1、Module 4 A Social SurveyMy NeighbourhoodGrammar语法精讲思维构建现在完成时【语法感知】观察上面对话的时态和句型,并用所给动词的适当形式填写下面的句子,注意填写部分的时态和句子的时间状语。1.I _(work)for it for years.2.I _(have)no reply from her so far.3.Up to now,I _(know)many friends who are interested in English.have workedhave hadhave known【语法精讲】现在完成时(Present perfect
2、)表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或后果,或过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。一、现在完成时的结构形式基本结构:have/has done1.肯定句:主语+have/has done+其他2.否定句:主语+have/has not done+其他3.一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+done+其他4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+have/has+主语+done+其他二、现在完成时的基本用法1.完成用法 “完成用法”表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与recently,before,so far,up to now,till now,in the past
3、/last+时间段,these days等时间状语连用。*The famous writer has written a new book in the past two years.那位著名的作家在过去的两年里写了一本新书。*The Browns have visited a lot of places in China so far.迄今为止,布朗一家人已经参观了中国的许多地方。*Have you seen her parents these days?这些天你看见她的父母了吗?【名师点津】(1)现在完成时可以表示最近完成的动作,也可以表示经历或经验,常译为“过”。(2)常与just,ev
4、er,never等词连用。2.持续用法 现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在(可能还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态,常和表示一段时间的状语如for,since,these days 等连用。*Tom has lived in Beijing since 1978.自从1978年以来,汤姆一直住在北京。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)*I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经待了5年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)【知识延伸】短暂动词与现在完成时表示短暂意义的动词(动作不能持
5、续)如 arrive,begin,borrow,buy,come,die,join,leave 等,其现在完成时的肯定式不能与表示一段时间的状语连用;如与表示一段时间的状语连用需用相应的表示延续状态的动词替换。I have kept/had the new car for a month.我买这辆新车已经一个月了。(因与 for a month 连用,此处动词“买”不能用短暂动词 buy,而应该用 keep 或 have)Mr Smith has been back to China twice since 1999.史密斯先生自 1999 年以来已经两次回到中国。(因与 since 1999
6、 连用,此处“回来”不能用 come back,而用 be back)常见的终止性动词及与其意义对应的状态性动词:终止性动词状态性动词buykeep/haveborrowkeepcome/arrive herebe herego/get outbe outgo/leave/movebe away/offbecome a memberbe a memberjoin an organisationbe in an organisationstartbe onendbe overreturn/come/go backbe backfall asleep/go to sleepbe asleep【名师
7、点津】since 后跟“过去的时间点”。since 引导的时间状语从句要用过去时,而其主句要用现在完成时。【即学活用】语法填空(1)I _(be)to New York three times so far.(2)Recently,I just _(finish)my science subject which is about OceanConservancy.(3)With the rapid growth of population,the city _(spread)in all directions in the past five years.(4)She _(write)more
8、 than ten books since 2010.(5)I _(be)to the station for minutes,but nobody came to meet me.(6)My grandmother has seen a lot of changes in Tianjin since she _(come)here.have beenhave finishedhas spreadhas writtenhave beencame三、现在完成时的特殊用法1.在句型“It is/has been+一段时间+since 从句”中,主句用现在完成时,也可用一般现在时。since 时间状
9、语从句用一般过去时。*It is/has been 3 years since I published my first book.自从我出版第一本书以来已经三年了。2.在句型“This/It is the first/second.time(that).”中 time 后的(that)从句用现在完成时。*It is the first time that the new president has visited Vietnam.这是新总统第一次访问越南。3.在“This/That/It is the+形容词最高级+名词+that 从句”结构中,that 从句要用现在完成时。*This is
10、 the best film that Ive ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。【即学活用】语法填空(1)It _(be)a long time since I heard from him last time.(2)It is the second time that he _(join)in the discussion about how to deal with the problem.(3)This is the best tea that I _(drink).is/has beenhas joinedhave drunk四、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别*I have
11、seen the film twice.我已经看过这部电影两次了。(强调现在我了解这部电影的内容)*I saw the film last week.我上周看了这部电影。(说明上周看了这部电影,与现在的情况没有关系)现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的影响或结果,或过去开始的动作持续到现在,强调现在的情况不与表示过去的时间状语连用一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,与现在没有关系可以与表示过去的时间状语连用【即学活用】语法填空(1)John _(pay)a visit to my parents twice since he moved here.(2)This is his first offic
12、ial visit to that country since he _(come)into power last year.has paidcame学情诊断课堂测评.语法填空1.(2021天津高考)We _(do)quite enough work for the morning;nowlets take a break.2.The number of firms selling computers in this region _(drop)since January 2012.3.I _(work)here for only a few days.4.(2020天津高考)The numb
13、er of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and _(remain)around that level since.5.I have kept the book from the library _more than two months.have donehas droppedhave workedhas remainedfor6.My friends have worked there _the firm set up.7.She _(learn)10,000 English words since she went to co
14、llege.8.The unemployment rate in this district _(fall)from 8%to 6%over the past three years.9.I have grown not only physically but also mentally _the past few years.10.I sent an application to the company but have received no reply from it _now.sincehas learnthas fallenintill.完成句子1.The crazy fans _f
15、or more than two hours,and they will wait till the movie star arrives.疯狂的影迷们已经耐心地等待了两个多小时,而且他们将一直等下去,直到那个电影明星到达。2.It _since his family moved to Australia.他家搬到澳大利亚已经八年了。3.He _since his father died.他父亲去世后,他就一直和他的叔叔住在一起。have been waiting patientlyhas been 8 yearshas lived with his uncle4.This dinner is
16、 the most expensive meal _.这是我们吃过的最贵的一顿饭。5.For many years,people _.However,making them has been more difficult than predicted.许多年来,人们梦想电动轿车。可是,制造电动轿车比预料的难得多。6.Tom _every night over the last three months.汤姆在过去的三个月里每天晚上都在图书馆里工作。we have ever hadhave dreamed of electric carshas been working in the libra
17、ry【语法主题应用】根据提示翻译下列语段。我写这封信是想邀请你访问中国。为此我已经制订了一个绝妙的计划(现在完成时)。你可以访问青岛,它是我的家乡(非限制性定语从句),是我所见过的(现在完成时)最美丽的城市之一。它很吸引人(形容词短语),在它的海边有许多游客(名词短语)。我觉得住在这里很幸运(动词短语)。我们可以去乡下看看,在那里待几天。自从我们上次见面以来,那里发生了很大的变化(现在完成时)。我期待着(动词短语)你的到来。Im writing to invite you to visit China.I have made a wonderful plan for it.You can vi
18、sit Qingdao,which is my hometown.It is one of the most beautiful cities that I have seen.It is pretty attractive and has many tourists at its seaside.I feel fortunate living here.We can visit the countryside and stay there for a few days.Great changes have taken place since we saw each other last time there.I am looking forward to your coming.