1、小升初语法第3讲：名词知识点讲解与考题精练（有答案）【考点解读】名词是人类认识事物所使用的基本词汇，是用来表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念的名称的词。在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、称呼语等。小升初的考点主要集中在名词的分类判断和名词的修饰成分上面。【知识讲解】1. 名词的分类名词是用来表示人名、地名、事物名称及其抽象概念的词类。例：rice, sugar 例：work, advice具体名词 抽象名词例:book, student 例：colour, message不可数名词可数名词名词普通名词具体名词 抽象名词 专有名词 Shanghai, English2. 名词变复数的规则
2、如果我们想表示多个人或物就要用这个名词的复数形式。要注意：只有可数名词才有复数形式的变化。名词变复数的规则变化例词（1）一般情况下在可数名词词尾直接加scar-cars（2）以s, x, sh, ch结尾的可数名词加esbus-buses，dish-dishes，fox-foxes，watch-watches（3）以“辅音字母 + y”结尾名词，把y变i，加esstory-stories，family-families（家人）以“元音字母 + y”结尾名词，直接加sboy-boys, toy-toys（4）以f/fe结尾,变f/fe为v，加esleaf-leaves（树叶）（5）以o结尾有生命
3、的名词，加espotato-potatoes以o结尾无生命的名词，加sphoto-photos（照片） 特别提示：(1) 常见以f/fe结尾的名词有wife（妻子）, knife（刀）, wolf（狼）, thief（小偷）, shelf（架子）, self（自己）, life（寿命）, half（一半）, leaf（树叶）记忆口诀：妻子拿刀去追狼，小偷见了着了慌，架子底下自保命，半片树叶遮目光(2) 常见以o结尾的名词加es的词：Negro（黑人）, hero（英雄）, potato, tomato, mango。记忆口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆炖西红柿和芒果 3. 名词变复数的不规则变化（1）
4、特殊变化有一些名词在变成复数时不遵循以上原则。我们把小学阶段遇到的特殊变化的名词整理如下：构词法例词（1）a变eman-men, woman-women（2）oo变eefoot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese（3）词尾+ren/ enchild-children, ox-oxen（公牛）（4）单复数相同Chinese（中国人）,Japanese（日本人）, police（警察）, people（人们）, deer（鹿）, sheep（羊）, fish（鱼）单复数相同的词记忆口诀：中日警察好友来聚会，鹿、羊、鱼、牛齐齐把家回（2） 表示（某）国人的名词复数在英语名词
5、复数中，表示（某）国人的名词复数有些加S, 有些又不加，学生常会出错。我们可以借助于顺口溜去记忆，即：“中日瑞不变，英法都要变，其他国人加s”。Chinese-Chinese中国人Japanese-Japanese日本人Swiss-Swiss瑞士人Englishman-Englishmen英国人Frenchman-Frenchmen法国人American-AmericansGerman-Germans.（3） 复合名词的复数变化复合名词变复数的规则例词（1）一般情况下在词尾加sbook shop-book shops（2）以“man/woman+名词”时，前后名词都变man-teacherme
6、n teacherswoman doctorwomen doctors（3）以“boy/girl + 名词”时，变后面的词girl studentgirl students（4） 多以复数形式出现的名词如：clothes衣服，shoes鞋子，sunglasses太阳镜，shorts短裤， scissors剪刀, glasses眼镜, shears大剪刀,trousers长裤（5） 可数名词的数量表达A. 可数名词可以借助量词来表达，of后面用名词复数,尤其是成双成对的名词复数。如：a pair of glasses;three pairs of trousers;a pair of sciss
7、ors;a pair of trousers;a pair of glasses;a pair ofsocks;a pair ofgloves;a pair ofshoes可数名词借助量词来表达时要注意：后面虽然用复数，动词要根据前面的量词来决定。如：There is a box of apples in the car. There are four pairs of shoes under the bed. B. 可数名词可以借助some, any, a lot of, many等词来修饰。如：some apples, many people, a lot of books等等。4. 常见
8、的不可数名词以及修饰名词的数量词(1) 常见的不可数名词如下表液体类milk, juice, coffee, water, tea, coke, oil, vinegar(醋), soy, yogurt,wine,petrol（汽油）blood,flood 食物类fruit,food,meat, beef, pork, mutton,rice, flour, bread, salt, sugar, butter,cream, jam, sauce, pizza,jelly,jam,ham自然类weather,rain, snow,wind,fog,frost(霜),light,fire,sun
9、shine,thunder,lightning,electricity材料类silk, wool,cotton,cloth,iron,steel,glass(玻璃)，paper，coal,gold,silver,plastic,wood其他furniture，money, air, fun, music, news, glue, tape, time(时间)，work, homework, housework, information, advice(2) 不可数名词的数量表达A. 不可数名词前不能用a/an，在句中相当于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。如： Water is the source
10、of life. 水是生命的源泉。B. 不可数名词可以借助于piece, bottle, packet等量词来表示数量。如：单词量词短语意思papera piece of paper一张纸cakea piece of cake一块蛋糕breada slice of bread一片面包watera cup pf water一杯水chocolatea packet of chocolate一包巧克力papertwo pieces of paper两张纸C. 有了以上量词的帮助，不可数名词也可以提现具体的数量了。a piece of paper一张纸 two pieces of paper两张纸a
11、cup of coffee一杯咖啡 two cups of coffee两杯咖啡5. 名词的句法作用名词在句子中可以用作如下成分： (1) 名词作主语 The boy opened the door. 那个男孩把门打开了。 (2) 名词作宾语 I saw the boy .我看到那个男孩。（boy 作动词saw的宾语） Give the money to your brother. 把这些钱给你兄弟。(brother 作介词to的宾语) (3) 名词作表语 He is a clever boy. 他是个聪明的孩子。 (4) 名词宾语补足语They called him a fool. 他们叫他
12、傻瓜。He was called a fool.（当含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态的时候，原来的宾语变成了主语，那么原来的宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。）(5) 名词作定语Is it a colour film? 是彩色影片吗？ (6) 名词作同位语 This is my friend John. 【考题精练】一、 朗读下列单词，并按照要求把单词写在相应的横线处。plane, lake, water, sugar, chair, butter, tea, meat, air, milk, card, cheese, match, news, ricel 可数名词 l 不可数名词 二、 写出下
13、列名词的复数 tooth-_ goose-_ table -_ sheep-_man driver-_ potato -_ piano-_ mouse-_ loaf-_ glass(玻璃杯) -_watch-_country-_三、 单项选择。( )1.-Whatarethese? -Theyare_.A.deers B.radios C.radioes D. tomatos( )2.Howmany_arethereinthese_?A.tomatos,photos B.tomatoes,photosC.tomatoes,photoes D.potatos,photoes( )3.Mr.Che
14、nhastwo_.A.tooths B.teeth C.teeths D.toothes( )4.Hereare_foryou,Sue.A.potatosB.somepotatoes C.threetomatos D.sometomato( )5.Thenthe_begantoeatthegreen_ofyoungtrees.A.deer,leafs B.deer,leaves C.deer,leaf D.deers,leafs( )6.Imetsome_intheparkandtalkedwiththemtheotherday.A.JapaneseB.AmericanC.ChinesesD.
15、English( )7.-Excuseme,areyou_?-Yes,Imfrom_.A.Japan,Japanese B.China,ChineseC.England,English D.American,America( )8.Agroupof_aretalkingwithtwo_overthere.A.Frenchmen,Germans B.Frenchmen,GermenC.Frenchmen,German D.Frenchmanes,Germans( )9.Yesterdayafew_cametovisitsome_inShantou.A.German,placesofinteres
16、t B.Germans,placesofinterestsC.Germans,placesofinterest D.Germen,placesofinterest。( )10.Two_andfive_arestudyingChineseatBeijingUniversity.A.German,English B.Germans,EnglishC.Germans,Englishmen D.Germen,Englishmen( )11.Therearetwenty_inourhospital. A.womandoctorsB.womendoctorC.womendoctorsD.womandoct
17、or( )12._areusuallycarefulindoingexercises.A.Girlstudents B.GirlsstudentsC.Girlsstudents D.Girlsstudents( )13.Thedeliciousdishesarecookedby_.A.womencookers B.womencooks C.womancooks D.womancookers( )14.Juliewenttothe_tobuyapairofshoes.A.shoesstore B.shoesstore C.shoestore D.shoesstore( )15.Lookatthe
18、shoes.Theyaremy_.A.sister B.sisters C.sisterss D.sisters( )16.Thisis_room.Comein,please.A.JohnandJoanof B.JohnandJoansC.JohnsandJoans D.JohnsandJoan( )17.Wesell_inourshop.A.womanandchildsclothes B.womenandchildrenT-shirtsC.womensandchildrensjackets D.womansandchildscoats( )18.Wehadagoodtimeduringour
19、_holiday.A.twoweeks B.two-week C.two-weeks D.twoweeks( )19._roomisonthe5thfloor.A.LucyandLily B.LucyandLilysC.LucysandLily D.LucysandLilys( )20.Ilikethatsonof_.A.Johnssister B.Johnsisters C.Johnssisters D.Johnssisters( )21.On_,allthechildrencanplaygamesallday.A.ChildrensDay B.ChildrensDayC.TheChildr
20、ensDay D.childrenday( )22.Thisisnotmycap,butmy_.A.brothers B.brothers C.brothers D.brother( )23.Tomscarismorebeautifulthan_.A.hisbrothersandsister B.hisbrotherandsisterC.hisbrothersandsisters D.hisbrothersandsisters( )24.Illgoandcallat_rightafterschool.A.thedoctor B.theSmiths C.Smith D.myuncles四、 用所
21、给词的适当形式填空。1.Therearetwo_overthere.(watch)2.Iliketaking_.(photo)3.lcanseea_andtwo_standingthere.(man,woman)4.Therearetwobasketsof_onthefloor.(apple)5.Lookatthose_.(child)6.Hedoesntlikethese_.(glass)7.Howmany_canyousee?(radio)8.Therearemoreandmore_driversinShanghainow.(woman)9.Givemesome_,please.(wate
22、r)参 考 答 案一、可数名词：plane, lake, chair, card, match不可数名词 water, sugar, butter, tea, meat, air, milk, cheese, news, rice二、teeth, geese, tables, men drivers, potatoes, pianos, sheep, mice ,loaves, glasses. 三、1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B6.A 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.C11.C 12.A 13.B 14.C 15.D16-20BCBBC 21-24A B D D四、watches photos man women apples children glasses radios women water
