1、高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单专题十九 词义猜测高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单角度1 猜测生僻词【典例】1ADDIS ABABA，EthiopiaOne of the worlds most famous fossils(化石)the 3.2 millionyearold Lucy skeleton(骨骼)unearthed in Ethiopia in 1974will go on an exhibition tour abroad for the first time in the United States，officials said T
2、uesday.高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单2Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice.The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital，Addis Ababa，is a replicawhile the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom.Ateam from the Museum of National Science in Houston，Texas，spent
3、 four years discussing with the Ethiopians for the US.tour，which will start in Houston next September.(2012全国，D)高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单What do the words“a replica”in Paragraph 2 refer to?AA painting of the skeleton.BA photograph of Lucy.CA copy of the skeleton.DA written record of Lucy.解析一副320万年的猿人骨骼化石即将
4、首次在国外巡回展览，相关事宜正在紧锣密鼓地策划之中。本题需要猜测的词是replica，属于生僻词。根据画线部分后面的“while the real remains”可推知，画线部分指的是骨骼复制品，故选C项(A copy of the skeleton.)答案 C高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【知识链接】高考英语文章中允许出现一部分生僻词，但是它们不影响考生对文章整体意思的理解。生僻词的猜测是高考常涉及的一个考点，考生可以通过上下文来猜测生词的词义。这些词往往不是孤立存在的，在上下文中都有相关的叙述。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单角度2 熟词生义或短语的猜测【典例】Are you
5、looking for some new and exciting places to take your kids to？Try some of these places：Visit art museums.They offer a variety of activities to excite your kids interest.Many offer workshops for making handmade pieces，traveling exhibits，book signings(签名)by childrens favorite writers，and even musical
6、performances and other arts.Try handson science.Visit one of the many handson science museums around the country.These science playlands are great fun for kids and grownups alike.Theyll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons，experimenting，and build
7、ing.When everyone is tired，enjoy a fun family science show，commonly found in these museums.(2012课标，A)高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单What does“handson science”mean in the last paragraph?AScience games designed by kids.BLearning science by doing things.CA show of kids science work.DReading science books.解析本文为说明文，题
8、材为介绍说明类。主要介绍了几家各具特色的博物馆，可以带给孩子们一些新的体验。根据最后一段中“Theyll keep your child mentally and physically active.while pushing buttons，experimenting，and building.”可知，这里指通过动手操作而学习的方式。答案 B高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【知识链接】命题者往往会给出一些考生熟悉的词让猜测其词义，选项中会有其一眼就能看出来的意思。这时候考生一定不要想当然，直接选择其表面意思，这是个陷阱。考生需要对上下文语境有充分的了解才能猜测出其含义。要猜测的这类词在文
9、章中往往不是其本来的意思，而是其延伸义。所以，做这类题时，考生一定不要轻易上当，而应认真分析所给语境，挖掘出深层的含义。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单角度3 代词指代意义的猜测【典例】.I called back.I told my mom to go without me and that I already created my gift.I sent the photo of the creamcoloredflower to my computer and typed the poem on top of it.As I was arranging the details ano
10、ther poem came to mind.The poem was written by Edgar Allan Poe；my dad recited it as much as he did the other.I typed that out as well and searched online for a background to the words of it.The poem was focused around dreaming，and after searching I found the perfect picture.Theimage was painted with
11、 blues and greens and purples，twisting together to create the theme and wonder of a dream.As I watched both poems passing through the printer，the white paper coloring with words that shaped my childhood，I felt that this was a gift that my father would truly appreciate.(2012湖南，A)高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单The
12、 underlined word“it”in Paragraph 3 refers to a poem by.Athe fatherBthe authorCWilliam BlakeDEdgar Allan Poe解析本文叙述了作者为父亲准备礼物的想法和送给父亲真正想要的礼物的故事，体现了“礼轻情意重”和发自内心的“真 爱”。根 据 本 段 第 五 句、第 六 句 中 的 关 键 词 The poem.by Edgar Allan Poe.typed that out.the words of it.可知这首诗是Edgar Allan Poe写的。答案 D高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【
13、知识链接】代词指代类猜测题难度不大，答案一般离画线词不远，所以考生只需读懂画线词附近的内容并理清各句的来龙去脉即可找到答案。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单角度4 句意理解(对句子的猜测)【典例】“Have a nice day！”may be a pleasant gesture or a meaningless expression.When my friend Maxie says“Have a nice day”with a smile，I know she sincerely cares about what happens to me.I feel loved and secu
14、re since another person cares about me and wishes me well.“Have a nice day.Next！”This version of the expression is spoken by a salesgirl at the supermarket who is rushing me and my groceries out the door.The words come out in the same tone(腔调)with a fixed procedure.They are spoken at me，not to me.Ob
15、viously，the concern for my day and everyone elses is the managements attempt to increase business.(2012广东，A)高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean?AThe salesgirl is rude.BThe salesgirl is bored.CThe salesgirl cares about me.DThe salesgirl says the words as a routine.
16、解析祝愿用语也许没有任何意义，对方也许并不是真诚的，但这确实是我们挂在嘴边的一句话，人听了后会很舒服。根据本段最后一句可知，她关心的是如何让自己的生意更加兴隆，向作者和其他人表达祝愿只是“例行公事”而己。答案 D高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【知识链接】句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测一个具有概括性的句子或格言、谚语等。这要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行直接的或解释性的描述，难度略大。做这类题时，考生可在对上下文语境有一定了解的基础上，运用排除法做题，先排除那些与文章基调不同的选项，而正确选项往往是对上下文的总结和概括，与文章基调一致。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单体验高考高考
17、命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单防范1 浅层猜测，忽略语境【典例】.Well，at last we have copperbottomed research that supports demand feeding and points out the weaknesses of strictly timed feeding.The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do better at school at age 5,7,11 and 14，than babies fed according to the clock
18、.By the age of 8，their IQ(智商)scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable.This research comes from Oxford and Essex University using a sample(样本)of 10,419 children born in the early 1990s，taking account of parental education，family income，a childs sex and age，the mothe
19、rs health and feeding style.Theseresults dont surprise me.Feeding according to schedule runs the risk of harming the rapidly growing brain by taking no account of sinking blood sugar levels.(2012广东B)高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单The word copperbottomed in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to.AbasicBreliableCsur
20、prisingDinteresting解析本文为科普知识类说明文。通过实验研究，按照固定的时刻表喂婴儿对孩子的智力发育、身体健康等是有害处的。此处要猜测的词修饰research作定语，根据下文的叙述可知，这项研究考虑了多种因素，涉及了多名孩子，因此这项研究是“绝对可靠的”。答案 B高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【探究】误选错因分析A易选A。浅层理解bottom，与basic联系，理解为“基础的”，忽略下文语境C从下文“These results dont surprise me.”这句话浅层地理解这项“research”为surprising，从而误选D虽然顾及下文语境，但只是臆想为“i
21、nteresting”，与文章主旨脱节高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单防范2 释不达意，忽略主旨【典例】The Coalition for the Homeless is an organization that seeks to address the needs of the homeless population in the United States.It is a network of offices，some of which provide food and houses for the homeless population，and some of which fight
22、 for the passing of laws that would give every American the right to a place to call home.According to the Coalitions studies，of over two hundred million people living in the United States，up to three million are homelessand the number is still growing.Since the late 1970s，fastrising house prices，la
23、rge cuts in government supported housing programs，and economic recession(经济衰退)have made it impossible for many Americans to meet housing costs.(2011辽宁)高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单The word“address”in the first paragraph probably means“”Atalk aboutBdeal withCfight forDwrite to解析根据文章第一段可知，这一组织的人员是在努力为无家可归的人做一些事情
24、来解决他们的需要。deal with处理，解决，符合句意。fight for为而斗争，在此处语气过于强烈，而且与全文内容不相符合，表达不出本句中“处理问题”这一含义。答案 B高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【探究】误选错因分析A受address常用词义“讲述，说明”的影响而误选，忽略文章主旨C受下文“fight for”的影响，理解片面，忽略主旨而误选D此项意为“给某人写信”，与上下文语境不符，不理解语境而误选高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单【名师支招】通过上下文猜测词义在解答词义猜测题时，多数情况下是需要考生通过上下文的语境进行分析判断，善于发现句子间隐含的逻辑关系，利用上下文提供的信息进行逻辑推理，进而准确猜测词义。准确猜测词义熟词生义的题目一定不要拘泥于它的本义，要根据其上下文，揣摩其深层含义，在进行选项排除时也要瞻前顾后，符合其内在联系。比如本题中C项干扰性极强，但填入文章中不如B项deal with更能表达出本句意义和全文主旨。猜测一定要切题，更要准确。高考命题视角考场失分防范专题知识清单专题测试
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