的,坏的314. shrink vi. 起皱,收缩;退缩
138、315. subtract v. 减(去)316. suburb n. 市郊317. subway n. 地铁318. survey n./vt. 调查,勘测319. wealthy a. 富裕的320. adjust v. 调整,调节321. attach vt. 系,贴;使附属322. profit n. 利润,益处;v. 有益于,有利于323. profitable a. 有利可图的324. slope n. 斜坡,斜面325. reinforce vt. 增强,加强326. reject vt. 拒绝327. fatal a. 致命的;重大的328. fate n. 命运329. hu
139、mble a. 谦逊的;谦虚的330. illegal a. 不合法的,非法的 331. award vt. 授予,判给 n. 奖品,奖金332. aware a. 意识到333. column n. 柱,圆柱;栏,专栏334. comedy n. 喜剧335. dumb a. 哑的;沉默的336. dump vt. 倾卸,倾倒337. deaf a. 聋的;不愿听的338. decorate vt. 装饰,装璜339. principal a. 最重要的 n. 负责人,校长340. principle n. 原则,原理341. prior a. 优先的,在前的342. priority n.
140、 优先,重点343. prohibit vt. 禁止,不准344. remarkable a. 值得注意的,异常的,非凡的345. remedy n./vt. 补救,医治,治疗346. repetition n. 重复,反复347. vain a. 徒劳的,无效的348. undertake vt. 承担,着手做;同意,答应349. unique a. 唯一的,独特的350. obstacle n. 障碍(物),妨碍351. odd a. 奇特的,古怪的;奇数的352. omit vt. 省略353. opponent n. 敌手,对手354. opportunity n. 机会,时机355.
141、 orchestra n. 管弦乐队356. semester n. 学期;半年357. semiconductor n. 半导体358. seminar n. 研讨会359. terminal a. 末端的,极限的 n. 终点360. territory n. 领土361. approximate a. 大概的,大约 v. 近似362. arbitrary a. 随意的,未断的363. architect n. 建筑师364. architecture n. 建筑学365. biology n. 生物学366. geography n. 地理(学)367. geology n. 地质学368
142、. geometry n. 几何(学)369. arithmetic n. 算术370. algebra n. 代数371. entertainment n. 娱乐;招待,款待372. enthusiasm n. 热情,热心373. entry n. 进入,入口处;参赛的人(或物)374. environment n. 环境375. episode n. 插曲,片段376. equation n. 方程(式)377. restrain vt. 阻止,抑制378. restraint n. 抑制,限制379. resume v. (中断后)重新开始380. severe a. 严重的381. s
143、exual a. 性的382. simplicity n. 简单;朴素383. simplify vt. 简化384. sorrow n. 悲哀,悲痛385. stuff n. 原料,材料 vt. 填进,塞满386. temporary a. 暂时的,临时的387. temptation n. 诱惑,引诱388. terror n. 恐怖389. thrust v. 挤,推,插390. treaty n. 条约,协定391. arise vi. 产生,出现,发生;起身392. arouse vt. 引起,激起;唤醒393. burden n. 重担,负荷394. bureau n. 局,办事处395. marvelous a. 奇迹般的,惊人的396. massive a. 大的,大量的,大块的397. mature a. 成熟的398. maximum a. 最高的,最大的399. minimum a. 最低的,最小的400. nonsense n. 胡说,冒失的行动胸有成竹 Be confident!同学们:通过梳理回顾所学过的各种知识,相信你已经构建起了完整的知识体系。 再牢记并灵活地运用各种题型的应试策略和技巧,在考场上你就会从容不迫,游刃有余,正常甚至超常发挥,一定会取得理想的成绩!要相信自己!