1、Part Grammar & Writing动词不定式和动名词 思维导图动词不定式一、动词不定式的句法功能1.作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：(1)把动词不定式置于句首。To blame the worker will not make up for the loss.责备那个工人弥补不了损失。(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语动词不定式置于句末。Its absurd to make that remark on the scientific conclusion.对这一科学结论做出那样的评论是荒唐的。2.作宾语动词不定式作宾语经常跟在下列动词后面：aff
2、ord(负担得起)，choose(选择)，attempt(企图)，agree(同意)，arrange(安排)，promise(承诺)，refuse(拒绝)，want(想要)，intend(打算)，manage(设法)，plan(计划)，pretend(假装)，determine(决定)，expect(期望)，forget(忘记)，remember(记着)等。Our boss agreed to hire another ten workers to finish the work on time.我们老板同意雇用另外10个工人以按时完成这一工作。He pretended to master F
3、rench.In fact，he knew nothing of it.他假装精通法语，其实他对此一窍不通。3.作宾语补足语英语中有些动词能够接动词不定式作宾语补足语。若句子变为被动句，那么原先作宾语补足语的动词不定式就相应地成为主语补足语了。(1)能够接动词不定式作宾语补足语的常见动词有：advise，allow，persuade，encourage，cause，force，forbid，require，expect，order等。Allow me to introduce my impression of the beast.允许我介绍一下我对这一野兽的印象。(2)believe，cons
4、ider，declare，feel，find，imagine，judge，know，prove，suppose，think 等动词后可接to be型动词不定式作宾语补足语。The young man declared himself to be one member of the circus.那个年轻人自称是马戏团的一员。名师点津hope，demand，suggest 等动词后不能接动词不定式作宾语补足语。4.作表语动词不定式往往放在连系动词be的后面作表语(become，sound，taste等连系动词后面一般不接动词不定式)，表示将来的情况或说明主语的内容。动词不定式作表语常用于以下结构
5、中：My wish/job/aim/goal is . 及The next step/measure is .等。My wish is to become a biologist or an editor.我的愿望是成为一名生物学家或者一名编辑。The next step is to prevent the quarrel from becoming worse.下一步是阻止争吵变得更糟。5.作定语动词不定式常常放在名词(如ability，chance，way等)或不定代词后面作后置定语，其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语，故动词不定式作定语时往往用主动式；如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则该
6、动词不定式要用被动式。Do you have anything to do tonight？你今晚有什么事要做吗？(主动)I am going to Changsha tomorrow.Do you have anything to be taken there?明天我要去长沙。你有什么东西要捎去吗？(被动)学法点拨在the first，the second，the third，the last 等之后，或由the first，the second，the third，the last 等或形容词最高级修饰的名词后，常接动词不定式作定语。Who was the first to put for
7、ward such good advice?谁是第一个提出这么好的建议的人？The last one to come should be blamed.最后来的人应受责备。6.作状语(1)动词不定式作状语，可表示目的、原因或结果等。作结果状语时，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，动词不定式要放在句子后面。Ive come to apologize to you.我来是为了向你道歉的。(目的)Im lucky to keep pace with you.赶上你我很幸运。(原因)We hurried to reach the station only to be told that the t
8、rain had left.我们急匆匆地到达车站，结果被告知火车已经开走了。(结果)(2)动词不定式作目的状语的常用结构有：only to do(仅仅为了)，in order to do，so as to do，so/such. as to. (如此以便)。That spy went to the navy base so as to monitor the navys movement.那个间谍去海军基地以便监视海军的举动。That master of Chinese arts crafts went there in order to get enough clay.那位中国工艺美术大师去
9、那儿是为了获取足够的陶土。I added some liquid to the bottle only to see how the chemicals reacted.我往瓶子里加了一些液体只是为了看看化学品是如何反应的。(3)动词不定式作结果状语的常用结构有：never to do 再也没有做，so形容词/副词as to. ，such名词短语as to .，only to.竟然(表示与所预料的相反的结果)，形容词/副词enough to.足够以至于，too. to. 太而不能。He was in such a hurry as not to button his jacket.他如此匆忙，
10、以至于连夹克衫的纽扣都没有系上。He lifted a stone only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头竟然砸了自己的脚。The girl was too sensitive to the criticism to focus her mind on her work.这个女孩对批评很敏感，以至于不能集中精力干活。名师点津only to do sth与only doing sth 都可作结果状语，区别是：only to do sth 表示一个与主语愿望相反的或出乎主语意料的结果，或用来暗示最初的愿望未能实现；only doing sth 表示谓语动词本身的
11、动作造成的结果，这种结果是自然的、合乎逻辑的。I worked hard，only to fail at last.我努力工作，最后却失败了。He died，only leaving nothing but debts.他死了，只留下一堆债务。二、动词不定式的时态和语态1.一般式：to do/to be done动词不定式的一般式表示的动作有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。He seems to know this.他看起来知道这件事。(动作同时发生)I hope to see you again.(I hope that Ill see you again.
12、)我希望再次见到你。(发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后)2.进行式：to be doing动词不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.他看起来正在吃东西。3.完成式：to have done/to have been done动词不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.对不起，给你添了那么多麻烦。4.完成进行式：to have been doing动词不定式的完成进行式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之前一直在进行的动作。
13、She is known to have been dealing with the problems for many years.大家知道她处理这类难题已经有很多年了。名师点津动词不定式的语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语与这个动词不定式有被动关系，不定式一般要用被动语态。Its a great honour to be invited to Marys birthday party.被邀请参加玛丽的生日聚会是一件非常荣幸的事情。名师点津某些动词如to let，to blame(负有责任)等用主动式表被动含义。The apartment is to let.这套公寓要出租。Who is to b
14、lame for it？这得怪谁？三、不带to的动词不定式1.let/make/have sb do在let，make，have等使役动词之后的“宾语作宾语补足语的动词不定式”结构中，不定式符号to须省略。但是当make，have等用于被动语态的时候， 后面的to要还原。let通常不用于被动语态。She avoids making you feel awkward.她避免让你感觉尴尬。The teacher has us write a composition every week.老师让我们每周写一篇作文。2.hear/see/feel/watch . sb do在hear，see，feel
15、，watch，observe，notice，listen to等感官动词(词组)后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to，但是当这些词(词组)用于被动语态时，后面的动词不定式不能省略to。I never saw him speak like that.我从未看到过他那样说话。The person was seen to enter the shop by us.我们看见那个人进了那家商店。(不能省略to)3.would rather/had better/why not do在would rather/had better/why not等词后的动词不定式通常省略to。We would rather
16、 rent the house than buy it outright.我们宁可租这幢房子，也不愿一次性付款买下它。Hed rather chat than play football outside.他宁愿聊天，也不愿出去踢足球。You had better go there at once.你最好立即去那里。Now that you are moving into a new apartment，why not buy some new furniture?既然你要搬进一套新的公寓，为什么不买一些新家具呢？You can get another phone card for free i
17、f you buy one.Why not buy one?这种电话卡买一送一，为什么不买一张呢？4.由and/or/except/but/rather than连接的第二个动词不定式常省略to由and/or/except/but/rather than连接两个及两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的动词不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。但是如果两个动词不定式表示对照或对比，则不能省略to。Id like to stay with you，help you and learn from you.我想留下和你一起，帮助你并且向你学习。She told us to stay at home and wa
18、it till she came back.她告诉我们待在家里一直等到她回来。To try and fail is better than not to try at all.尝试后失败比一点儿也不尝试好。He hasnt decided whether to go or to stay.他还没有决定是去还是留。动名词一、动名词的句法功能1.作主语动名词(短语)作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。Protecting endangered animals like whales is our duty.保护像鲸这样的濒危动物是我们的职责。Arguing with a woman like h
19、er is of no use.和她那样的女人争吵是没用的。2.作动词宾语The boy hasnt admitted making a terrible mistake.那个男孩还没有承认他犯了一个可怕的错误。3.作介词宾语That hospital insisted on supplying medical aid for free to the injured.那家医院坚持向那些伤员提供免费的医疗救助。4.作表语动名词(短语)作表语通常放在连系动词be之后。句子主语一般是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语和主语是对等的关系时，两者的位置往往可以互换。Her job i
20、s teaching.(Teaching is her job.)她的工作是教学。What he hates most is being laughed at.他最痛恨的是被嘲笑。5.作定语动名词(短语)作定语修饰名词，表示该名词的性质、功能、用途等。He cant walk without a walking stick.他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school?你们学校有游泳池吗？二、只能接动名词不接动词不定式作宾语的动词英语中有些动词只能接动名词不能接动词不定式作宾语。常见的有：admit，dislike，imagine，dela
21、y，consider(考虑)，mind，avoid，enjoy，practise，miss，finish，keep，suggest，recommend等。I dislike being the centre of attention.我不喜欢成为注意力的焦点。三、只能接动名词不接动词不定式作宾语的动词短语英语中有些动词短语只能接动名词或名词作宾语，不能接动词不定式。常见的有：cannot help(禁不住)，look forward to，feel like，cannot stand，put off等。We look forward to seeing that gifted musician
22、.我们期望见到那位有天赋的音乐家。I cannot stand being with her any longer.我再也不能容忍和她在一起。四、接动词不定式和动名词作宾语区别不大的动词英语中有些动词接动词不定式和动名词作宾语区别不大，常见的有：continue，prefer，begin，hate，like，start，love等。When I cant fall asleep，I dont take pills.I prefer to read a book.It helps.我睡不着时不是吃药，而是喜欢读书，这管用。I prefer living on the east coast rat
23、her than the west coast of the country.我更喜欢住在这个国家的东海岸而不是西海岸。名师点津love，hate，like 等表示好恶的动词，用动名词作宾语时，指一般情况，而用动词不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。五、接动词不定式和动名词作宾语区别较大的动词(1)forget to do sth 表示“忘记做某事(未做)”；forget doing sth 表示“忘记做过某事(已做过或已发生)”。Dont forget to prepare for the biology quiz next week.不要忘了为下周的生物测验做准备。He forgot telli
24、ng me the importance of making plans in gardening.他忘记告诉过我在园艺工作中制定规划的重要性了。(2)remember to do sth 表示“记得做某事(未做或晚于remember发生)”；remember doing sth 表示“记得做过某事(已做过或已发生)”。You must remember to pay the doctors fees tomorrow.明天你一定要记着付诊疗费。Dont you remember seeing the printer in that factory？你不记得已经见过那家工厂的那名印刷工人了吗？
25、(3)regret to do sth 表示“对要做的事表示遗憾”；regret doing sth 表示“对做过的事后悔”。I regret to inform you that you are not admitted into Beijing University.我很遗憾地通知你，你没有被北京大学录取。(对要发生的事表示遗憾)I regret going sightseeing last weekend.I had something more important to do.我后悔上周末去观光了。我有更重要的事情要做。(对已发生的“去观光”这件事后悔)(4)try to do sth
26、 表示“努力/企图做某事”；try doing sth 表示“试着做某事”。The criminal tried to escape，but failed.Before long，he was sentenced to three years in prison.这名罪犯企图逃跑，但失败了。不久，他被判三年监禁。As a skilled operator Tom tried operating that new complex machine.作为一名熟练的操作人员，汤姆试着操作那台新的结构复杂的机器。(5)mean to do sth 表示“打算/有意要做某事”；mean doing sth
27、表示“意味着做某事”。I didnt mean to quarrel with you.I just explained what I meant to you.我没打算和你争吵，我只是把我的意思跟你作了解释。This mistake will mean(your)apologizing to your friend.犯了这种错误你就要向朋友道歉。.用所给词的适当形式填空1.Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online to save (save) their valuable time.(20
28、17北京高考)2.They are required to process(process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.(2017全国卷) 3.“More interesting, there are hundreds of Canadians who are interested in changing (change) their name to Elizabeth Gallagher，” Axani said.(2017全国卷)4.Rather t
29、han argue (argue) without any result，I prefer to get (get) down to doing something practical.5.We wanted nothing but to appeal (appeal) to people to care more for the dropout students.6.Though made to give (give) in to him，I insisted on making(make) my deskmate promise not to disturb(disturb) me lik
30、e that.7.We watched our friends disappear(disappear)into the darkness.8.We had nothing else to do except wait(wait)for the result.9.After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress，Anne Benedict went on to thank(thank) all the people who had helped in her career.10.There are still many problems
31、 to be solved(solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.单句改错1.Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring cook a meal.ring后加to(2017浙江高考)2.Fast food is full of fat and salt; by eat more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.eateating(20
32、17全国卷)3.Why not get your children working out regularly？workingto work4.We had better not to pay too much attention to grammar.去掉pay 前的to5.Rather than argue without any result，I prefer get down to doing something practical.get 前加to6.We wanted nothing but appealing to people to care more for the drop
33、out students.appealingto appeal7.It is a waste of time persuade such a person to join us.persuadepersuading8.He was praised for do a good deed.dodoing9.We were all excited for be praised.bebeing10.After sent you that letter，I recollected how stupid I was.sentsending求助信1.求助信是向收信人陈述写信人所遇的疑惑或困境，希望对方能根据
34、所述情况给出合理可行的看法或建议，因此应用一般现在时表达文意，当然描绘自己得到帮助后的进步时应当改用一般将来时表达文意。同学们一定要牢记求助信的这些时态特点，并增强错误防范意识，确保语言准确性。2.求助信的写作步骤：首段：简单介绍自己并表明写作意图。主体段落：陈述交代自己所面临的困难。结尾段：对提出的要求进行总结，展望获得帮助后自己的进步并希望对方方便时能早日给予回复。名师点津写作这类题目时，考生要注意语气委婉，态度谦恭，符合求助信的语言特点。多变式使用委婉用语，提高文章整体美感以达到有效交流的目的。假如你是李华，明年即将进入大学学习，但是不知道该如何适应大学的生活。请你就以下大学新生活中常遇
35、到的情况给某大学的校长写一封求助信，信中包括以下内容：1.在生活中不会照顾自己。2.感到孤独，经常想家。3.财物容易丢失。4.对食物、气候不适应。5.有些学生因不合群而在校外租房居住。注意：1.词数100左右，开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。2.参考词汇：想家的homesick参考范文Dear President，Yours sincerely，Li Hua词汇搜索1.我写信的目的是I am writing to.2.向某人寻求建议或忠告 ask sb for some advice3.适应新生活 adapt to the new life4.照顾自己 take care of oneself
36、5.感到孤独，经常想家 feel lonely and homesick6.丢失财物 lose money and other things7.生病 fall ill8.不合群 feel uneasy to live with others9.住在校外 live out of campus由词连句1.我写信的目的是请您提供建议如何在短期内去适应大学新生活。I am writing to ask you for some advice on how to adapt myself to the new life at university in a short time.2.据说大多数大学新生因
37、突然的环境变化而迷惑和无所适从。Its said that most freshmen are confused by the sudden change of their environment and dont know how to deal with it.3.作为未来的大学生，我想过一个有意义的大学生活。As a preuniversity student，I want to live a meaningful life at university. 4.你能告诉我如何解决上述问题吗？Could you tell me how to deal with the problems me
38、ntioned above. 连句成文Dear President，Im a Senior 3 student and Im going to university next year.But Im worried about the university life and Im afraid I cant adjust to the new environment.So I am writing to ask you for some advice on how to adapt myself to the new life in a short time.Its said that mos
39、t freshmen are confused by the sudden change of their environment and dont know how to deal with it.They cant take care of themselves and always feel lonely and homesick.What is more，they may sometimes lose their money，mobile phones and many other things.They even fall ill because of the new climate
40、 and food.In addition，some students who feel uneasy to live with others prefer to live out of campus.As a preuniversity student，I want to live a meaningful life at university.Could you tell me how to deal with the problems mentioned above and make my university life more wonderful?Im looking forward
41、 to your reply at your earliest convenience.Yours sincerely，LiHua.单句语法填空1.The old man，having worked(work) abroad for twenty years，is on the way back to his motherland.2.The wool feeling(feel) really soft was so expensive that my mother decided not to buy it.3.Not having got (get) his apology for doi
42、ng wrong to me，I walked away without saying any words.4.On turning(turn) on my computer，I found an email from my penfriend，inviting(invite) me to spend the summer holiday in his city.5.The building being repaired(repair) now is our school library，one built(build) in 1980.6.I smell something burning(
43、burn) in the kitchen.Can I call you back in a minute?7.Having waited(wait) in the queue for half an hour，the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.8.Having been divided(divide) into four groups，they began to work.9.Lucys new job paid twice as much as she had madeworking(work) i
44、n the restaurant.10.The lawyer listened with full attention，trying(try) not to miss any point.阅读理解ATo Whom It May Concern，My husband and I got married in 1965 and for the first ten years after our marriage，I was very happy to stay at home raising our three children.Then four years ago, our youngest
45、child went to school and I thought I might go back to work.My husband helped me to make my decision.He said he thought I could be a great success in business.After several weeks of jobhunting，I found my present job in a small company.At first my husband was very proud of me and told his friends，“My
46、clever little wife can run that company shes working for.”But as his joking remark approached reality，my husband stopped talking about my job.I have received several promotions and pay increases.Now I am making more money than he is.I can buy my own clothes and a new car.Because of our combined inco
47、mes，my husband and I would do many things that we had always dreamed of，but we do not, for he is unhappy.We fight about little things and my husband is very critical in front of our friends.For the first time in our marriage，I think there will be a possibility that our marriage may come to an end.I
48、love my husband and I dont want him to feel inferior(地位低下的)，but I dont know how to settle this problem.Can you give me some advice？How can I keep my husband on one hand and my new career on the other?Please help.Distressed1.What will be the best title for this text?A.A Working Womans TroubleB.A Wife
49、s Thanks for Her HusbandC.A Working Womans Love for Her HusbandD.A Wifes Complaints about Her Husband答案A标题归纳题。通读全文可知，作者出去工作后，得到晋升，挣钱比她的丈夫多，从而引起了一些家庭问题，作者要寻求帮助，所以A项最符合题意。2.According to the text，which of the following shows her husband was supportive?A.He took up all the work she used to.B.He made all
50、 the decisions for her.C.He gave her encouragement.D.All of the above.答案C细节理解题。根据第一段的最后两句可知C正确。3.As her income increased， .A.she found a problem emerged(出现) between her and her husbandB.she bought more clothes and a new houseC.she did many things she had dreamed ofD.she felt very proud of herself答案A
51、细节理解题。根据第三段可知选A。4.The underlined word “critical” means “ ”.A.proud of meB.angry with meC.being indulgent(纵容的)D.pointing out my faults答案D词义猜测题。根据画线词所在的句子可知，他们为小事而争吵，丈夫会当着朋友的面挑我的毛病。因此选D。BEveryone needs friends.As the old saying goes，“No man is an island.”In other words，no one can survive without the h
52、elp and friendship of others.One can hardly live without a friend.Society is made up of people，and making friends is a very important part in our life. Friends can give you a lot.Firstly, if you have trouble with some problems，you can talk to your good friends and exchange opinions.Thus you will fee
53、l comfortable and encouraged.Secondly，if you wish to do some physical exercises，such as playing table tennis，you can play with friends and have a good time.In short, we need friends.But what is true friendship？Some people think friends are people whom they can play with，and others believe true frien
54、dship lies in similar interests.However，in my opinion，“A friend in need is a friend indeed”.True friendship can encourage you when you are in difficulties.True friends can give you warnings against danger.True friends not only share with you your joy and happiness but also your trouble and anxiety.W
55、hen you need him he will give you a hand and spare no effort.Of course, these principles are the same to you when you treat your friends.【语篇解读】本文是议论文。文章讨论了交朋友的重要性、什么样的朋友和友谊才是真正的朋友和友谊。5.What does the author want to tell us by saying，“No man is an island”？A.To form an island，we need more than one man.
56、B.Without friendship，people can not live on an island.C.Friends can make you feel comfortable and encouraged.D.Everyone needs friends help and friendship.答案D推理判断题。根据第一段第二、三两句可知，一个没有他人的帮助和友谊的人是难以在社会上生存的。作者把这种人比喻成孤岛，形象、贴切。这也说明，人人都需要朋友的帮助和友谊。6.What kind of friends are true friends?A.People whom you can
57、 play with.B.A friend in need.C.Friends with similar interests.D.Friends who treat you the same as you treat them.答案B细节理解题。根据第二段第三句可知，患难中的朋友才是真正的朋友。7.What does the underlined phrase“spare no effort”mean?A.try ones best B.make no effortC.ask for payback D.go away答案A词义猜测题。根据第二段的介绍可知，真正的朋友是在你有困难时帮助你的人，
58、是既能与你有福同享，也能与你有难同当的人，因此说，真正的朋友会在你有困难时对你鼎力相助。故选A。8.What is the purpose of the author to write his passage?A.To explain why it is important to make friends.B.To explain how to tell who are true friends.C.To explain how to keep friendship.D.Both A and B.答案D写作意图题。文中两段分别介绍了交友的重要性、什么样的人是真正的朋友。作者写此文的目的就是告诉
59、读者这两点的。.书面表达假定你是李华，你的笔友 Tom 给你发来电子邮件，询问怎样才能与同学和睦相处。请你根据要点提示给 Tom 回一封电子邮件，提出你的建议。1.尊重别人；2.宽宏大量；3.原谅别人的过错。注意：1.词数100左右；2.不要逐条翻译，可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考词汇：心胸开阔的 broadminded参考范文Dear Tom，How are you？You asked me how to get along well with other students.Here，Id give you some suggestions.Firstly，we should keep
60、it in mind that any good relationship is based on understanding，trust and respect.If we respect others and treat them sincerely，we are sure to gain their respect in return.Secondly，one person who is ready to help others is always welcome.Thirdly，we should be broadminded，which means that we should respect opinions and behaviours different from ours.We should also learn to forgive other peoples faults.I hope my suggestions will be helpful for you.Good luck with your new relationship with others!Yours truly，Li Hua
