1、重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地过去完成时的被动语态构成had been过去分词Module3 The violence of nature Period Four Grammar：Past perfect passive&Indirect speech 课件（外研版必修3，课标通用）.一、重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地用法表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的被动动作。该动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，这一过去时间可用by，at，before等构成的短语或when，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文来表示。The project had been completed
2、by the end of 1990.这项工程已于1990年底竣工。The classroom had been cleaned before we came.我们来之前，教室已被打扫干净。二、1重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地表示从过去某一时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的被动动作，该动作可能还要延续下去，常和for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。The sale had been advertised for several weeks.这场拍卖会已经做了好几个星期的广告。Much work had been done since she arrived here.自她抵达
3、这里后做了许多工作。2 重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地用在含有被动形式的间接引语或宾语从句中，常放在像said，told,thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作之前已经发生的动作。My classmate told me that he had been punished by his teacher.我同学告诉我他已经受到了老师的惩罚。We all thought he had been killed in the plane crash.我们都以为他在飞机失事中丧生了。3 重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【单项填空】1On hearing the ne
4、ws that her lost daughter_，the excited mother burst into tears.Awere found Bhas been found Cwould be found Dhad been found解析 句意：一听到丢失的女儿被找到了这个消息，兴奋的妈妈大哭起来。过去完成时表示到过去某个时间为止已经发生或完成的动作或行为。答案 D重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地Alice had to wait outside her house until her husband_，because she_her keys in the office.Are
5、turned；left Bwill return；leftCreturned；had left Dreturns；left解析在until引导的时间状语从句中，用一般时代替将来时，此处用一般过去时；“忘钥匙”发生在“不得不等”之前，用过去完成时。答案 C2 重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地.直接引语和间接引语直接引述别人的原话，叫作直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的话叫作间接引语。直接引语如改为间接引语，必须在语序、人称、时态和状语方面作相应变化。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地句型变化陈述句直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导(that在口语中常省略)。“I will
6、 never forget this interesting lesson，”said Paul.“我永远不会忘记这有趣的一课，”保罗说。Paul said that he would never forget that interesting lesson.保罗说他永远不会忘记那有趣的一课。一、1重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地疑问句直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序(主语在谓语前面)，句末用句号，主语的人称、时态和状语也要作相应的变化。(1)一般疑问句：直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词whether或if引导。主句中的谓语动词是said
7、时，要改为asked。没有间接宾语的，可以加一个间接宾语(me，him或us等)。He said，“Can you speak French？”He asked me if/whether I could speak French.He said，“Did you see me last night？”He asked(me)whether/if I had seen him the night before.2 重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地(2)特殊疑问句：直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引导。“Where do you usually have lunch
8、？”he asked me.He asked me where I usually had lunch.(3)选择疑问句：直接引语如果是选择疑问句，用whether/if引导。She asked，“Are you going there or not？”She asked me whether/if I was going there or not.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地祈使句转述祈使句，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并根据句子意思在不定式的前面加上tell，ask，order等动词，其句型是：tell/ask/order sb to do sth，如果祈使句为否定式，
9、在不定式的前面加not。3 重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地“Make sure the door is shut，”she said to her little son.“一定要关上门，”她对她的小儿子说。She told her little son to make sure the door was shut.她对她的小儿子说一定要关上门。“Dont smoke in the room，”he said to me.“不要在房间里吸烟。”他对我说。He told me not to smoke in the room.他对我说不要在房间里吸烟。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地将直
10、接引语变为间接引语时，动词的时态要做相应的变化：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时过去进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时二、时态变化重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地三、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语也要做相应的变化直接引语间接引语this(这)that(那)these(这些)those(那些)now(现在)then(那时)today(今天)that day(那天)yesterday(昨天)the day before(前一天)last year(去年)the year before(前一年)ago(以前)before(以前)
11、重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地直接引语间接引语tomorrow(明天)the next day(第二天)next month(下个月)the next month(第二个月)here(这儿)there(那儿)come(来)go(去)bring(带来)take(拿去)重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地She said to me,“I come here five years ago.”她对我说，“我五年前住在这儿。”She told me she came there five years before.她告诉我说她五年前住在那儿。He said to me，“I will see h
12、er next week.”他对我说，“我下星期来看她。”He told me he would see her the next week.他告诉我说他下星期来看她。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【温馨提醒】(1)在人称变化项目中，如果主句的主语是第一人称，则从句主语无需变化；如果主句主语是第三人称，则从句主语常有上表所示变化。I say that you are right.I say that you are right.She says that you are(he is)going tomorrow.She says that you are(he is)going tomo
13、rrow.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地(2)时态不变的特殊情况如下：直接引语是客观真理、谚语或名人名言时。He said，“The earth goes around the sun.”He said that the earth goes around the sun.He said，“Where there is a will，there is a way.”He said where there is a will，there is a way.当直接引语中有具体的过去时间作状语时，间接引语仍然用一般过去时。Mr.Wang said，“I was born in China in
14、 September,1972.”Mr.Wang said he was born in China in September,1972.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地当直接引语是过去完成时态时。She said“They had left when I arrived here.”She said they had left when she arrived there.当直接引语表示客观的时刻表时。He said，“The plane takes off at 6：30 am.”He said that the plane takes off at 6：30 am.(3)如在当天转述
15、别人说过的话，时间状语可不变；如果在当地转述，地点状语和动词(come)也不必改变。He said，“Ill be back tonight.”He said that he will be back tonight.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【单项填空】Anne sent an email asking me what I_from 3 pm.to 5 pm.the day before.Ahad done Bdid Cwas doing Dam doing解析 what I_from 3 pm.to 5 pm.the day before.为间接引语，它所对应的直接引语为what
16、 were you doing from 3 pm.to 5 pm.yesterday，且直接引语中有明确的表示过去的时间状语，故变间接引语时，时态不变，仅需要变换人称和时间状语。答案 C3重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地“Have you seen the film？”he asked me.He asked me_.Ahad I seen the film B.have I seen the filmCif I have seen the film Dwhether I had seen the film解析如果直接引语为一般疑问句，变间接引语时，一般将其变成whether/if引导的
17、宾语从句，故选D。答案 D4 重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地“Please close the window，”he said to me.He_me_the window.Asaid to；to close Btold to；closingCasked；to close Dsaid to；please close解析直接引语变间接引语时，如果直接引语为祈使句，通常将其变为：ask/tell/order/warn/advise sb to do sth 结构。故选C。答案 C5 重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地去年夏天，在中国南方发生了严重的洪涝灾害，造成了很大的损失。请根据下面3个
18、方面的内容，写一篇英语短文。1损失：农田被毁，房屋被冲走，很多人无家可归；2洪涝灾害的原因：下雨达数月，森林被砍伐，湖泊被改造成农田；3补救措施：保护河边树木，重建堤坝，还田造湖。自然灾害类说明文【写作任务】【写作要求】词数：120150词重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【写作分析】第一步：认真审题1自然灾害的说明文，描述时首先要说明该灾害的基本情况，然后根据需要选择角度，简明扼要而又重点突出地介绍，力求真实准确，恰如其分。写好自然灾害类文章的关键是实事求是、简明扼要。2自然灾害类说明文一般包括以下几点：灾害发生的时间、地点等；灾害的危害及其发生规律；补救措施；经验教训或建议。重点语法精析
19、解码书面表达勤思巧学园地3自然灾害类说明文的特点：(1)时态相对统一。多用一般现在时和一般过去时，有时为了表达的需要会在个别地方采用其他时态。(2)一般采用客观表述，避免主观色彩。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地第三步：扩点成句1Last summer,a big flood occurred in the south of China.2It caused a great loss.Fields were ruined,houses were washed away and many people became homeless.3There are three reasons for
20、the floods.4Firstly,it had kept raining for months.5Secondly,many forests had been cut down and the soil was washed away.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地第二步：提炼要点1a big flood occur2cause a great loss3three reasons4keep raining5cut down6turn into7take measures to do 8rebuild and turn back into重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地6Fin
21、ally,some lakes had been turned into fields,which seriously blocked the waterway.7Now,some measures have been taken to prevent floods from happening again.8The trees along the rivers have been protected.Old dams have been rebuilt and some fields have been turned back into lakes again.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧
22、学园地Last summer,a big flood occurred in the south of China.It was very serious.It caused a great loss.Fields were ruined,houses were washed away and many people became homeless.There are three reasons for the floods.Firstly,it had kept raining for months.Secondly,many forests had been cut down and th
23、e soil was washed away.Finally,some lakes had been turned into fields,which seriously blocked the waterway.Now,some measures have been taken to prevent floods from happening again.The trees along the rivers have been protected.Old dams have been rebuilt and some fields have been turned back into lak
24、es again.【参考范文】重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【亮点展示】1文章很自然地分成三段，分别说明了中国南方发生了严重的洪涝灾害以及所造成的损失、造成的原因及补救措施，结构鲜明，行文流畅。2在陈述造成灾害的原因时，文章运用了firstly,secondly,finally这些过渡关联词，使行文逻辑严密。3被动语态的运用也是本文的特色之一。被动语态的运用恰如其分，说理显得有理有据。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【写作模板】常用句型：1灾害的发生：There was/is.in.A terrible.hit/struck.happened/took place/broke out
25、.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地灾害的影响：Everything was destroyed.Thousands of people were made homeless.The disaster caused.deaths/injuries.The disaster caused great damage to.采取措施及建议：When you.，you should.If.，you had better.Measures have been taken to help.Luckily,the army has been sent to rescue.2 3重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思
26、巧学园地主旨大意题主要考查学生对文章或段落中心思想的概括能力及对文章或段落整体构架的把握能力，它是阅读理解部分常见的命题方式。主旨大意题的常见提问方式：1主题(Topic)What is the topic of this passage?What does the passage mainly discuss?如何做主旨大意题重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地中心思想(Main idea)What is the main idea of the passage?What is the authors main point in the passage?标题(Title)Which of t
27、he following would be the best title?针对主旨大意题，我们应有这样一种认知：答案一般都在短文各段落的主题句(topic sentence)中。所以，辨认主题句是获取段落(或文章)主旨大意的关键所在。2 3重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地 主题句是表述段落(或文章)主旨大意的句子，它一般具有以下三个特点：1具有较强的总结性、概括性；2句子结构较简单，多以短句的形式出现；3段落中其他的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想的。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地阅读理解部分主旨大意题所对应的短文体裁多为论述文和说明文1论述文的主题句多见于段首，
28、以文章的第一句居多，偶尔也会出现在第二句、第三句。但如果是归纳或推理性的文章，主题句又常出现在段尾。有时，为了反驳某一观点，或对某一问题予以回答或解释，主题句还会出现在段落的中间。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地解答说明类文章的主旨大意题时，应特别关注文章的起始段和结尾段，因为多数作者喜欢在文章起始时“开宗明义”，在文章结尾处归纳概括；更要对这两部分中具有高度概括性的句子多加注意，有时，它们中的一句或两句话就是文章的主旨。在解答主旨大意题时，除了在文章中寻找线索和依据外，还要仔细斟酌四个选项。那些过于具体、只涉及原文细节的表述很可能是干扰项。答案应该是那些既具体又概括的表述，具体是说它只限
29、于篇中所言，概括意味着文章的主要信息包括在其中。2重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地Generations of Americans have been brought up to believe that a good breakfast is essential to ones life.Eating breakfast at the start of the day,we have all been told,is as necessary as putting gasoline in the family car before starting a trip.【典例展示】重点语法精析
30、解码书面表达勤思巧学园地But for many people the thought of food being the first thing in the morning is by no means a pleasure.So despite all the efforts,they still take no breakfast.Between 1977 and 1983,the latest year for which figures are available,the number of people who didnt have breakfast increased by
31、33 percent from 8.8 million to 11.7 million according to the ChicagobasedMarket Research Corporation of America.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地For those who feel pain of guilt(内疚)about not eating breakfast,however,there is some good news.Several studies in the last few years show that,for adults especially,there
32、 may be nothing wrong with omitting breakfast.“Going without breakfast does not affect performance，”said Amold EBender,former professor of nutrition at Queen Elizabeth College in London，“nor does giving people breakfast improve performance.”Scientific evidence linking breakfast to better health or b
33、etter performance is surprisingly inadequate(不充足的)重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地The passage is mainly concerned with_.Aa study of the Chicagobased Market Research CorporationBone of lifes essentialsClatest figures of people who dont eat breakfastDbreakfast and human health重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地解析作者一开始就指出：“Generations of Americans have been brought up to believe that a good breakfast is essential to ones life.”在第二段中，作者指出最新统计结果显示不吃早饭的人数在增加。接下来作者讲到“近几年的研究结果表明不吃早饭或许不会对人的健康造成任何影响，特别是成年人”。最后，作者指出吃早饭对健康有益并能提高工作效率的说法缺乏科学根据。综上所述，本文主要讨论的是breakfast(oneof lifes essentials)，所以B项正确。答案 B
