1、Step 1 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况,对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切,不可用逗号隔开,也不可省略,否则全句意义就不完整。如: This is the telegram which he refers to. Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 2非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明,没有限定作用,它与先行词的关系比较松散,因而不是关键性的,如果省略,原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿,在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如: This note was left by Tom, who
2、 was here a moment ago. As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric. 引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有:who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where,不可以用that和why。非限制性定语从句从意义上讲,相当于一个并列句,在口语中使用并不普遍,在日常生活中,人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如: I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother. = I told the story to
3、John, and he later told it to his brother. Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you. = Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you. 3两种定语从句的内涵不同,限制性定语从句具有涉他性,而非限制性定语从句具有 唯一性,这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较: All the books there, which have beautiful pict
4、ures in them, were written by him. All the books there that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him. His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man. (只有一个) His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old. (不止一个) 4有时,非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词,而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分,这时一般采用which或as来引导。如: He pas
5、sed the exam, which/as he hoped he would. 注:(1)as引导的从句可以放在主句之前,而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。 They are hollow, which makes them very light. As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China. (2)从意义上讲,which指前面主句的内容;而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常 识性的东西,因此常译成“就象 那样”。 (3)如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用,则用which,而不用as,如: She stole her friends
6、 money, which was disgraceful. He tore up my photo, which upset me. 5在正式文体中,以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导,如: The way in which you answered the questions was admirable. 但在非正式文体中,人们通常省略in which或 that : The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious. I dont like the way (that) you laugh at
7、 her.Step 2 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例题1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. itB. thatC. whi
8、chD. he答案C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2)The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3)It rained hard yesterday, _ pre
9、vented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. asD. it答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法例1. the same as;suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构,
10、和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有正如。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。 一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分,如:My grandmothers
11、house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.在一定的语言环境里,有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是,在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后,引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom.2. 动词短语先行成分这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语,它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现,也可以不出现,但不能用其它动词代替。3. 句子作先行成分这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时
12、是连续几个句子,有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置由于先行成分的构成成分不同,“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况:1. 形容词做先行成分时:形容词或形容词短语(含具有形容词性质的名词)作先行成分,“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。2. 动词短语作先行成分时:动词短语作先行成分时,“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是,当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时,“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。3. 句子作先行成分时:“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活,可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如
13、果先行成分是直接引语,“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句,“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点,所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里,“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能一般说来,as与which的语义功能相同,可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时,它们的语义功能则有差异。1. 表示结果表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系,从句中往往使用有结果意义的词,如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容
14、词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。2. 表示评注表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向,它通常与那些表示客观事实,普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用;从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语,如natural, known to all, usual等。3. 有无状语意义 “as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义(主要是方式状语意义),而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致,“which”特殊定语从句则不
15、受这种限制。四、关系代词as与which的句法功能1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。as作主语时,谓语动词常为连系动词(主要是be, seem),主语补语为usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等时,系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态(其中助动词be常略),不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少,常见的有happen一词。如:Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.Which作主语时,谓语动词不限,主语被动皆可,只是
16、谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如:We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装,“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语,关系代词用which而不用as。如:He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语,修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义,有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如:I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.