1、 阅读理解考情链接阅读理解是高考英语试卷中的语言运用题，旨在检查高中生在阅读中的语感：特别是在阅读过程中获取和处理信息的能力。考试说明对阅读理解的要求做了明确的规定，阅读理解部分主要测试考生以下能力：1掌握所读材料的主旨和大意：2了解用以阐述主旨的事实和有关细节：3根据上下文判断大纲附表以外的某些词汇和短语的意义：4既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系：5根据所读材料进行一定的判断，推理和引申：6正确领会作者的观点和态度。阅读理解常考的题材： 发展报告，农业报告，经济报告环境报告，科学报告，教育报告，健康报告，新闻科学，自然灾害，医学（如瘟疫等疾病），战争，旅游、交通，人物传记、人
2、物特写，故事，探索，语言、语言掌故，音乐、体育与娱乐，文学、艺术，历史、考古、文物出土，英语国家的文化习俗、人口、地理、建设、历史、社会、科技等概况。一. 近三年高考新课标试卷阅读理解的考点统计试卷类型考查内容题目类型问题类型总字数细节主旨推断词义人物叙述广告应用社会文化科普知识生态自然2016新课标111211121638新课标71522111556新课标715211215382015新课标90521111新课标716111112014新课标80611211629新课标814111111629分析近三年的额高考试题并结合该题型的命题规律可知，近几年的高考英语试卷仍保持了“稳中有变，变中求新，
3、立足语篇”的基本命题思路。在阅读理解方面主要考查考生理解主旨要义、理解文中具体信息、根据上下文推断词义、根据短文判断和推理、理解文章的基本结构以及理解作者的意图与态度等方面的能力。高考阅读理解试题有如下的一些特点：1. 设题创新化高考英语阅读理解着重检测考生对语篇的整体把握能力、根据所提供的语境进行语篇分析的能力以及综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力。在近几年的高考中，涉及较低能力要求的事实性和细节性考题的比例虽呈上升趋势，但词义猜测、推理判断和主旨概括等深层次试题仍占很大比重。2. 体裁多元化就体裁而言，阅读材料所选择的文段涉及叙述体、论说体和应用体等多种文体；既注重题材的多样化、现代化和生
4、活化，又较为综合地反映了政治、经济、文化和生活的各个方面，贴近生活，贴近时代，体现了“语言是文化的载体”这一重要理念。3. 内容地道生活化阅读材料基本保留了其原有的语言风格，文章的展开不再是平铺直叙，而是兼有倒叙、插叙等多种方式；一词多义、熟词生义、多种时态的混用、结构复杂的长句、省略句以及插入语等语言现象比较常见。阅读材料的文化含量加大，文章的行文风格更具英语语言的特点，文章的遣词造句也更加地道，许多考生通常要反复阅读几遍才能读懂。二基本题型基本题型及题形特征主旨大意题主要考察学生对所读材料中心思想的概括。其考察形式有很多，如概括标题、主题、中心思想或目的大意等； 细节理解题主要考察考生对阅
5、读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解。这一题型常见的命题方式有：事实认定题、排序题、图形辨认题、数字运算题； 推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题； 判断词义题主要考察考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义能力。要求从句子结构、段落、文章中推断或根据构词法推断词义。三解题技巧1. 理解与速度考生要处理好理解与速度的关系。答题时要力求情绪平稳，不要一味追求速度而影响理解的准确性；不要拘泥于一词一句的理解；不要遇到不懂的地方就反复读，影响阅读速度。比较好的阅读方法是边看边想边理解。遇到生词
6、或看不懂的地方先做个记号，继续看下去，因为一些疑难点往往会在下文中得到解决。关于阅读速度，难度中等的文章应为每分钟60个单词左右；难度较低、生词不超过总词汇量20的材料，阅读速度应为每分钟70个单词左右。一般来说，“超纲”而又影响阅读理解的词汇都会用中文标出词义。只有保证了阅读的速度才有可能在规定时间内完成阅读、复读及答题的任务。2. 阅读训练方式在训练方式方面要力求多样化。常见的阅读训练方式有：掠读、寻读、精读和泛读等。在掠读、寻读时要掌握查阅的技巧。查阅时考生应迅速找到某一特定信息在短文中的位置，并以这个位置为中心，扩展到上文和下文，寻求正确答案。考生要学会用扫视的方法寻找信息。扫视时，眼
7、睛要纵向而不是横向移动。运用扫视来扩大视觉范围能帮助考生又快又准确地捕捉到想要查找的信息。考生应根据阅读目的选择阅读方式，调整阅读速度，合理分配阅读时间。3. 生词处理考生在阅读时一定会碰上生词或记不清楚的词汇。遇到这种情况时，考生可以通过上下文猜测词义。具体方法如下：（1）根据生词前后词汇的意思或整个句子的意思来猜测生词。例如：The old man put on his spectacles and began to read.根据句子后部分began to read可以猜出spectacle的意思为“眼镜”。（2）根据语法知识和标点符号来猜测生词。例如：They will be on t
8、he night shift-from midnight to 6 a. m. -next week.此句两个破折号之间的部分表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。（3）根据说明词义的定语从句来猜测生词。例如：The type of meter is called multi-meter, which is used to measure electricity.从上句中的定语从句可以推断出multi-meter是“万能表”的意思。（4）根据已知事实细节来猜测生词。例如：The family had just moved and the young woman was feeling a
9、 little melancholy on that Sunday in May. After all, it was Mothers day and 800 miles separated her from her parents in another state far away.根据上下文的陈述，“刚刚搬家，远离父母，正好是星期天，又是母亲节，而两代人却天各一方”等事实，可以推断出年轻妻子当时忧郁、伤感的心情，并由此猜测出生词melancholy的意思。（5）学会只猜测生词的大概意思，而不必追求其准确含义。例如：The Asian gibbon, like other apes, is
10、especially adapted for life in trees.在这句话中，考生只要猜出自gibbon是apes（类人猿）的一种就行了，毋须知道其准确意思。（6）运用构词法判断生词的词义，也是提高阅读速度的一种技巧。考生可以通过已知的词缀（包括前缀和后缀）和词根就能猜测生词的含义。例如，单词telescope由前缀tele（意思是far）和scope（意思是instrument for seeing or observing）构成，整个单词的意思是“望远镜”。为了熟练使用构词法知识猜测生词，考生在平时应多积累词缀以及词根方面的知识。4. 利用信号词进行预测和推测在阅读过程中，为了既迅
11、速又准确地理解文章的含义，利用信号词预测非常重要。信号词可以揭示句子内在关系或文章各部分之间的关系（见下表）。特别是在快速阅读时，它能帮助考生预测文章信息，提高阅读速度。部分信号词及其所预示的信息however, on the contrary, although等 信号词引出的内容是与上文相反的论述，或作者不同的观点similarly, equally, also, besides, furthermore, in other words等 下文与前面所讲内容相同或相似for example, for instance等 具体例证，说明上文中的论点for one thing, on the
12、other hand等 下文还有另外一方面in a word, in short等 后面的句子是对上文的总结actually, in fact, the point is , a study survey found/ showed/proved that 等 后面的句子往往是作者想要表达和强调的内容或观点此外，在利用信号词进行预测时，考生还需注意以下三点：（1）遇到预示前后内容相同或相近，或者补充说明的信号词时，可以适当加快阅读速度，或借此推测生词的词义。（2）文中出现的频率较高的实词可以帮助考生确定文章的主旨大意。（3）出现代词I, we, my, our, 转折词but, however
13、, yet，情态动词must, should, ought to, 连词although, though。其后所述内容与刚提到的内容相反，或暗示作者的观点和态度等信号词时，要放慢阅读速度，因为其附近的信息往往是命题和答题的主要线索或依据。【小试牛刀】（2017届江苏省南京市高三第三次模拟考试英语试卷）One of the strangest features of motherhood is that the vast majority of mothers prefer to cradle their babies in the left arm. Why should this be? T
14、he obvious explanation is that the majority of mothers are right handed and they wish to keep their right handed and they wish to keep their right hand free. Unfortunately, this explanation cannot apply, because left-handed mothers also favor their left arm for holding their babies. The precise figu
15、res arc 83 percent for right-handed mothers and 73 percent for left-handed mothers.The most likely explanation is that the mothers heart is on the left side and, by holding the baby in her left arm, she is unconsciously bringing her baby closer to the sound of the heart-beat. This is the sound the b
16、aby heard when it was inside the mothers womb and which is therefore an association with peace, comfort and security.Tests were carried out in nurseries where some babies were played the recorded sound of a human heart beat, and, sure enough, went to sleep twice as quickly as the others. We also kno
17、w that the sound of mothers heart is quite audible inside the womb and that the unborn baby has a well-developed hearing.It is interesting that fathers show less of this left-side bias (偏爱) than mothers, suggesting that the human female is better programmed than her partner for carrying a baby. Alte
18、rnatively，she may unconsciously adjust her holding behavior to make baby fell more secure. Some new observations on our closest animals relatives, the chimpanzees and gorillas, have revealed that they too show a strong bias for holding their babies on the left side. The precise figures were 84 perce
19、nt for chimpanzees and 82 percent for gorillas, remarkably close to the human percentages.Recently a possible additional value in cradling babies on the left side has been suggested. It has been pointed out that, because, the two sides of the brain are concerned with different aspects of behavior, i
20、t is possible that the mother, in cradling the baby to her left, is showing the baby her “best side”. It is claimed that the emotions are expressed more strongly on the left side of the human face and that she therefore gives the baby a better chance to read her emotional mood changes as it gazes up
21、 at her. Furthermore, the mothers left eye and ear are more tuned into emotional changes in her baby than her right eye and ear would be. So in addition to the babys seeing the more expressive parts of its mother, there is further advantage that the mother is herself more sensitive to the left-held
22、baby. This may sound far-fetched, but just possibly, it could provide a slight extra benefit for those mothers displaying the strange one-sided bias when cradling their infants.How does a bias occur? Do the mothers have an instinctive preference for it, or do they learn it by trial and error, uncons
23、ciously adjusting the position of the babies until the babies are calmer? The surprising answer is that it seems to be the baby not the mother who controls the bias. Observation of new born infants when they were only a few hours old revealed that they come into the world with a pre-programmed tende
24、ncy to turn their head to the right. If the new born baby is gently held in a dead central position and then released, it naturally swings to the right far more often than to the left. This happens in nearly 70 percent of babies. This may be only a part of explanation, because the holding bias is 80
25、 percent not 70 percent, but it adds a further intriguing chapter to the story.1How does the author develop Paragraph 1?A. By giving an example as a hook.B. By giving a general statement and narrowing it down.C. By asking a question and showing an answer.D. By explaining the importance of understand
26、ing a phenomenon.2The underlined word “audible” in Paragraph 3 means _.A. soft B. clearC. weak D. distant3Whats the main idea of Paragraph 5?A. The left side of the human face expresses emotions more strongly than the right.B. A mothers left eye and ear are more sensitive to the emotional changes in
27、 her baby.C. A baby may be more able to “read” its mothers emotions than was previously believed.D. Holding her baby in the left arm may improve a mothers emotional communication with it.4What is the authors tone when he discusses why most mothers cradle their babies in the left arm?A. Cautious. B.
28、Disapproving.C. Subjective. D. Favorable.【语篇解读】本文主要讲述了大多数母亲都喜欢用左手抱孩子。以一问一答开始进入话题，介绍了目前对于这种现象的一些解释，还举了黑猩猩、大猩猩的例子进一步解释了这种现象。1【答案】C2【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。由第三段We also know that the sound of mothers heart is quite audible inside the womb and that the unborn baby has a well-developed hearing.可知，胎儿的听力很发达可以推测出在子宫内
29、心跳的声音很清晰。故选B。3【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。由第五段It is claimed that the emotions are expressed more strongly on the left side of the human face and that she therefore gives the baby a better chance to read her emotional mood changes as it gazes up at her.（据称，情感更强烈地表达在人脸的左侧，因此，她给了孩子一个更好的机会来阅读她的情绪变化，因为孩子盯着她。）可知，本段主要讲述用左手抱孩子可能可以增进与孩子的情感交流。故选D。4【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。文中用了很多副词，比如The most likely、may、possible、seems等等，说明作者对于这一现象的解释很谨慎。A. Cautious小心谨慎的；B. Disapproving反对的；C. Subjective主观的；D. Favorable喜欢的，故选A。版权所有：高考资源网()