1、2013高考英语考前冲刺精选：阅读理解长难句分析（1）及答案高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，原汁原昧”，考生普遍感觉较难理解。那么，这些阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢？除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长、难句。试看从NMET2001 E篇择选的一长句：When a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his f
2、riends marriage was in serous trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa 该句后半句实际上包含有四个宾语从句和一个状语从句，hear后跟宾语从句，省略引导词(that)，这个宾语从句中动词say又带了一个由(that) 引导的分宾语从句。而这个宾语从中动词know又带了一个仍由(hat)引导的分宾语从句，这个分宾语从句中有一个until引导的时间状语从句句中分词asking作状语，后又接了一个if引导的宾语从句，五个从句盘根错节。令人眼花缭乱。 再如NMET200
3、2 D篇中第二段最后一句： He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Amp hill，in Bedfordshire，and thought that he must have tried the hare in a place he knew well，but he still could not see the connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone crosses in Amp hill Park
4、and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773 此句长达65个单词，结构比较复杂，句中包括一个并列句、两处并列谓语、三个宾语从句、一个状语从句。外加插入成分。在并列句中，but把前后两个分句连接起来，前一个分中有found out和thought两个并列谓语后一个分句中有一个until导的时间状语从句，该时间状语从句中已有came across和learnt两个并列谓语。 其实，再复杂的复合句，只要能恰当地运用句法知识进性结构和功能分析，就可突破其含义，准确地理解短文大意，获取重要信息。 一、抓住结构引导词分析其长难句结构和功能
5、 任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。并列结构一般有连词and，but，or等连接；复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，找出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。表示目的：so that，for the purpose that，in order that等；表示结果：sothat，suchthat，as a result，therefore，thus等；表示条件：if，on condit
6、ion that，unless等；表示原因：because，since，as等。 【例l】Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oiland work better(NMETl995 C篇) 析：这是一个含有that引导的表语从句的复合句。并且表语从句后接了which 引导的非限
7、制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句内有not onlybut also连接的并列结构。句意：噪音消除系统应用的另一好处就是没有必要使用消声器这不仅减轻了轿车的重量。而且使发动机耗油更少，运转更好。 【例2】We even have different words for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were do
8、ing the farming，while he upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating (NMET2001D篇) 析：whetheror表示判断选择的搭配结构，which 引出定语从句，指代前文中的事实，that引出同位语从句，while引出状语从旬，表示对比。句意：我们甚至用不同的词语来表示食物，特别是肉类，取决于它们是否还在田问里，还是即将就厨。这表明撒可逊农民干的是农活而上层的诺曼人干的是吃喝。 【例3】A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if yo
9、ur dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car，as the owner，you have to pay for any damage done to the car，even if your dog has been killed in the accident (NMETl997 C篇) 析：该句前半部分explain接what引导的宾语从句：后半部分对此进行具体解释，其中，在主句前后各有一个if导的条件状语从句和even if引导的让步状语从句。as the owner是插入语。句意：一个瑞典Kennel俱乐部的官员解释
10、了这项(法律)的含义，如果你的狗跑到公路上被汽车撞了。作为主人。即使你的狗被撞死了，你也要为被撞坏的汽车做出赔偿。 【例4】First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head，and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw (缩回) my full fist without dropping the prize SO dearly won(20
11、05全国I卷E篇) 析：全句是由and连接的两个并列分句，在前半句中含有which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句在定语从句中，means后接宾语从句，意为“首先，我必在叶丛中找到红的西红柿，这意味着我差不多要倒立了”。在后半句中once found为一省略they are的时状语从句。主句中reach，pick，withdraw为并列谓语动词，意为“一旦发现，我必须伸手到底下摘西红柿，然后缩回来，而不把用这么昂贵的方式得来的奖品弄丢”。 【例5】It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use
12、of Internet-connected computers，although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when an e-mail is introduced，the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet 析：此句夹杂较复杂的句型结构。although引导的让步
13、状语从句中，主干部分为just about anyone can tell you that在that引导的宾语从句中又含有when引导的时间状语从句。句意：由于因特网的使用。计算机所使用的纸张的数量是很难衡量的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人都能告诉你。当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于越来越多的使用因特网。 【例6】These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for tings and ideas that we simply cant think of 析：后句包含两个定语从
14、句，一个是由which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰words；一个是由that引导的定语从句修饰things and ideas。该句意为：这些字是我编造的，必定代表我们没有想到的事物和主意。 JDo you want to live another 100 years or more? Some experts say that scientific advances will one day enable humans to last tens of years beyond what is now seen as the natural limit of the human life sp
15、an. I think we are knocking at the door of immortality (永生) , said Michael Zey, a Montclair State University business professor and author of two books on the future. I think by 2075 we will see it and thats a conservative estimate(保守的估计). At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a profess
16、or at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术)make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past. There is a great push so that people can live from 120 to 180 years, he said. Some have suggested that t
17、here is no limit and that people could live to 200 or 300 or 500 years. However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last about 120 years. Even with healthier lifestyles and less disease, they say failure of the brain and orga
18、ns will finally lead all humans to death.Scientists also differ on what kind of life the super aged might live. It remains to be seen if you pass 120, you know; could you be healthy enough to have good quality of life? said Leonard Peon, director of the University of Georgia Gerontology Centre At pr
19、esent people who could get to that point are not in good health at alL 1. By saying we are knocking at the door of immortality, Michael Zey means_. A. they believe that there is no limit of living B. they are sure to find the truth about long living C. they have got some ideas about living forever D
20、. they are able to make people live past the present life span 答案: C 指导：immortality的意思为“永生”，所以MichaelZey觉得人可以长生不死。2. Donald Lourias attitude toward long living is that A. people can live from 120 to 180 B. it is still doubtful how long humans can live C. the human body is designed to last about 120
21、years D. it is possible for humans to live longer in the future 答案: D 指导：从第三段Donald的谈话可知，他认为人可以活120180岁甚至更久，200300岁。A项表述不完整。3. The underlinedit ( Paragraph 4) refers to _. A. a great push B. the idea of living beyond the present life span C. the idea of living from 200 to 300 years D. the conservati
22、ve estimate 答案: B指导：全文谈的都是人的寿命能否超越现在的期限，故选B.4. What would be the best tide for this text? A. Living Longer or Not B. Science, Technology and Long Living C. No Limit for Human Life D. Healthy Lifestyle and Long Living 答案: A 指导：参考上题指导。*结束K Who is there among us who hasnt dreamed of having his or her o
23、wn small ( maybe, several years later, even big) business, and having wonderful freedom, both from a boss and from the time clock: the freedom to make up our own rules for our work, and our own plans-arranging our own hours of work? That way work would be both painless and fun. Or, so we imagine. We
24、ll, in fact it isnt quite as simple as that. Yes, it is true that being the boss has its satisfactions and that you can arrange your working hours freely if you own your own small business. But in those early years of starting your own business, you shouldnt think of a free day, not to mention flyin
25、g off for a months vacation. It is not unusual for new business owners to work seventy or eighty hours a week, and if there is a day off, that day might need to be devoted to accounting(算账).But this negative picture doesnt destroy the beautiful hopes. The possibility of getting something wonderful i
26、n return-both material and mental-continues to drive that large number of people who start up small businesses each year in the United States. 1. From the first paragraph, we know that everybedy bopes_. A. to rule others B. to be his or her own boss C. to get a time clock D. to be free from work 答案:
27、 B指导：从第一段可得知。2. Most new business owners have to_. A. work more than 10 hours a day B. devote himself to accounting C. fly to some places in the world D. have a day off in a week 答案: A 从句中“h is not unusual for new business owners to works eventy or eighty hours a week可知一天工作十多个小时。3. The expression ne
28、gative picture nxet probably means_. A. a terrible experience B. a poor picture C. limited freedom D. unpleasant situations 答案: D指导：根据第二段可知negmive picture means unpleasant situations4. The beautiful hopes will never be destroyed because_. A. people love beautiful things by nature B. people have a st
29、rong desire to seek personal gains C. small businesses make big money each year in the US D. small businesses have advantages over big companies 答案: B指导：从最后一段可知此答案。*结束LLetter to Editor of TV Weekly Dear Sir/Madam, I read Alison Burnhams review of When we were 12, and I do not agree with her. I thoug
30、ht the programme was wonder- ful-I found the old news pictures really interesting-they helped to bring to life the stories the people were telling. The programme reminds me of many things from my own childhood. For example, one day when I was about five, I was going to school on the bus by myself (t
31、his was the late 1960s). My mother had given me exactly the right money for a return ticket. I held out my hand with the money in it-one big coin on top of one little coin. The bus conductor took the big top coin only and she gave me a ticket, but it was a pink one for a single journey. I needed a w
32、hite one for a return journey, but I was too frightened to say anything. When school finished for the day, I couldnt catch the bus home-I had to walk. As a grown-up, whenever Ive been in a situation where I need to say something or take some action, this early memory of my bus ride comes back to me,
33、 and Im able to take control of the situation.I would like to say to the director, Bret Ctfrysler, carry on making this kind of programme. Too much TV these days is quiz shows and so-called reality programmes. I appreciate the human story that can make me laugh and cry. Yours faithfully, Chris Danie
34、ls 1. What is Chris Daniels purpose of writing this letter. A. To persuade Bret Chrysler to turn away from quiz shows. B. To entertain other readers with old news pictures. C. To express his appreciation of the programme. D. To have his story told on the programme. 2. Chris Daniels tells the story a
35、bout the bus ticket to_. A. describe how painful his early experience was B. draw a direct response from Alison Burnham C. show how the programme made him think D. teach the readers of TV Weekly a lesson 3. According to the passage, Chris Daniels had to walk home because_. A. he hadnt got a return t
36、icket B. he had lost his bus ticket C. he didnt like big crowds D. he missed the bus home 4. What does Chris Daniels now think about his experience on the bus? A. He should have told the conductor then. B. He should have been well treated. C. He regrets going to school alone. D. He wishes it hadnt h
37、appened.【解 析】 本文是作者为感谢TVWeekly节目而给编辑写的一封信，信中谈到自己童年时的真实经历和感受。 答案: 1C主旨大意题从开头第一段第二句“It houughtthe programme was wonderful., they helped to bring to life the stories the people were telling和文章最后一句 I appreciate the human story that can make me laugh and ery可判断作者是十分感激的。2C 推断题。第二段中作者叙述自己童年的经历和感受,一切都是The p
38、rogramme reminds me of many things from my own childhood.3. A 细节题。 -可从文中第二段直接找到答案： but it was a pink one for as ingle journey. I couldnt catch the bus home. I had to walk.4. A 细节推断题目。由第二段最后一句：: As a grown-up,whenever Ive been in a situation where I need to say something or take some action, this early. 可以推知A为最佳选项。
