1、高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单专题十八 推理判断高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单角度1 对文章事实细节推断【典例】I was blind，but I was ashamed of it if it was known.Irefused to use a white stick and hated asking for help.After all，I was a teenage girl，and I couldnt bear people to look at me and think I was not like them.I must have
2、 been a terrible danger on the roads.Coming across me wandering through the traffic，motorists probably would have to step rapidly on their brakes.Apart from that，there were all sorts of disasters that used to occur on the way to and from work.高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单One evening，I got off the bus about hal
3、fway home where I had to change buses，and as usual I ran into something.“Im awfully sorry，”I said and stepped forward only to run into it again.When it happened a third time，I realized I had been apologizing to a lamppost.This was just one of the stupid things that constantly happened to me.So I car
4、ried on and found the bus stop，which was a request stop，where the bus wouldnt stop unless passengers wanted to get on or off.Noone else was there and I had to try to guess if the bus had arrived.高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单Generally in this situation，because I hated showing I was blind by asking for help，I tr
5、ied to guess at the sound.Sometimes I would stop a big lorry and stand there feeling stupid as it drew away.In the end，I usually managed to swallow my pride and ask someone at the stop for help.But on this particular evening no one joined me at the stop；it seemed that everyone had suddenly decided n
6、ot to travel by bus.Of course I heard plenty of buses pass，or I thought I did.But because I had given up stopping them for fear of making a fool of myself，I let them all go by.Istood there alone for half an hour without stopping one.Then I gave up.I decided to walk on to the next stop.(2012广东，C)高考命题
7、视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【语篇解读】本文为记叙文。题材属于人物故事类。“我”是一个盲人，但不愿让别人看出自己的不同之处，也不愿向别人求助，结果在乘车时常常遭遇困难。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单1The girl refused to ask for help because she thought.Ashe might be recognizedBasking for help looked sillyCshe was normal and independentDbeing found blind was embarrassing解析根据文章前三句可知，我不愿去向别人求助，是因为
8、我不想让别人看出自己是盲人，否则自己会感到很丢人，或者说被看出是盲人后觉得很“尴尬”。答案 D高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单2What was the problem with guessing at the sound to stop a bus?AOther vehicles also stopped there.BIt was unreliable for making judgments.CMore lorries than buses responded to the girl.DIt took too much time for the girl to catch the b
9、us.解析根据倒数第二段的叙述可知，靠听声音的方式来拦住公交车是不可靠的，因为有时候我会把大货车拦下来。答案 B高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单3Finally the girl decided to walk to the next stop，hoping.Ato find people thereBto find more buses thereCto find the bus by herself thereDto find people more helpful there解析根据文章倒数第二段最后一句的叙述可知，最终我通常会收起自己的自尊而向他人求助，但最后一段指出，当晚没有人在
10、车站等车，听声音又觉得不可靠，因此走向下一车站，希望能找到人帮忙。答案 A高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【知识链接】忠于原文，合理推断推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，但答案的依据一定在原文中，因此在推理过程中一定要忠于原文，在文中寻找并确定可推断的依据，即已知部分推断的前提，从中推出未知部分推断的结论。这就要求考生不仅要读懂所涉及的每个句子的意思，推断出它们之间的关系，而且要结合自己的生活常识和经验，通过逻辑推理和判断理解文章的话外之音，言外之意。做推理判断题时要注意以下几点：高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单1选项内容与原文相同，不需要经过推断，这样的选项直接排除。2绝对化、
11、扩大化的选项要排除。3与文章主基调不相符的结论也要淘汰。4推断时要客观，忠于原文，不要受主观意识的影响。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单角度2 对文章作者的观点、态度推理判断【典 例】Inside the pleasingly fragrant cafe，So All May Eat(SAME)in downtown Denver，the spirit of generosity(慷慨)is instantly noticeable：A donation box stands in place of a cash register.Customers here pay only what
12、they can afford，no questions asked.A risky business plan，perhaps，but SAME Cafe has done one unchangeable thing in the Mile High City for six years：Open only at midday，the restaurant provides poor local people with healthy，delicious lunches six days a week.Those unable to pay for their meals can inst
13、ead volunteer as waiters and waitresses，and dishwashers，or look after the buildings and equipment for the cafe.高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单“Its based on trust，and its working all right，”says coowner Brad Birky，who started the cafe in 2006 with his wife Libby.Previously volunteering at soup kitchens，the Birkys
14、 were dissatisfied with the often unhealthy meals they served there.“We wanted to offer quality food in a restaurant where everyone felt comfortable，regardless of their circumstances，”Birky says.SAMEs special lunch menu changes daily and most food materials are natural and grown by local farmers.高考命
15、题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单The cafe now averages 65 to 70 customers(and eight volunteers)a day.And the spirit of generosity behind the project appears to be spreading.In early 2007，one volunteer who had cleared snow for his meals during the long winter said goodbye to the Birkys.“He said he was going to New Orl
16、eans to help with the hurricane cleanup，”says Birky.(2012辽宁，D)高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单The authors attitude towards running such a cafe is.AunfavorableBapprovingCdoubtfulDcautious解析本文为记叙文，题材为人物故事类。本文记述了Brad Birky和他的妻子Libby经营的SAME餐馆及这家餐馆慷慨大度精神的传播。文章第Q题为推理判断题，根据第一段Inside the pleasingly fragrant cafe.the spir
17、it of generosity(慷慨).中的形容词fragrant可知作者的态度是赞成的。unfavorable不赞成的；approving赞成的；doubtful怀疑的；cautious谨慎的，故答案为B。答案 B高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【知识链接】观点、态度类推断题考查考生是否了解文中作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度。这类题的选项一般分为三种：1中性词，如neutral，indifferent，uninterested等。2 褒 义 词，如 positive，supportive，useful，enthusiastic，admiring等。3贬义词，如disgusted
18、，critical，negative，disappointed等。一般作者或文中人物的态度不直接给出，而是隐含在文章的字里行间，需要考生细心捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的信息，如本文中的fragrant等词句。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单考生在做题时，一定要在正确理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度进行准确分析和识别。另外，不要固守自己的看法或观点，要从作者或文中人物的角度去考虑。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单角度3 对上下文逻辑关系以及“弦外之音”的推理判断【典例】Barditch High School decided to have an AllSchoolReunion.Over 4
19、50 people came to the event.There were tours of the old school building and a picnic at Confederate Park.Severalformer teachers were on hand to tell stories about the old days.Ms.Mabel Yates，the English teacher for over fifty years，was wheeled to the Park.高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单Some eyes rolled and there
20、 were a few low groans(嘟 囔 声)when Ms.Yateswas about to speak.Many started looking at their watches and coming up with excuses to be anywhere instead of preparing to listen to a lecture from an old woman who had few kind words for her students and made them work harder than all the other teachers com
21、bined.Then Ms.Yates started to speak：“I cant tell you how pleased I am to be here.I havent seen many of you since your graduation，but I have followed your careers and enjoyed your victories as well as crying for your tragedies.I have a large collection of newspaper photographs of my students.Althoug
22、h I havent appeared in person，I have attended your college graduations，weddings and even the births of your children，in my imagination.”高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单Ms.Yates paused and started crying a bit.Then she continued：“It was my belief that if I pushed you as hard as I could，some of you would succeed to
23、 please me and others would succeed to annoy me.Regardless of our motives，I can see that you have all been successful in your chosen path.”“There is no greater comfort for an educator than to see the end result of his or her years of work.Youhave all been a great source of pleasure and pride for me
24、and I want you to know I love you all from the bottom of my heart.”高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单There was a silence over the crowd for a few seconds and then someone started clapping.Theclapping turned into cheering，then into a deafening roar(呼喊)Lawyers，truck drivers，bankers and models were rubbing their eyes
25、or crying openly with no shame all because of the words from a long forgotten English teacher from their hometown.(2012天津，B)【语篇解读】本文为记叙文，题材为人物故事类。在Barditch中学举办的全校聚会上，Ms.Mabel Yates，一位严格且颇具爱心的老教师，发自肺腑的一段讲话使全场哗然，让在场的校友禁不住热泪盈眶。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单1What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?ASome graduates wer
26、e too busy to listen to Ms.Yates speech.BMany graduates disliked Ms.Yates ways of teaching.CSome people got tired from the reunion activities.DMost people had little interest in the reunion.解析推理判断题。根据第二段中“许多人想找借口离开现场，因为Ms.Yates对学生非常严厉，并让学生加倍努力地学习”可知，许多毕业生不喜欢她的教学方法。答案 B高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单2We can learn
27、 from Ms.Yates speech that she.Akept track of her students progressBgave her students advice on their careersCattended her students college graduationsDwent to her students wedding ceremonies解析推理判断题。从Ms.Yates的讲话“多年来，她一直关注着学生们的事业，分享他们胜利的喜悦，为他们的不幸而流泪，收集他们的照片”可知，多年来她一直关注着学生们的进展，所以A项正确。答案 A高考命题视角考场失分防范专
28、题知识清单3Which of the following can best describe Ms.Yates?AReliable and devoted.BTough and generous.CProud but patient.DStrict but caring.解析推理判断题。根据文章第二段可知Ms.Yates对学生们非常严格(strict)；从她的讲话中可以看出：她是一个对学生极其关心的(caring)老师。所以D项正确。答案 D高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【知识链接】理清写作思路是突破口有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进
29、行猜测推理。做这类题时考生应准确把握作者的写作思路，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的推断。如本篇文章的1、2、3题要认真推理上下文，作者的态度，说话者的语气等。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单体验高考高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单防范1 断章取义，以偏概全【典例】.The position was offered at the last minute，and I was given two weeks to prepare，a period I spent searching for briefcase(公文包)and standing before my fulllength mir
30、ror，repeating the words，“Hello，class.Im Mr.Davis.”Sometimes I would give myself an aggressive voice.Sometimes I would sound experienced.But when the day eventually came，my nerves kicked in and the true Mr.Davis was there.I sounded not like a thoughtful professor，but rather a 12yearold boy.(2012广东)高考
31、命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单What can we learn about the author from Paragraph 2?AHe would be aggressive in his first class.BHe was wellprepared for his first class.CHe got nervous upon the arrival of his first class.DHe waited long for the arrival of his first class.解析第二段讲述了他为第一节课所作的大量的准备，但通过后两句But when the day
32、 eventually came，.but rather a 12yearold boy.可以看出事实上他并没有准备好，而是开始紧张起来。答案 C高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【探究】误选错因分析A原文中有aggressive，却表示他第一堂课就盛气凌人，与主旨不符，仅是部分意义。断章取义而误选B文中虽然说“我”准备了两星期，但并不能推断出两星期就准备很好。因臆断而误选D文中提到the day eventully came，作者强调心情，而不断章取义为等得时间长高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单防范2 推理片面或过度，脱离主旨【典例】A Book ReviewThe SnakeSton
33、e by Berlie DohertyThe setting：Urban England(thecities)，but also rural England(the countryside)including remote English villages.The theme：The main theme is a teenage search of selfdiscovery，in this case the search for a mother from whom the hero was separated at an early age.Itsother concerns are l
34、ove，getting on with others，being persistent and courageous and trying to deal with doubts，troubles and worries.As the book moves to a close，James swimming coach says to him：You are not like a kid obeying instructions any more.You are diving like a young man who knows where he is going.高考命题视角考场失分防范专题
35、知识清单The characters：James is the hero of the story.He is a championship diver，and has a comfortable life with his foster parents(养 父 母)Yet he also has the qualities to take him on a long journey to find his birth mother.The other characters in The SnakeStone，James parents，his diving instructor，best f
36、riend，the villagers，people he meets on his journey，are pictured realistically.(2012江西，B)高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单What do the coachs words in Paragraph 2 suggest?AJames is a successful diver.BJames is a hopeful swimmer.CJames is an outgoing young man.DJames is an independent young man.解析该文为一则书评，介绍了The snake
37、stone一书的故事情节、背景以及人物等。本题是一个较难的推理判断题，根据第二段第二句中谈及的爱、与人相处、毅力与勇气，以及应对困难等等，可推断出教练这句话表明James已经从一个只知道服从指令的孩子成长为一个能够独立应对困难的青年。故答案为D。答案 D高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【探究】误选错因分析A此项为第三段内容，推理过度而误选B此项内容很易误选，但认真推理后会知道，此项内容脱离主旨，故错误C文章中并未提及James是一个外向的青年，因过度推理而误选高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单防范3 忽视逻辑，自以为是【典例】.Satisfied，the couple set up th
38、e Richter Family Foundation and got to work.Since 2004，they have shipped more than 12,200 books to preschoolers in their area.MeganWilliams，a mother of four，is more than appreciative：“This program introduces us to books Ive never heard of.”The Richters spend about$400 a month sending books to 200 ch
39、ildren.“Some people sit there and wait to die，”says Tim.“Others get as busy as they can in the time they have left.”(2011山东)高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单What can we learn from Tims words in the last paragraph?AHe needs more money to help the children.BHe wonders why some people are so busy.CHe tries to save th
40、ose waiting to die.DHe considers his efforts worthwhile.解析从文章最后一段中可以看出Tim所说的有些人坐在那里等死，说明Tim认为这种人的活法毫无意义，反之另外一些人却在他们剩下的时间里让自己忙碌，这说明了他积极的心态，因为他认为这样做才活得有价值。因此在实际解题过程中要善于揣摩作者的措辞，分析其意图，了解其弦外之音，不可忽视逻辑，自以为是，这样才能正确理解其深层含义，选出正确答案。答案 D高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【探究】误选错因分析A“救助孩子要花很多钱，但是他需要更多的钱帮助孩子”与文章的主旨逻辑关系不大，故使自以为是而误选B“人们为什么如此忙”与主题设问没有逻辑关系，脱离主旨而误选C“他努力拯救那些等死的人”与主旨逻辑关系不强，脱离文章主旨而误选高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【名师支招】人物性格推断技巧(1)紧扣人物本身的言语及行为来分析。(2)结合上下文，抓住其他人对这一人物的评价，以及文中的论点与例证之间的承接关系；抓住字里行间表达感情、态度观点的词语。(3)切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想，结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单专题测试
