1、破裂脑动脉瘤不同时机夹闭术后的颅内压监测研究许雅纹 方文华 蔡嘉伟摘要目的 探討破裂脑动脉瘤不同时机夹闭术后患者的颅内压(ICP)变化特点。方法 回顾性分析 2014 年 10 月2016 年 9 月我院收治的满足纳入和排除标准的 49 例成人破裂脑动脉瘤患者的临床资料,按照动脉瘤夹闭手术时间分为早期(发病3 d)手术组(26 例)和延迟(发病 421 d)手术组(23 例),两组均在术后行持续 ICP 监测及以ICP 为导向的综合治疗。比较、分析两组患者术后 ICP 变化特点及其临床意义。以随访 12个月的死亡率和改良 Rankin 量表(mRS)评分评价两组患者的预后。结果 两组患者的影像
2、学特征方面、预后情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。早期手术组患者术后 ICP总体平均值为(15.213.71)mmHg,高于延迟手术组的(14.124.13)mmHg,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。早期手术组患者术后 ICP 平均值呈现先缓慢增高而后下降的趋势,术后第 3、5 天均高于术后第 1 天,其中以术后第 5 天最高,而术后第 7 天则降低,且低于术后第 1 天,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);延迟手术组患者术后第 2 天 ICP 平均值增高之后即开始下降,术后第 6、7 天均低于术后第 1 天,其中以术后第 7 天为最低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 发病 3 d
3、内早期手术的破裂脑动脉瘤患者术后总体 ICP 高于延迟手术组。早期手术和延迟手术术后 ICP 均呈先增高而后下降的趋势,早期手术最高峰在第 5天,而延迟手术术后第 2 天最高。两种手术时机术后患者的 ICP 在经过治疗后均能够下降至较低水平。这一规律有助于破裂脑动脉瘤术后 ICP 增高临床诊疗策略的制定。关键词脑动脉瘤;蛛网膜下腔出血;颅内压监测;预后Abstract Objective To explore the characteristics of intracranialpressure(ICP)in patients after ruptured cerebral aneurysms
4、 clipped atdifferent timing.Methods The clinical data of 49 adult patients with rupturedcerebral aneurysm in our hospital who met the inclusion and exclusion criteriafrom October 2014 to September 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.They weredivided into the early surgery(3 days after onset)group(26
5、cases)and delayed surgery(4-21 days after onset)group(23 cases)according tothe timing of clipping.The continuous ICP monitoring and ICP-orientedcomprehensive treatment were performed after surgery in both groups.Thecharacteristics and clinical significance of postoperative ICP of patients intwo grou
6、ps were compared and analyzed.The prognosis of the patients in twogroups was evaluated by mortality and modified Rankin scale(mRS)score at12-month follow-up.Results There were no significant differences in imagingcharacteristics and prognosis between the two groups of patients(P0.05).The total avera
7、ge postoperative ICP of patients in the early surgery group was(15.213.71)mmHg,which was higher than that in the delayed surgery groupfor(14.124.13)mmHg,and the difference was statistically significant(P0.05).The average postoperative ICP of patients in the early surgerygroup increased slowly and th
8、en decreased,average ICP on the third and fifthdays after surgery was higher than that at the first day,with the highest onthe fifth day and it decreased on the seventh day after surgery,and waslower than that on the first day after surgery,with statisticallysignificant differences(P0.05).In the del
9、ayed surgery group,the averageICP started to decrease on the second day after surgery,and the average ICPon the sixth and seventh days after surgery was lower than that on the firstday,lowest on the seventh day after surgery,with statistically significantdifferences(P0.05).ConclusionThe total postop
10、erative ICP of patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm whohave been operated within 3 days after onset is higher than that of delayedsurgery.The postoperative ICP of patients with either early or delayedsurgery shows a tendency of increasing first and decreasing then.The ICPreaches the peak on the
11、fifth day after early surgery while that on the secondday after delayed surgery.The ICP of patients after clipping at differenttiming can be reduced to a lower level after treatment.This feature may behelpful for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of increased postoperativeICP in patients with rup
12、tured cerebral aneurysm.Key words Cerebral aneurysm;Subarachnoid hemorrhage;Intracranialpressure monitoring;Prognosis尽管针对破裂脑动脉瘤(cerebral aneurysm)及其导致的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,aSAH)的诊疗技术已获得较大进步,但在全世界范围内其病死率和致残率仍然居高不下,其不良预后与全脑水肿、颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP)增高、脑血管痉挛、迟发性脑梗死、全身系统
13、并发症等因素密切相关1-2。由于医疗条件、水平和理念的差异,不同医院对破裂脑动脉瘤行夹闭或介入治疗的时机选择各不相同,其中对术后 ICP 增高、脑肿胀等继发脑损害和不良预后的疑虑则是影响手术时机判断的重要因素。有研究指出,aSAH 患者存在 ICP 增高现象,ICP 增高的控制是破裂脑动脉瘤临床治疗过程中的重要环节3。但对于破裂脑动脉瘤行开颅夹闭手术患者术后 ICP 变化的特点和规律则较少有文献,因此,本研究旨在分析不同时机夹闭手术患者的 ICP 变化特点,为临床诊疗提供参考,现报道如下。1 资料与方法1.1 一般资料选取 2014 年 10 月2016 年 9 月我院共收治的 467 例自发
14、性蛛网膜下腔出血患者,其中部分患者根据神经外科重症管理专家共识4行有创 ICP 监测,并从中进行研究对象的筛选,同时满足纳入和排除标准的患者 49 例,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。纳入标准5:CT 显示蛛网膜下腔出血,且 CT 血管造影术(CTA)或数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)确诊为脑动脉瘤;年龄18 岁;Hunt-Hess 分级级;经专业组讨论适合行开颅夹闭手术治疗;发病到手术时间21 d;持续有创 ICP 监测时间24 h。排除标准:未破裂脑动脉瘤;严重肝、肾衰竭或凝血功能障碍;患者及家属拒绝行夹闭手术或 ICP 传感器置入。按
15、动脉瘤夹闭手术距离发病后的时间,将患者分为早期(发病3 d)手术组和延迟(发病 421 d)手术组。早期手术组患者 26 例,平均年龄(56.8012.40)岁。延迟手术组患者 23 例,平均年龄(55.809.40)岁。两组患者年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、Hunt-Hess 分级、改良Fisher 分级、动脉瘤数量、术前脑积水等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意義(P0.05)(表 1),具有可比性。本研究经我院医学伦理委员会审核及同意,患者及家属均知晓治疗情况并签署知情同意书。1.2 方法两组患者在入院前后均按照 2012 年美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会(AHA/ASA)动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血处理
16、指南5进行诊疗。在术前准备完善并经全科讨论符合夹闭手术条件,行经翼点锁孔入路开颅,显微镜下确认破裂责任动脉瘤并予夹闭,清除可见血肿。置入 ICP 传感器(Codman,USA):伴有脑积水或脑室内出血患者选择脑室型置于侧脑室内,其余患者选择脑实质型置于同侧额叶皮层下 2 cm 处。术后给予神经重症监护,每个患者每天至少进行 3 次临床评估包括格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分、Ramsay 镇静评分、神经功能障碍程度评估等。术后 24 h 内常规复查头颅 CT,1 周内复查头颇 CTA 或DSA,病情变化或 ICP 持续增高时随时复查头颅 CT 或 CTA 以明确颅内情况等。术后行持续ICP 监测
17、,并采取以 ICP 监测为导向的综合治疗策略。ICP 控制措施采用阶梯式方案,包括抬高床头、维持正常体温、镇静、镇痛、呼吸道管理、脱水药物(甘露醇、速尿)、渗透压治疗(维持血浆渗透压 300320 mOsm/L)、轻度过度通气动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)3035 mmHg等。1.3 观察指标及评价标准所有患者的术前、术后影像学资料由两名高年资主治以上医师独立阅片,评估两组患者的脑积水、环池受压、中线移位5 mm、侧脑室受压和颅内低密度灶(提示脑缺血或脑水肿)等情况。ICP 控制与数据采集:所有患者通过数据连接线联接 ICP 监护仪和床旁心电监护仪(BeneView T6,Mindray,中国
18、),实时采集并存储术后 ICP 数据,在剔除受干扰的异常值后,取每个患者每 24 小时的 ICP 平均值,对两组患者术后不同时间点 ICP 的高低、变化趋势、峰值出现时间等进行分析。以发病后 12 个月为随访时间点,采取门诊和电话随访方式,评估两组患者的死亡率和改良 Rankin 量表(mRS)评分情况,其中mRS3 分为预后良好,mRS 45 分及死亡病例归为预后不良。1.4 统计学方法采用 SPSS 17.0 统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数标准差(xs)表示,两组间比较采用 t 检验;计数资料采用率表示,组间比较采用 Fisher 确切概率法检验,以P0.05)。随访 12 个月,
19、早期手术组中,预后良好 22 例,预后不良 4 例(其中包括 1 例死亡);延迟手术组中,预后良好 16 例,预后不良 7 例。两组患者的预后情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2.2 两组患者术后不同时间点 ICP 变化趋势的比较早期手术组患者的 ICP 总体平均值高于延迟手术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);早期手术组患者术后 ICP 平均值呈现先缓慢增高而后下降的趋势,术后第 3、5 天均高于术后第 1 天,其中以术后第 5 天最高,而术后第 7 天则降低,且低于术后第 1 天,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);延迟手术组患者术后第 2 天 ICP 平均值增高之后即开始下降,术后第
20、 6、7 天均低于术后第 1 天,其中以术后第 7 天为最低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);早期手术组患者术后第 5、6 天的 ICP 平均值均高于延迟手术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)(表 2)。5Connolly ES Jr,Rabinstein AA,Carhuapoma JR,et al.Guidelines for themanagement of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:a guideline for healthcareprofessionals from the American Heart Association/Ameri
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