1、Module 8Summaries选修写作教程小资料总结或概要是对一本书、报告或报纸文章等内容的简短叙述，通常省去不必要的或多余的信息，而仅告知我们最重要的信息。因为总结所需要的技能能够把我们的思想准确而简洁地表达出来，我们常常会写测试或考试总结。总结可以让读它的人在最短的时间内掌握文章或一本书的主要内容，所以总结或概要在我们的生活中是用的非常多的一种应用文形式。WRITING CONVENTIONS写作模式My sister and I grew up in a little village in England.Our father was a struggling lawyer,but
2、I always knew he was special.He never criticized,but used to praise out our best.Hed say,“If you pour water on flowers,they flourish.If you dont give them water,例例they die.”I remember as a child I said something unkind about somebody and my father said,“Any time you say something unpleasant about so
3、mebody else,its a reflection of you.”He explained that if I looked for the best in people,I would get the best in return.Ive tried to follow this principle in running my company.Dads also always been very understanding.At 15,I started a magazine.It was taking up a great deal of my time,and the headm
4、aster of my school gave me a choice:stay in school or leave to work on my magazine.I decided to leave,and Dad tried to sway me from my decision,as any good father would.When he realized I had made up my mind,he said“Richard,when I was 23,my dad persuaded me to go into law.And Ive always regretted it
5、.I wanted to be an archeologist,but I didnt pursue my dream.”As it turned out,little publication went to become Student,a national magazine for young people in the UK.My wife and I have two children,and Id like to think we are bringing them up in the same way Dad raised me.用自己的话把主题和主要情节组织成摘要.写作模板The
6、 passage tells us that the authors father has a special way of teaching his children.He always praises them for their progress and explained to them what is good and encouraged them to be persistent.Because of this,the author became successful.名师指津1.常用词汇:tell,describe,draw a conclusion,see,arouse ou
7、r thinking,at last,finally,in the end,after many adventures,eventually.2.句型归纳:1)The passage tells us(a story)that.2)We can draw a conclusion from the passage that.3)After many adventures,the two boys returned to their home successfully.文体讲解Summary基本格式1.对于“故事型”的summary,只需把故事的核心主人公(核心主人公做过的最核心的事件与该故事的
8、作者想要说明的道理包括在summary其中就可以了).换言之,“故事型”的summary必须具备三个要素,即:主人公,核心事件,故事的教训.2.对于另一类题材议论文的summary,此类summary的写法与“故事型”的summary有所不同.议论文的summary中必须具备三要素,分别是“论题”(如“Should troublesome students be suspended”)、“论点,一般议论文至少有双方论点,甚至是多方论点”(如The headmaster believes that suspending troublesome students is beneficial for
9、 school and other students)与“持这种论点的论据”.若议论文的summary中不具备“论题”、“论点”与“论据”这三要素,则被认为不完整.LANGUAGE FUNCTION语言功能1.通常 summary 的开头都有一些常用的句子,学生可以在平时的训练中学习使用.如:From the passage above,we know.The passage is mainly about.After reading the passage,I/we know.The author told us.但这些开头也只限于要求以读者的身份来概括时使用.如果要求作者以当事人的身份来概
10、括,那用上面这些表达则是不正确的.所以我们要审清题目,随机应变.2.用最简练的文字把文章的主要内容概括出即可,无须把一些细节,琐碎的内容加上,如描述、举例、一些具体事实等.3.避免重复.在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明.但是这在摘要中是不能使用的.应该删除那些突出强调的重复句.4.压缩长的句子.如下面两例:“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lionlike.”可以概括为:“He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was
11、 being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.”(1)使用词组代替整句或者从句.如:“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai,Lushan Mountain,and Mount Huang,were visited by only a few people in the past.Today,better wages,holidays with pay,new hotels on these mountains,and better train and bus ser
12、vices,have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”可以概括为:“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai,once visited by only a few people,are today accessible to many,thanks to better wages,paid holidays,new hotels and better transportation services.”(2)使用概括性的名词代替具体的
13、词.如:“She brought home several Chinese and English novels,a few copies of Time andNewsweek and some textbooks.She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.”可以概括为:“She brought home a lot of books to read during the vacation.”(3)使用最短的连接词.如:可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though;不能使用at the same tim
14、e,in the first place,because of these,on the other hand等较长的连接词.通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果.5.不要加入自己的个人观点.如要求以读者的身份来概括,用第三人称来写,莫把作者的观点写成自己的观点.如要求以当事人的身份来写,则用第一人称.MODULE TASKS模块任务为下面的文章写个summaryAmerican is the land of automobile.This country has only 6%of the worlds population but 46%of the worlds car.Right
15、now,there are 97 million privatelyowned cars consuming 75 billion gallons of gasoline and traveling an 1,000 billion miles a year.The figure also affirms something we know every time we refill our gasoline tank;the automobile is a very thirsty piece of technology.Of the total petroleum supply in the
16、 United States,30 percent goes to quench that thirst.Every year for each passenger car,about 800 gallons of gasoline are consumed.Other aspects of our commitment to the automobile also bear mentioning here.It takes a great deal of energy to manufacture one automobile about 150 million BTUs of energy
17、.This is equivalent to 1,200 gallons of gasoline,enough to run a car for about 1,600 miles.We expend energy in the process of shipping cars from factories to showrooms,displaying them for sale and making replacement parts for repairs.One out of six jobs in the nation is associated with the automobil
18、e business.About two gallons of gasoline are consumed in the process of making every ten gallons that are pumped into an automobiles gas tank._One possible version:Summary:From the passage we learn that the USA has a large number of cars and each year a great deal of energy is consumed.The energy is used not only when driving cars but also when producing them.本部分内容讲解结束按ESC键退出全屏播放
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