1、Period Discovering Useful Structures限制性定语从句(2)(where，when，why，prep.which/whom)There is a growing tendency nowadays that an increasing number of people send their children to register and attend a great variety of art courses, such as dancing, calligraphy and musical instrument training.如今，越来越多的人将孩子送
2、去报名并参加各种各样的艺术课程，如跳舞，书法和乐器培训。一、词汇梳理1When I started studying German, it was a struggle.当我开始学习德语时，这可是一件难事。(教材P64)strugglen& vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗(1)be a struggle (for sb.)(对某人而言)是困难/费劲的事(2)struggle for努力争取；为而斗争struggle against/with 与作斗争struggle to do sth. 努力做某事struggle to ones feet 挣扎着站起来 【活学活用】(1)新译林必修第一册Adapte
3、d from Kathryn Forbess Mamas Bank Account, which has 17 short stories and describes the struggles and dreams of a family in San Francisco in the early 1900s.改编自凯瑟琳福布斯的妈妈的银行账户，该书有17个短篇故事，描述了20世纪初旧金山一个家庭的奋斗和梦想。(2)We have to struggle _for_ our lives with all kinds of difficulties from home and abroad.为
4、了生存我们必须和来自国内外的各种各样的困难作斗争。(3)She never gave up and struggled _to_live_(live) an active life.她从不放弃，努力过着积极的生活。(4)Though he was badly injured, Lin Tao struggled_to_his feet and dialed 119.虽然伤得很重，林涛挣扎着站起来并拨打了119。2I had finally come to a place where I could think in this foreign language，and I could see t
5、he world from a different point of view.我终于来到了一个可以用外语思考的地方，在那里我可以从一个不同的角度看世界。(教材P64)point of view 观点；看法依某人看 【活学活用】(1)新北师必修第二册 Read the passage and find out each persons _point_of_view_阅读短文，找出每个人的观点。(2)I respect your _point_of_view_， but it doesnt necessarily mean that I completely agree with you.我尊重
6、你的观点，这并不一定意味着我完全同意你的观点。(3)_In_my_opinion/view_， you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities._As_far_as_Im_concerned_， you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities._From_my_point_of_view_， you can have a better understanding o
7、f the Spring Festival through the activities.在我看来，通过这些活动，你可以更好地了解春节。3It was exercise for the brain; the more I learnt of a language, the more my brain would grow.这是对大脑的锻炼；我对一门语言学得越多，我的大脑就越发达。(教材P64)(1)the比较级， the比较级“越， 就越”，第一个“the比较级”相当于条件状语从句，通常用一般时代替将来时；第二个“the比较级”相当于主句，通常用将来时。(2)the morethe less越
8、，就越不the morethe better越多，就越好 【活学活用】(1)They found that the more time people spent on social media, the more unhappy they became.他们发现，人们花在社交媒体上的时间越多，他们就越不快乐。(2)As is known to us, the _lazier_(lazy) a person is，the more things he needs to do tomorrow.众所周知，一个人越懒，他明天要做的事情就越多。(3)The harder you work, the _
9、greater_(great) progress you will make.你越努力工作，取得的进步就越大。(4)The more careful you are，the_fewer_(few) mistakes you will make.你越仔细，就越少犯错误。二、语法梳理读下列教材原句并感知黑体部分的共性。1There are many reasons why this has been possible，but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.2Emperor Qinshihuang united
10、 the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.3I told my mum that I wanted to give up, and that I would never live in a country where German was spoken.4I finally understood the reason why my mum had encouraged me not to give up.5
11、And I remember that day when I suddenly felt like German was no longer a foreign language.6It was a time when people were divided geographically.我的发现：1第5、6句中，关系副词when在定语从句中作_时间_状语。 2第2、3句中，关系副词where在定语从句中作_地点_状语。3第1、4句中，关系副词why在定语从句中作_原因_状语。探究点1：关系副词的用法关系副词在引导定语从句时，其功能相当于介词短语，在句中作状语。when，where，why在定
12、语从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。1when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；在不同语境中等同于“介词in/at/on/duringwhich”。I still remember the day when(on which) I first went to the Great Wall.我还记得我第一次去长城的那一天。People in China will never forget the year when(in which) the virus raged and doctors fought bravely against it.在中国，人们永远不会忘记病毒肆虐，医生们勇敢地与
13、之斗争的那一年。2where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语； 在不同语境中等同于“介词in/atwhich”。(1)The house where(in which) I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.我10年前居住的那所房子已经被拆了。He is now working in the factory where(in which) his father worked.现在他正在他父亲工作过的那家工厂工作。(2)where还可用在表示抽象地点意义的名词后，如situation, stage, point, case, position, co
14、ndition等。The accident has reached to the point where both their parents are to be called in.事情发展到如此地步，不得不请双方家长来一趟了。The conflict had developed into a stage where the two countries were gathering big troops on the border.冲突已经发展到两国在边境集结大量军队的阶段。He has got himself into a dangerous situation where he is l
15、ikely to lose control over the plane.他把自己陷入了危险的境地，很可能会失去对飞机的控制。3why引导定语从句时，先行词通常是reason, 关系词在从句中作原因状语，等同于“介词forwhich”。The reason why(for which) he succeeded in the exam is that he studied very hard.他考试成功的原因是他学习很认真。The reason why(for which) he turned down my invitation was that he was otherwise engag
16、ed. 他拒绝我的邀请的原因是他另有安排。 【活学活用】用适当的关系词填空(1)I want to know the reason _why_you didnt keep me informed of the news before. (2)The factory _where_his father works is located in the east of the city.(3)He arrived in Beijing on the day _when_I happened to leave.探究点2：关系代词与关系副词的区别选用关系代词还是关系副词，归根结底要看定语从句缺什么成分。
17、如果缺的是主语、宾语或定语，就用关系代词，如果缺的是状语，就用关系副词。1先行词是时间。例如：I will never forget the days when we had a good time on the beach. 我永远不会忘记我们在海滩上玩得很开心的那些日子。(从句缺状语，故用when )I will never forget the days (which/that) we spent together on the beach. 我永远不会忘记我们一起在海滩上度过的日子。(从句缺宾语，故用which/that)2先行词是地点。例如：The mountain village
18、where I used to stay for one night last year has taken on a new look. 我去年住过一晚的那个山村现在面貌焕然一新。(从句缺状语，故用where )The mountain village (which/that) we paid a visit to last year has taken on a new look.我们去年参观过的那个山村现在面貌一新。(从句缺宾语，故用which/that)3先行词是原因。例如：The reason why he was late for work was that he had an a
19、ccident on the way. 他上班迟到的原因是他在路上出了事故。(从句缺状语，故用why )The reason (which/that) he gave for his being late for work was that he had an accident on the way. 他说他上班迟到的原因是他在路上出了事故。(从句缺宾语，故用which/that)探究点3：介词关系代词“介词关系代词”结构引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which (指物) 或whom(指人)，即“介词which/whom”，并且关系代词不能省略。1介词的选用(1)“介词关系代词(which/w
20、hom)”中介词的选择：一先，二动，三意义。“一先”，即根据先行词来确定介词。The factory in which Im working mainly produces computers.我工作的工厂主要生产电脑。(in which代替in the factory，“在工厂里”用介词in。)“二动”，即根据定语从句中的谓语动词来确定介词。This is the book 这就是我花10元钱买的那本书。 “三意义”，即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。I took a photo of the students, among whom was seated a teacher.我给这些学生拍了
21、一张照片，他们中间坐着一位老师。 (2)介词前有时加名词、数词等，构成“名词/数词/不定代词of which/whom”结构，在定语从句中作主语。English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which uses it differently.英语是一种由多元文化共享的语言，每一种文化使用它的方式各不相同。(3)“复合介词which”引导的定语从句，常用逗号与先行词隔开，而且定语从句常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a tall t
22、ree.他住在一幢大房子里，房前有一棵大树。(1)当定语从句中的谓语动词短语是固定搭配，动词与介词不可分割时，该动词短语中的介词不能前置，如listen to, look at, look for, look into, depend on, make use of, pay attention to, take care of等。The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy. 护士们照看的婴儿很健康。The doctor that you sent for has not come.你派人去请的那个医生还没来。(2
23、)“介词where”和“介词which”的用法不同。例如：His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he saw nothing but trees.他的头很快从窗口露出来，从那儿除了树木他什么也看不见。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)He hid himself behind the door, from where he could hear the steps clearly.他躲在门后，从那里他可以清楚地听到脚步声。(from where相当于
24、from behind the door，而不是from the door)2关系代词的选择“介词关系代词”既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词用whom，不可用who/that；先行词指物时关系代词用which，不能用that。Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous. 昨天我们参观了杭州著名的西湖。The naughty boy made a hole in the wall through which he could see what was happ
25、ening outside. 那个淘气的男孩在墙上打了一个洞，通过这个洞他可以看到外面发生的事情。 【活学活用】用适当的关系词填空(1)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of _which_has been proved.关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出很多理论，但没有一个被证实。(2)The old man has two sons, both of _whom_are lawyers studying abroad now.那个老人有两个儿子，他们两个都是律师，现在都在国外学习。(3)My computer, without _which_I cant surf the Internet, broke down yesterday.昨天我的电脑坏了，没有它我不能上网了。
