1、板块一复杂多变的动词第1讲谓语动词考点1一般时态一、一般现在时1. 一般现在时的构成一般现在时由动词原形或动词第三人称单数构成。动词be的第一人称单数形式用am，第三人称单数形式用is，其他人称形式均用are。动词have的第三人称单数形式用has。实义动词的第三人称单数形式的变化规则见下表：变化规则例词一般情况直接加shatehates结尾为s，x，sh，ch或o，在词尾加esdiscussdiscusseswashwashesteachteachesfixfixesgogoes结尾为“辅音字母y”，变y为i再加escarrycarriesstudystudies2. 一般现在时的用法(1)
2、表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。He often goes to work by bus, and he takes a walk with his wife after dinner every day.他经常乘公共汽车去上班，而且每天饭后和妻子一块散步。(2)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作或事件。常见的有go, arrive, l
3、eave, start, stay, return, begin, come, take off等动词(词组)。Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18：20.看看时间表。快点儿吧！4026航班将在18：20起飞。(3)在状语从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。If it is fine tomorrow, we will go there.要是明天晴天，我们就去那里。二、一般过去时1. 一般过去时的构成一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。规则动词的过去式的变化规则见下表：变化规则例词一般情况在动词后加e
4、dlooklooked以e结尾的动词后加dhopehopedlikeliked以“辅音字母y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加edstudystudiedtrytried以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加edstopstoppedpreferpreferredadmitadmittedpermitpermitted2. 一般过去时的用法表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday, the other day
5、, last week, the day before yesterday等过去的时间状语连用。(2020全国卷)The unmanned Change4 probe (探测器) the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess touched down last week in the South PoleAitken basin.无人月球探测器嫦娥四号名字的灵感来源于古代的中国月亮女神上周在南极艾特肯盆地着陆。(2020全国卷)When he asked the villagers on the banks of the ri
6、ver where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.当他问河岸上的村民在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着，指着河的下游。三、一般将来时1. 一般将来时的构成由“shall/will动词原形”构成。其中shall用于第一人称，will用于一切人称。2. 一般将来时的用法表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in一段时间等连用。“will动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。What time
7、 is it?几点了？I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.我不知道。你稍等，我给你查查。3. 其他表示“将来”的结构及用法(1)“be going to动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。Look, dark clouds are gathering. It is going to rain soon, I think.瞧，乌云正在聚集。 我想快要下雨了。(2)“be to动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。You are to hand in you
8、r papers by 10 oclock.到10点你们得交上试卷。(3)“be about to动词原形”表示正要或即将做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。They are about to get married.他们即将结婚。如果表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，要用过去将来时(would/should动词原形)。该时态主要出现在间接引语中。I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I would/should do next week.我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。考点2进行时态一、进行时的构成现在进行时由“am/is/ar
9、e现在分词”构成；过去进行时由“was/were现在分词”构成；将来进行时由“will/shallbe现在分词”构成。现在分词的变化规则如下表：变化规则例词一般情况在词尾直接加ingaskasking以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加ingwritewritingtaketakingfacefacing以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母再加ingcutcuttingbeginbeginningswimswimming以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y再加inglielyingdiedying二、进行时的用法1. 现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此
10、时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。I hear you are working in a pub. Whats it like?我听说你在酒吧工作。感觉怎么样？Well, its very hard work and Im always tired，but I dont mind.哦，工作很辛苦，我也总是很累，不过我不介意。(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，常用于go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out等动词。Food supplies in the floodstricken a
11、rea are running out. We must act immediately before theres none left.洪灾地区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物被吃完以前马上行动。2. 过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常与表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday，at ten oclock yesterday等连用。He must have sensed that I was looking at him. He suddenly glanced at
12、me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that？”他一定感觉到了我正在看他。他突然瞥了我一眼，轻声说：“你为什么那样盯着我看？”(2)表示过去的两个动作中持续进行的一个，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。3. 将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, fro
13、m 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。I cant attend the party because I will be flying to Japan at this time tomorrow.我无法出席那个派对了，因为明天的这个时间我正飞往日本。考点3完成时态一、完成时的构成现在完成时由“have/has过去分词”构成；过去完成时由“had过去分词”构成。二、完成时的用法1. 现在完成时(1)表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语：already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recen
14、tly, in the last/past few days/years, up to now, till now, so far等。(2020天津卷)The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and has remained around that level since.20世纪90年代初，医学院的数量达到了18所，此后一直保持在这个水平。He has already received three similar invitations this week.本周他已经收到了三个相似的邀请。In the past
15、few years thousands of films have been produced all over the world.在过去的几年里，全世界拍摄了数以千计的电影。(2)表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常用的时间状语：since时间点； for时间段等。I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me?我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴师。你能为我弹钢琴吗？Sorry, I havent played the piano for year
16、s.抱歉，我好多年没有弹钢琴了。(3)在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。Will you come to my office when you have finished your work?你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？2. 过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。(2020江苏卷)Instead of getting down to a new task as I had expected, he examined the previous work a
17、gain.他没有像我所期望的那样着手做新工作，而是又检查了一遍以前的工作。(2020浙江卷)By about 6000 BC, people had discovered the best crops to grow and animals to raise.大约在公元前6000年，人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。(天津卷)When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I hadnt seen for years.沿街走路时，我偶然遇见了戴维，我们已经有好几年没见了。(2)表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去
18、的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before，by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time从句等。It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我做的一切。(3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。I had intend
19、ed to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.昨天我本来打算去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。3. 常使用完成时的句型(1)This/It/That is the first/. timethat sb. has/have done sth. ；This/It/That was the first/. timethat sb. had done sth. 这是某人第一次/做某事。It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.那是他第三次犯同样的错误了。(
20、2)It/This is/was the最高级名词(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。(3)It is/has been一段时间since sb. did；It was/had been一段时间since sb. had done sth. 自从以来多久了。(4)hardly/scarcely. when. /no sooner. than. (一就)主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下了。考点4完成进行时一、完成进行时的构成现在完成进行
21、时由“have/hasbeenv.ing”构成；过去完成进行时由“hadbeenv.ing”构成。二、完成进行时的用法1. 现在完成进行时(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。(2020天津卷)You are a great swimmer.你游泳很棒。Thanks. Its because I have been practising a lot these days.谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在练习。Im very tired. I have been checking the students papers all the morning.我很累。我
22、整个上午都在批改学生的试卷。(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。I have been calling him many times this morning，but theres no answer.我今天上午一直给他打了多次电话，但都没有回应。现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别现在完成时表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止已经完成，体现动作的结果现在完成进行时表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止仍在进行，甚至仍将继续Ive read Journey to the West.我已经读过西游记了。(已经完成)I have been reading Journey to the West
23、.这些天我一直在读西游记。(仍在进行甚至仍将继续)2. 过去完成进行时过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间。这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍继续)She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她已经等我一个小时了。(动作不再继续)考点5被动语态一、被动语态的构成被动语态由“be过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态的构
24、成形式还有get/become过去分词。各种时态的被动语态形式如下表(以动词give为例)：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般式am givenis givenare givenwas givenwere givenshall be givenwill be givenshould be givenwould be given进行式am being givenis being givenare being givenwas being givenwere being given无无完成式has been givenhave been givenhad been givenshall have b
25、een givenwill have been givenshould have been givenwould have been given被动语态的使用场合：(1)不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时；(2)强调动作的承受者时。(2020全国卷)“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constr
26、ucted.”“这真的使科学家们激动，”布朗大学的一位科学家Carle Pieters说：“因为它意味着我们有机会获得月球是如何构造的信息。”(2020全国卷)The artist was sure he would be chosen, but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperors chief minister, the old man laughed.这位画家确信他会被选中，但是当他把他的杰作递交给皇帝的宰相时，这位老人笑了。(2020浙江卷)And, as more children were born, more food
27、was needed.并且，随着越多的孩子出生，需要越多的食物。It is reported that a space station will be built on the moon in years to come.据报道，在未来的几年内月球上将建成一个空间站。In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat has been cut.在我的家乡，当所有的麦子被收割后，农民们总是会享受一顿收获的晚餐。With many forests being destroyed,
28、huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year. 因为许多森林被毁，每年大量肥沃的泥土被冲走。(1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的：have有； cost花费； lack缺少； own拥有； belong to属于； take part in参加。(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的：happen/take place/occur发生； remain剩下； break out爆发； last持续； come out出版； come up被提出； lose heart失去信心； date fro
29、m/back to追溯到； run out用完。二、get构成的表示被动的短语：get paid/lost/hurt等We get paid by the week.我们按周获得薪酬。三、主动形式表示被动意义1. “系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell, appear, seem, turn, stay, become, get, grow, keep等形容词/名词”构成系表结构，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。This kind of wool shirt feels soft and sells well.这种羊毛衫摸起来很软，卖得很好。2. 当sell，rea
30、d，cut，wash，write，open，wear，run，burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时用主动形式表示被动意义。Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers.你买最近销量很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。3. 在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs r
31、epairing/to be repaired.这房子需要修理。4. 在某些“主语(人/物)be形容词不定式”中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible, pleasant, interesting等。The problem is difficult to work out.这道题很难计算出结果。5. be to rent/blame主动形式表示被动意义。Who is to blame for the mistake?谁应为此错误承担责任呢？考点6虚拟语气一、if条件句中的虚拟语气虚拟条件句虚
32、拟情况主句从句与现在事实相反主语should/would/could/mightdoif主语过去式(be动词用were)与过去事实相反主语should/would/could/mighthave doneif主语had过去分词与将来事实可能相反主语should/would/could/mightdoif主语过去式/were to do/should doIf the new safety system had been put to use, the accident would never have happened.要是新的安全系统被投入使用的话，这起事故就不会发生了。We would b
33、e back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map.如果你没有把地图丢了的话，我们现在就回到旅馆了。Grace doesnt want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there, she wouldnt be able to see her parents very often.格蕾丝不想搬到纽约，因为她认为如果住在那里，她就不能经常看到她的父母了。(1)如果在表示虚拟语气的if从句中含有were, had或should，可将if省略，然后将were, had
34、或should移至主语之前。(2)如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟，则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语。二、含蓄条件句的虚拟语气有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这叫含蓄虚拟语气。常用的这类词或短语：without(要是)没有； but for要不是； otherwise/or否则等。Do you have Bettys phone number?你有贝蒂的电话号码吗？Yes. Otherwise，I wouldnt have been able to reach her yesterday.有，不然我昨天就联系不上她了。
35、三、 虚拟语气在从句中的运用1. 在名词性从句中的运用(1)在表示要求、命令、建议、请求等动词后的宾语从句中，以及这些动词的名词形式后面的同位语或表语从句中的谓语动词用“(should)动词原形”。常见的此类动词有insist, order, command, require, demand, request, suggest, advise, propose, recommend。They request that all the cleaning work (should) be finished this morning.他们要求今天早晨完成所有的清洁工作。当suggest作“暗示，表明
36、”，insist作“坚持认为”讲时，从句要用陈述语气。(2)在“It is/wasadj./donethat. ”句型中，从句中的谓语动词用(should)动词原形。常见的形容词或过去分词：important, necessary, strange, suggested, ordered, advised, requested, demanded等。It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day.我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。It is required that middle school students (should)
37、take at least one hours exercise every day.中学生被要求每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。(3)wish后的宾语从句中的谓语可用一般过去时，had过去分词和could/might/would动词原形，分别表示与现在、过去相反的情况和与将来情况可能相反。I wish that I had met that film star yesterday.我真希望昨天见到那个影星。(4)would rather所接的宾语从句中，从句的谓语如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生过的动作，从句用过去完成时。We would rather our
38、daughter stayed at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.我们宁愿女儿待在家，陪在我们身边，但是选择权在她手上，毕竟她不再是个孩子了。2. 三个固定句式中的虚拟语气虚拟情况句式虚拟现在虚拟过去虚拟将来if only引导的条件句及感叹句过去式had过去分词would/could/might动词原形as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句过去式had过去分词would/could/might动词原形It is (high)time that. 过去式或should动词
39、原形It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I had done it?打破窗户的是约翰。为什么你说得好像是我打破的似的？It is high time that we took/should take some measures to solve the problem.确实到了我们应该采取一些措施解决问题的时候了。当as if/though引导的句子所叙述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，从句要用陈述语气。考点7主谓一致一、语法一致1. 不定式、动名词和名词性从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。w
40、hat引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于作表语的名词的单复数。Swimming in rivers in summer is a good sport, but to swim in rivers in winter needs great willpower.夏天在河里游泳是很好的运动，但冬天在河里游泳需要极大的意志力。What he has said leaves much for us to think about.他说的话发人深省。2. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语时，通常被看作整体，谓语动词用单数形式。Three thousand dollars is q
41、uite a lot of money for a boy.对一个男孩来说，3 000美元是一笔大数目。3. 如果主语后面带有as well as，with，along with，together with，rather than，but，except，besides，including, in addition to, in common with等加其他名词时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。Modern teaching equipment as well as hundreds of computers was sent to the village school last wee
42、k.上周现代化的教学设备和几百台电脑被送到了那所乡村学校。二、意义一致1. “分数/百分数/a lot of/plenty of/the rest of/the majority of/half of/most of/some of. 名词”构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式由短语中的名词来确定。The factory used three fifths of the raw materials, the rest of which were saved for other purposes.工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三，剩余部分节省出来作为他用。quantities of后无论是可数名
43、词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。2. “the形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand，the old always consider the young inexperienced.一方面，年轻人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为年轻人缺乏经验。3. people, police等集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；family, team, class, audience等作主语时，若指一个整体
44、，谓语动词用单数形式；若指组成集体的成员，则用复数形式。The family as well as their dog were trapped on the roof by the flood yesterday.昨天那家人还有他们的狗都被洪水困在屋顶。4. “a number of名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，意为“许多”；“the number of名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，意为“的数量”。(2021吉林模拟)The number of people invited was fifty，but a number of them were absent for di
45、fferent reasons.受到邀请的总共有50人，但其中有一些人因为各种原因而缺席。三、就近一致1. 由or，nor, either. or., neither. nor., not only. but also., not. but. 等连接并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数常和它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。(2021遵义模拟)Not only John and Tom but also their sister, Mary, takes great interest in the piano lessons.不仅是约翰和汤姆，就连他们的妹妹玛丽，也对钢琴课有极大的兴趣。2. 在倒装句中
46、谓语动词的单复数形式常与后面最接近的主语一致。In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。3. there be 句型中，主语是两个或多个并列名词时，be的形式与最邻近的主语保持一致。There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in my new office.在我的新办公室里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。第2讲非谓语动词考点1非谓语动词的形式及意义非谓语动词主动语态被动语态意义不定式一般式to doto
47、bedone表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生进行式to bedoing表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式to havedoneto havebeendone表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前现在分词/动名词一般式doingbeingdone表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或基本上同时发生完成式havingdonehavingbeen done表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生过去分词一般式done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成(2020天津卷)Completed in 1931, the Empire State Building, the hig
48、hest skyscraper until 1954, inspired the imagination of the world.1931年完工的帝国大厦是1954年之前最高的摩天大楼，它激发了全世界的想象力。Having been fired by the company, the man now has difficulties in supporting his family.被公司解雇了，这位男士现在难以养活他的家庭。There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on th
49、e moon.在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题仍需要解决。考点2非谓语动词作状语1. 不定式作状语(1)作目的状语，可用so as to/in order to替换，但 so as to一般不可置于句首，意为“为了；想要”。(2020天津卷)To help us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes.为了帮助我们准备考试，老师建议通读我们的笔记。(2020全国卷)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Change
50、4 to find and study areas of the South PoleAitken basin.中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。(北京卷)To make it easier to get in touch with us, youd better keep this card at hand.为了便于联系我们，你最好将这张卡片放在身边。(2)作结果状语，常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于下列结构中：only to do；enough to do(足够做)；too. to do. (太而不能)；so/such. as to. (如此以至于)等。Tom t
51、ook a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。(3)作原因状语，常用在“主语系动词形容词to do”结构中。这类形容词有easy, difficult, hard, cheap，expensive，fit，comfortable，dangerous，heavy，good，important，impossible，surprised，astonished, delighted, disappointed 等。We were astonished to
52、 find the temple still in its original condition.令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。语法填空中常考查 “主语be形容词不定式”结构，句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。另外需注意的是在该结构中，不定式中的动词必须是及物动词；若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。2. 分词作状语分词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。(
53、2020浙江卷)Later, they learned to work with the seasons, planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。(2020江苏卷)Technological innovations, combined with good marketing, will promote the sales of these pro
54、ducts.技术创新与良好的市场营销相结合，将促进这些产品的销售。Ordered over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.这些书是一个多星期以前订购的，现在有望随时到货。Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way using the sun and the stars.像古代的船员一样，鸟类可以利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态。常见的：located (坐落于), lost(迷路的), seated(坐着
55、的), hidden(躲着的), lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿着), tired of(厌烦的), faced with(面对着)。3. 独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常考的有generally/frankly/roughly/strictly speaking, talking of, speaking of, judging from/by, taking everything into consideration, compared to/with, to be frank，t
56、o tell(you)the truth, to be honest, to make things worse 等。Judging from his accent, he is from Hong Kong.从口音判断，他来自香港。To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.说实话，我有点累。4. 独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。(1)独立主格结构的特点：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词
57、与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。(2)独立主格结构的构成：名词/代词分词；名词/代词不定式；with/without名词/代词分词/不定式。Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow.明天如果天气好，我们就进行比赛。The test finished(When the test was finished)，we began our holiday.考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。考点3非谓语动词作定语1. 不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。不定式与其所修
58、饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。Suddenly a good idea occurred to her，but she couldnt find any paper to write on.突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸把它写下来。(2)序数词，形容词最高级，the last, the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。(3)被修
59、饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见名词：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。2. 分词作定语(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式：现在分词、
60、“being过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示完成时，用过去分词。(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表示被动。(2020全国卷)They represent the earth coming back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。To return to the pr
61、oblem of water pollution，Id like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012.为了再讨论一下水污染的问题，我想让你们看一项2012年在澳大利亚进行的研究。Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.昨天晚上，有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。非谓语动词作定语的解题思路表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done
62、；表示主动、尚未进行用to do；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较：The bridge built recently was designed by a local company.Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the sky.The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is very i
63、mportant. 考点4非谓语动词作宾语1. 只接不定式作宾语的动词：agree, plan, demand, promise, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish, hope, expect, fail (未能), pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten, claim, hesitate, wait, happen (碰巧)等。She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant, waiting to be served.她坐在餐馆里
64、的一张小桌子旁等着服务员。2. 只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语：admit, avoid, consider, escape(避开), imagine, mind, miss, practise, suggest, feel like, give up, put off, object to, look forward to等。此外，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth. ；have fun (in) doing sth. 等结构中也用动名词作宾语。I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be
65、offended.我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。Its quite hot today. Do you feel like going for a swim?今天很热。你想去游泳吗？3. 接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词：That would mean wasting a lot of labour.那将意味着浪费许多劳动力。Really？I dont mean to waste any labour.是吗？我并没打算浪费劳动力。Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop buying the grocerie
66、s if I found out?她是担忧如果我发现这件事情后的反应还是担忧我不再给她买食品杂货呢？(1)动词want, need, require作“需要”讲时，其后要用v.ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。(2)不定式作动词(短语)learn, decide, know, wonder, show, tell, understand, explain, teach, advise, find out 等的宾语时，前面常带引导词how, what, whether, where, when, who等。(3)介词后一般要接v.ing形
67、式作宾语，但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时，若前有实义动词do，不定式要省略to。考点5非谓语动词作宾补1. 不定式作宾补不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式表示将要发出的主动动作。常接不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。If we ex
68、pect people to give up the habit of driving，we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。Having finished her project, she was invited by the school to speak to the new students.完成项目之后，她被学校邀请去给新生讲话。(1)有些动词，如think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, understand等
69、后常用to be作宾补或主补。Chinese people are considered to be the most hardworking people in the world.中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。(2)在sb. be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thoughtto do/to have done结构中，不定式用作主语补足语。The president was reported to have visited China.据报道，那位总统已经访问了中国。2. 分词作宾补(1)现在分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓
70、关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel)，使役动词(have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等。Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗？(2)过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且表示被动动作。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel)，使役动词(
71、have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。(2020全国卷)They make great gifts and you see them many times decorated with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.它们是很好的礼物，你会经常看到它们装点着红包和祝福好运的信息。(3)使役动词have, get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：have sth. doneget sth. done让别人做某事；have sb./sth. doing让一直做某事；get sth./sb. doing
72、使开始做某事；have sb. do sth. get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事。Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed.在开车进城之前，你需要洗洗车。(4)with的复合结构：with宾语doing表示主动，说明动作正在发生或经常发生；with宾语done表示被动或完成；with宾语to do表示将要发生的动作。The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog follow
73、ing them.这老两口常常在晚饭后到公园里散步，他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。With such a short time left before the deadline, it doesnt seem likely that John will finish the job.截止日期之前只剩下很短的时间，约翰似乎不可能完成工作了。With a lot of work to do, she wasnt allowed to leave her office.由于有许多工作要做，她不被允许离开办公室。考点6非谓语动词作主语和表语1. 不定式作主语和表语(1)不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的
74、动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better to remain silent.不论你多么能说会道，有些时候保持沉默会更好。(2)不定式作表语时，表示预定要发生的动作；当主语是aim, purpose, idea, plan, wish, decision, choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。His wish is to be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是将来当一名
75、医生。What I want to do most in senior high school is to improve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。2. 动名词作主语和表语(1)动名词作主语常表示抽象的、泛指的概念，也可用it作形式主语，把作真正主语的动名词短语放在句末。常用于固定句型：Its a waste of time doing.; Its no use/good doing.; It is useless doing.; There is no point doing. 等。Facing up to your problems rather th
76、an running away from them is the best approach to working things out.直面你的问题而不是逃避它们，是解决这些问题最好的方法。Its no use complaining without taking action.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。(2)动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。My job is cleaning the house three times a week(Cleaning the house three times a week is my job)我的工作是每星期
77、打扫三次房子。(3)remain作系动词时，意为“仍然是”时，后可接现在分词或过去分词作表语；但作不及物动词时，意为“尚待；留待”时，后常接to be done。She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下，但她还是站着。It remains to be seen whether the newlyformed committees policy can be put into practice.新成立的委员会提出的方针能否实行还有待观察。板块二需要“变形”的名词、数词、形容词和副词
78、第1讲名词和数词考点1名词的数名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分， 不可数名词没有单复数之分。一、可数名词的数可数名词都有单数和复数之分。1. 名词复数的规则变化变化规则例词一般情况加smapmaps；girlgirls；househouses；mouthmouths以s, x, sh, ch结尾的加esclassclasses；boxboxes；brushbrushes；matchmatches注意：stomach(胃)的复数是stomachs；ox(公牛)的复数是oxen“辅音字母y”结尾的变y为i加escitycities
79、；countrycountries；partyparties；factoryfactories注意：以“元音字母y”结尾的则直接加s，如boyboys；toytoys以o结尾的名词许多加estomatotomatoes；potatopotatoes；echoechoes；heroheroes；NegroNegroes；mangomangoes；volcanovolcanoes但是，注意以下这些以o结尾的名词复数直接加s：radioradios；zoozoos；bamboobamboos；pianopianos；kilokilos；photophotos以f，fe结尾的名词，通常变f或fe为v再
80、加eshalfhalves；leafleaves；shelfshelves；thiefthieves；wolfwolves；wifewives；lifelives；knifeknives但是也有的直接加s，如roofroofs；handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves；chiefchiefs合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变成复数sonsinlaw女婿；passersby过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；gobetweens中间人；grownups成年人2. 名词复数的不规则变化变化情况例
81、词特殊变化childchildren；footfeet；toothteeth；mousemice；manmen；womanwomen注意：由man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是men和women，如anEnglishmantwo Englishmen；但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans单复数同形deer, sheep, fish, Chinese，Japanese, means集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数people, police, cattle有些名词的单复数有不同的拼写方法细菌bacterium(单数)bacteria(复数)；资料、数据datum(单
82、数)data(复数)；现象phenomenon(单数)phenomena(复数)二、不可数名词不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词，一般没有单复数之分。1. 常考的不可数名词advice建议equipment装备experience经验(注：作“经历”讲时可数)exercise锻炼(注：作“练习；体操”讲时可数)fun开心、快乐的事furniture家具news/information/word消息，新闻baggage/luggage行李progress进步practice练习wealth财富，富裕knowledge知识jewelry珠宝change零钱(注：作“变化”讲时可数)2. 抽
83、象名词具体化抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常见的和常考的：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物success成功成功的人或事failure失败失败的人或事honour荣幸令人荣幸的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情delight高兴令人高兴的事情surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情pleasure快乐令人快乐的事情3. 物质名词的复数现象(1)有些物质名词用复数形式表示与原来不同的事物。paper(纸)papers(证件，论文)custom(风俗习惯)customs(海关)arm
84、(胳膊)arms(武器，装备)air(空气)airs(摆架子，装腔作势)(2)有一些物质名词用复数形式，表示由大量该物质组成的事物。sand(沙子)sands(沙滩，沙漠)water(水)waters(水域，水体)time(时间)times(时代)wood(木头，木材)woods(树林)(3)有些物质名词用复数形式表示不同的种类，如food, wine, metal, fish, vegetable等。The wines of France are among the best in the world. 法国的葡萄酒是世界上最好的。三、与名词有关的词形转化1. 名词后缀(t)ion表示行为或
85、状态；ment表示行为或结果；er/or表示人物；ist/ian表示专家或从事的人；ice表示性质，状态；dom表示集体、领域或状态。(2020全国卷)Chinese New Year is a celebration marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始的节日。2. 名词与形容词之间的转化(1)“名词y”构成形容词。例如：rainrainy；cloudcloudy等。(2)“名词ly”构成形容词。例如：friendfriendly；mothermotherly
86、等。(3)“名词ish”构成形容词。例如：foolfoolish；childchildish等。(4)“名词en”构成形容词。例如：goldgolden；woodwooden等。考点2名词的固定搭配和所有格一、固定搭配名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“动词名词介词”和“介词名词”。常考的高频短语：1. 介词名词with patience耐心地by chance/accident偶然at a loss不知所措in advance提前in favour of支持，赞成on purpose故意地beyond recognition无法辨认in great demand需求量很大2. 动词名词介词hav
87、e/gain access to可以获得take advantage of利用， 趁之机make use of利用find fault with挑的错keep pace with与同步put an end to结束take notice of注意到catch sight of看见do damage to损害attach importance to重视take the place of取代， 代替take pride in以自豪take possession of占有make preparations for为做准备make contributions to对做出贡献二、名词的所有格1. 有生命
88、的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加s。his fathers boss 他爸爸的老板2. 表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事物后也可加s表示其所有格。todays paper 今天的报纸Englands shore 英国的海岸the cars design 这辆车的设计We accepted the invitation without a moments hesitation. 我们毫不犹豫地接受了邀请。3. 在某些习惯用语中，也需要加s所有格。for friendships sake 为了友情at a stones throw 一步之遥at ones fingers tip 手头上有
89、at arms length 保持距离；在伸手可及处at ones wits end 黔驴技穷4. 无生命的名词，借用of表示所属关系。the window of the room 这个房间的窗户5. 如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加s，如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加s。Jane and Marys mother 简和玛丽的妈妈(共有，暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系)Janes and Marys mothers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有，分别指两位妈妈)6. 双重所有格：“a/two/some. 名词of名词s/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格，“of名词所有格”中的名词必须表示
90、人，不能表示事物。a friend of her mothers 她妈妈的一个朋友two photos of hers 她的两张照片考点3数词一、基数词1. 常用基数词表oneeleventhirtytwotwelvefortythreethirteenfiftyfourfourteensixtyfivefifteenseventysixsixteeneightysevenseventeenninetyeighteighteenhundredninenineteenthousandtentwentymillion/billion2. 使用基数词的几点注意事项(1)one and a half后
91、的名词用复数，谓语动词一般用单数，不过事实上也可用复数。(2)当hundred, thousand, million, billion前面有基数词时，用单数形式，词尾不加s；前面有many, several, a few修饰时，仍用单数形式。如：several billion years。表示概数时，用ten, hundred, thousand, billion的复数形式加of，后面接复数名词。如：thousands of lakes and forests。(3)表示某人的大约年龄，即“几十多岁”时，使用基数词的复数形式。“in sb.s整十的基数词的复数”意为“在某人几十多岁时”。如：i
92、n his fifties。(4)表示世纪年代表示“在世纪年代”时在数字后加s或s。the early 1920s/1920sthe early twentiesthe mideighties二、序数词1. 常用序数词表firstelevenththirtiethsecondtwelfthfortieththirdthirteenthfiftiethfourthfourteenthsixtiethfifthfifteenthseventiethsixthsixteentheightiethseventhseventeenthninetietheightheighteenthhundredthn
93、inthnineteenththousandthtenthtwentiethmillionth/billionth21以上的多位数词，只将末位数变为序数词，前面的其他位数仍用基数词。如：21sttwentyfirst；22ndtwentysecond；33rdthirtythird；100thone hundredth2. 序数词前冠词的使用(1)序数词前一般要加定冠词the。This is the first one.这是第一个。(2)序数词前有时可用不定冠词a/an，此时不强调顺序。“a/an序数词”相当于another，表示“又一个，再一个”。Youd better try a thir
94、d time.你最好再试一次。(3)序数词用作副词时，不用冠词。First come, first served.近水楼台先得月。(4)序数词之前已有物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格修饰时，不再用定冠词。Ill never forget that first lesson taught by Mr Wang.我将不会忘记王老师教我的第一堂课。(5)序数词用在由“序数词名词”构成的形容词中时，不用定冠词。There is a firstclass hotel over there.那里有一家一流的宾馆。三、分数和百分数1. 分数的表示法(1)分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母用复数。分
95、数特殊表示法 a/one half； a/one quarter three quarters；2 two and a quarter1 one and a half；2 two and three fifths三分之一既可说one third，也可说a third。(2)分子与分母之间加in/out of，分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词。如one in/out of ten十分之一。2. 百分数的表示法表示百分数直接将数词放在单词percent前面即可。如twenty percent百分之二十。分数和百分数后面不能直接接名词或代词，而用以下形式：分数/百分数of冠词/限定词名词/代词
96、，其谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致。Twothirds of the books are about science.三分之二的书是关于科学的。Only 30 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只完成了百分之三十的工作。第2讲形容词、副词和比较等级考点1形容词和副词的基本用法1. 形容词的基本用法(1)形容词在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、状语等。(2020全国卷)The beautiful long branches covered with pinkcolored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic d
97、ecorations.美丽的长枝上覆盖着粉红色的花蕾，成为美妙的装饰。Although it doesnt taste of anything special, its still worth a try.尽管它尝起来没有任何特殊的地方，但是还是值得一试。Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to find the trail again.状况太差，他想再找到踪迹是不可能的。(2)形容词作状语主要表示原因、结果或伴随等，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。Flushed and breathless, she bounded
98、in through the gate.她满脸通红气喘吁吁从大门口跑了进来。以ly结尾的形容词，常见的：friendly, lovely, lively, lonely, elderly, deadly 等。2. 副词的基本用法(1)副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或修饰整个句子，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。(2020全国卷)Landing on the moons far side is extremely challenging.登陆月球的背面是极其有挑战性的。(2020全国卷)As the small boat moved, gently along the river he w
99、as left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.当小船缓缓地沿着江面移动时，群山在水中的倒影使他说不出话来。(2020全国卷)Bamboo: Chinese love their “Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and office. Certainly during the holiday period, this plant is a must.竹子：中国人喜欢他们的“富贵竹”植物，你会经常在家
100、里和办公室看到它们。当然在节假日期间，这种植物是绝对必要的事物。(2)常考的连接性副词：though“然而，可是”(用于句末); meanwhile“在此期间”； therefore/thus/consequently“因此，所以”； moreover/furthermore“而且，此外”； besides“另外，还有”； however“然而”； instead“相反，代替”； anyway/anyhow“尽管，即使这样”； otherwise“否则”。The young man couldnt afford a new car. Instead, he bought a used one.
101、那个年轻人买不起新车，便买了一辆二手的。The house was too expensive and too big. Besides，Id grown fond of our little rented house.这个房子太贵、太大了，而且，我已经越来越喜欢我们租的这间小屋了。易用错的几类副词(1)意义有别的同根副词。如：free(免费地)/freely(自由地), hard(努力地)/hardly(几乎不), late(晚，迟)/lately(最近), most(很，最)/mostly(主要地), fair(公平地)/fairly(相当地), near(临近)/nearly(几乎)等。
102、(2)有些副词有两种形式：以ly结尾时表示抽象意义；与形容词同形的表示具体意义。如：close接近/closely密切地； wide宽地/widely广泛地； high高地/highly高度地； deep深地/deeply深深地。考点2形容词和副词的比较等级1. 比较级和最高级的构成(1)规则变化变化规则例词单音节的词一般在后面加er和esttalltallertallestquickquickerquickest以“辅音字母e”结尾的词，在后面加r和stlatelaterlatestpalepalerpalest以“辅音字母y”结尾的词，将y改为i，再加er和estearlyearliere
103、arliestheavyheavierheaviest以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，要双写这个辅音字母，再加er和estthinthinnerthinnesthothotterhottest其他双音节和多音节的词都在前面加more和mostcarefulmore carefulmost careful有少数几个双音节以及ow, er, le结尾的词，既可以加er和est，又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。常考的词：narrow, common, clever, simple, quiet, stupid等。(2)不规则变化good/wellbetterbest; bad/ill
104、worseworst; many/muchmoremost; farfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest; littlelessleast; oldolder/elderoldest/eldest2. 比较等级的用法(1)同级比较asadj./adv. (原形)as. “和一样”；not as/soadj./adv. (原形)as. “和不一样”Since people are fond of humour, it is as welcome in conversation as anywhere else.因为人们喜欢幽默，所以在谈话中或其他任何地方它都是受欢迎的
105、。当as. as结构中有名词时，可用以下结构：as形容词原级a(n)n. as.asmany可数名词复数as.asmuch不可数名词as.Im not a little tired today after giving the room a thorough cleaning and I have never had as tiring a day as today.今天对房间进行了大扫除之后我很累，我从来没有过比今天更累的一天了。(2)比较级“形容词/副词比较级than”表示“两者中一方比另一方更”。“less形容词/副词原级than”结构，表示“一方不及另一方”。I know my sis
106、ter better than anyone else.我比其他任何人更了解我姐姐。修饰比较等级的副词：much, even, still, far, yet, a little, a lot, a bit, rather, any等。more, very等副词不可修饰比较级，这也是短文改错中常出现的错误之一。(3)最高级表示三者或三者以上的比较，常见的结构：“the最高级表示比较范围的短语或从句”，表示“是中最的”。(2020全国卷)But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an
107、authors work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.但是我认为，虽然(在)金钱(上支持作家)是极好的，也不可或缺，但重读一个作家的著作，才是读者能够给予他/她最高的报酬。Tom is content with the watch. It is the best gift he has ever got.汤姆对这块表很满意。这是他得到的最好的礼物。最高级的其他表达法否定词比较级比较级thanany other单数名词比较级thanall the other复数名词比较级thanany of the other复数名词比较级than
108、 anything/anyone elseYour story is perfect. Ive never heard a better one before.你的故事太完美了，我以前从来没有听过比这更好听的故事。The Yangtze River is longer than any other river/than all the other rivers/than any of the other rivers in China.长江比中国的其他任何一条河都长。有些词本身就有最高级含义，不能再用最高级形式，常见的：favourite，wonderful，exhausted等；有些词本身有
109、比较级含义，故不与than连用，如be senior to等。(4)含有比较等级的特殊句型theadj. /adv. 比较级， theadj. /adv. 比较级 “越，越”adj. /adv. 比较级andadj. /adv. 比较级“越来越”theadj. 比较级of the two名词“某人或某物是两者中较的那个”no more than“仅仅”， not more than“至多；不超过”more. than. “与其说不如说”no比较级than “和一样不”not比较级than “不比更”倍数句型A is倍数比较级thanBA is倍数as原级asBA is倍数the名词(size,
110、 length, height等)ofBThe more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared.一篇文章越积极乐观，就越有可能被分享。The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.总的来说，电子废弃物正以比传统垃圾快三倍的速度增加。More and more people realise the importance of learning a foreign langua
111、ge well.越来越多的人认识到学好一门外语的重要性。考点3形容词和副词的词性转换形容词和副词的词形变化及词性转换是形容词和副词的考查热点。如果用来修饰名词或在系动词后作表语，应用形容词形式；如果用来修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子，则应用副词形式。正确分析句子结构，判断设空处在句中所作的句子成分，并牢记形容词变副词的规则，是解答此类题目的关键。第3讲构词法考点1形容词加ly变为副词的规律1. 一般情况加ly。如：realreally; carefulcarefully; politepolitely; quickquickly2. 以“辅音字母y”结尾的，将y改为i，再加ly。如：angr
112、yangrily; busybusily; heavyheavily3. 以ble结尾的，将ble改为bly。如：probableprobably; possiblepossibly4. 部分以“辅音字母e”结尾的词，去掉e再加ly。如：truetruly5. 以ic结尾的，加ally。如：basicbasically；energeticenergetically有的名词ly形容词，如：friendfriendly; daydaily考点2动词/名词变形容词的常见后缀后缀例词ableacceptacceptable可接受的comfortcomfortable舒适的fashionfashiona
113、ble时髦的almusicmusical音乐的originoriginal最初的personpersonal个人的；私人的fuldoubtdoubtful怀疑的forgetforgetful健忘的harmharmful有害的ibleaccessaccessible容易取得的horrorhorrible可怕的；恐怖的terrorterrible可怕的iveeffecteffective有效的；生效的attractattractive有吸引力的impressimpressive给人深刻印象的ouscontinuecontinuous不断的；持续的anxietyanxious忧虑的curiosity
114、curious好奇的sometiretiresome令人厌倦的troubletroublesome麻烦的ytastetasty美味的；可口的healthhealthy健康的wealthwealthy富裕的；丰富的续表后缀例词erneasteastern东方的；向东的ishchildchildish孩子气的foolfoolish愚蠢的；可笑的selfselfish自私的icsciencescientific科学的economyeconomic经济的historyhistoric历史上著名的aryimagineimaginary想象中的考点3动词变名词的后缀后缀例词alapproveapprova
115、l赞成；批准arrivearrival到来；到达survivesurvival幸存anceenceappearappearance出现；外貌performperformance表演；节目existexistence存在；生存preferpreference偏爱iontionationcompetecompetition比赛；竞争inviteinvitation邀请；请柬explainexplanation解释(ss)iondiscussdiscussion讨论；辩论decidedecision决定admitadmission接纳；准许入学inghearhearing听力；听觉beginbegi
116、nning开始mentachieveachievement功绩；成就argueargument辩论；论据treattreatment对待；治疗ureturefailfailure失败；没做到presspressure压力mixmixture混合；混合物yrecoverrecovery恢复；痊愈discoverdiscovery发现其他choosechoice选择varyvariety多样化；种类tendtendency趋向；趋势考点4形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词ageshortshortage不足；短缺cyefficientefficiency效率；功效fluentfluency流利；流畅pri
117、vateprivacy隐私；私密domfreefreedom自由；自在wisewisdom明智；智慧cedifferentdifference差异silentsilence沉默nessweakweakness虚弱；弱点kindkindness仁慈；好意carelesscarelessness粗心大意thstrongstrength力气；强项warmwarmth温暖；热情ytyitysafesafety安全disabledisability无能；伤残responsibleresponsibility责任考点5表示人的后缀后缀例词erteachteacher老师villagevillager村民s
118、trangestranger陌生人(注：cookcooker炉灶，炉具)arlieliar说谎者eeemployemployee受雇者；雇员interviewinterviewee被面试者traintrainee受训练的人；学员orinventinventor发明家actactor男演员educateeducator教育家；教师essactactress女演员hosthostess女主人；女主持人eseChinaChinese中国人JapanJapanese日本人nAmericaAmerican美国人AustraliaAustralian澳洲人ianmusicmusician音乐家histor
119、yhistorian历史学家politicspolitician政治家；政客istnovelnovelist小说家specialspecialist专家tourtourist旅行者；观光者后缀例词antserveservant仆人participateparticipant参加者assistassistant助手；助理考点6表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀前/后缀例词前缀disagreedisagree不同意advantagedisadvantage缺点illegalillegal不合法的logicalillogical不合逻辑的impoliteimpolite无礼的patientimpatie
120、nt不耐烦的informalinformal非正式的convenientinconvenient不方便的irregularirregular不规则的responsibleirresponsible不负责任的misleadmislead误导understandmisunderstand误解nonsmokernonsmoker不吸烟者stopnonstop直达的unusualunusual不寻常的willingunwilling不愿意的后缀lesshopehopeless绝望的endendless没完没了的考点7变动词的前缀和后缀前/后缀例词前缀enableenable使能够largeenlarg
121、e扩大richenrich使充实后缀enbroadbroaden(使)变宽riperipen(使)成熟sharpsharpen使尖锐widewiden加宽ifyclassclassify把分类justjustify证明正确simplesimplify简化izeapologyapologize道歉emphasisemphasize强调考点8ed形容词和ing形容词一些动词，如excite, disappoint, encourage, puzzle, surprise, confuse, interest, satisfy, please, shock, astonish, disturb, b
122、ore等，其现在分词和过去分词都能转化为形容词。The story was very moving and we were deeply moved.这个故事非常感人，我们都被深深地感动了。此类形容词作定语修饰表情和声音时，动词的ing形式和动词的ed形式的区别：动词的ing形式用来说明主语的特性，表示该表情或声音令人怎么样，因此译作“令人的”；动词的ed形式用来说明发出该表情或声音的人所处的一种状态。板块三不可忽视的小词代词、冠词和介词第1讲代词考点1代词的分类代词分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等。分类单数复数第一人称第二人称第三
123、人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyouhe，she, itweyouthey宾格meyouhim，her, itusyouthem物主代词形容词性myyourhis，her, itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis，hers，itsoursyourstheirs反身代词myselfyourselfhimself，herself，itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves指示代词this, that, suchthese, those, such相互代词宾格each other, one another所有格each others, o
124、ne anothers不定代词普通不定代词some, any, no, somebody, anybody，nobody, someone, anyone, no one，something, anything, nothing, none个体代词all, every, each, other, another, either，neither, both, half, everybody, everyone，everything数量代词many, much, (a) few, (a) little, a lot of，lots of, a great deal, a great many疑问代
125、词who, whom, whose, which, what连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what(用法请参阅名词性从句部分)关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that(用法请参阅定语从句部分)考点2不定代词1. all, both, either, any, none, neither都任何一个都不部分否定两者botheitherneithernot eitherboth和not连用三者或三者以上allanynonenot anyall和not连用The research group produced two reports based o
126、n the survey，but neither contained any useful suggestions.以这个调查为基础，研究小组做了两个报告，但是两个都不包含任何有用的建议。When shall I call, in the morning or afternoon?我什么时候(给你)打电话方便，上午还是下午？Either. Ill be in all day.都可以，我将一整天都在家。2. none, nothing, no one/nobodynonenone既指人也指物，后面可接of短语，一般用来回答how many, how much 和which的提问nothingno
127、thing只指物，后面不能接of短语，用来回答what的提问no one/nobodyno one和nobody只指人不指物，其后不接of短语，一般回答who的提问Even if the answer seemed a little strange, nobody but I doubted it.尽管这个答案好像有点奇怪，但是除了我之外没人怀疑它(的正确性)。Niki is always full of ideas，but none is useful to my knowledge.尼基点子总是很多，但是据我所知，没有一个是有用的。全部否定和部分否定(1)no one，none，nobod
128、y，nothing，not. any/either以及“no名词”都表示全部否定。(2)all，both，everyone/everybody/everything以及“every名词”与not 连用时，表部分否定。3. other, the other, others, the others, anotherother可作形容词或代词，意思为“别的，其他”，泛指“其他的(人或物)”the otherthe other指两个人或物中的“另一个”，常与one连用，构成“one. the other. ”(一个另一个)another单独使用，泛指三者或三者以上的人或其中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名
129、词。常与one连用，构成“one. another. ”泛指“一个另一个”others, theothersothers泛指“其余的人或物”，相当于“other可数名词复数”，不能作定语，常构成“some. others. ”。the others特指“其余的所有人或物”，相当于“the other可数名词复数”To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other.为了暖和自己，那个海员坐在火堆前，两只光脚丫互相蹭着。In some countries，peopl
130、e eat with chopsticks, while in others, knives and forks.在一些国家，人们用筷子吃饭，而在另外一些国家，人们用刀叉吃饭。考点3it的用法1. it指代前面所提到过的事情、事物、想法等，也可指代不清楚或没必要知道性别的说话对象，还指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节等。The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase it.由于当地政府的努力，大城市的就业率不断上升。
131、替代词(it, that, one)的用法区别it特指前面提到过的同一个人或物that替代上文出现的“the不可数名词或单数可数名词”，表示特指同类事物中的一个。其复数形式为thoseone替代上文出现的“a/an单数可数名词”，表示泛指同类事物中的一个。其复数形式为ones2. it用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.对学生们来说非常清楚的是他们应该为他们的将来做好
132、准备。The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one from the other.这两个女孩长得很像，陌生人很难把她们区分开来。3. 表示喜欢、恨等心理方面的动词，后面接it再接宾语从句，构成固定结构，这类动词有enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciate等；另外，有些“动词介词”结构，如depend on, see to等后接it，再接宾语从句。如：I will appreciate it if you can give me a ha
133、nd.如果你能帮我一把，我会很感激的。You may depend on it that they will support you.你放心好了，他们会支持你的。4. 含有it的常考短语或句型。(1)believe it or not信不信由你make it成功，做到，约定时间as someone puts it像某人所说的那样When it comes to. 当涉及/谈到keep it in mind that. 把铭记在心It depends. 视情况而定。Take it easy. 别着急。(2)Its (high) time that sb. should do/did sth.是某
134、人该做某事的时候了。Its the first/second/. time that sb. have/has done sth.是某人第一次/二次/次做某事。It is/has been. since. 自从多久了。It will be/was. before. 要过时间才It is/was时间点when. 当时候，时间是(3)It is/was被强调部分that/who.第2讲冠词和介词考点1不定冠词不定冠词用于表示泛指，一般修饰单数可数名词，有a和an两种形式。当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素
135、是元音音素(不是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。1. 不定冠词的基本用法(1)用作可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.人们普遍认为男孩子必须学会像男人那样站起来战斗。(2)用在专有名词前表示“某一个”，相当于a certain。Excuse me, would you please give the iPad to John?打扰一下，请你把这个iPad给约翰好吗？Sorry, but I dont think theres a
136、 John in our class.对不起，但是我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的。(3)用在“beofa/an名词”结构中，表示“同一，相同”时，相当于“of the same名词”。The two plants look different, but they are of a kind (of the same kind)这两种植物看上去不同，但属于同一类。2. 不定冠词的活用(1)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。First impressions are the most lasting. After all，you never get a second chance to make a
137、 first impression.最初的印象最持久。毕竟， 你不可能有机会给别人再留下一个第一印象。(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的具体化的抽象名词：success, failure, surprise, pleasure, beauty, pity, danger, comfort, honour等。Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在艰苦的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understa
138、nding等后面加of. 时， 前面需用不定冠词a/an。have a (good) knowledge of. “精通”； have a (clear/good) understanding of. “了解”。If you dont have a good knowledge of English，its out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently!如果你不精通英语，那么何谈灵活而流利地运用它呢！3. 用于固定搭配中all of a sudden突然地as a matter of fact事实上be/go on a
139、diet节食 pay a visit to参观；拜访make a fool of 愚弄 in a hurry匆忙地make a living谋生 a waste of. 浪费once in a while偶尔 keep an eye on 留意；留神give sb. a lift让某人搭便车at a loss不知所措；困惑have a gift for在方面有天赋have a word with与谈话in a way从某种意义上说as a result/consequence 因此考点2定冠词1. 定冠词的基本用法(1)指双方都知道的人或物，或特指的人或物的名词前。I just heard t
140、he bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了。(2)用于某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人。Were not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.我们并不是说每个人都需要为穷人贡献自己的一切。(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最高级以及形容词only, very, same前，以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。As is known to all, the Peo
141、ples Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world. 众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。This book is the better one of the two.这本书是这两者中较好的那一本。a与most连用，位于形容词前时，most是表示程度的副词，意为“非常”；the与most连用，位于形容词或副词前时，most是最高级的标志，意为“最的”。(4)用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前、乐器前、世纪年代前。例如：the sun; in the 21st century。(5)“the姓氏复数
142、”表示“一家人”。The Smiths are coming to dinner.史密斯一家要来赴宴。(6)用于“bythe表示计量单位的名词(day/hour/dozen等)”结构中， 表示“按计算”。但size, weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore, that is, by the kilogram.他惊奇地发现在这家书店的书是按重量来卖，也就是说是按公斤来卖的。(7)用于“动词(hit, strike, pull, take等)sb.
143、介词the表示身体部位的名词”结构中， 其中的the不可用物主代词代替。hit sb. on the head 打某人的头pull/take sb. by the hand拉/抓住某人的手strike sb. in the face打某人的脸2. 用于固定搭配中at the moment 此刻，目前 by the way顺便说一下in the way 阻碍；挡路in the distance在远处not in the least 一点也不 on the contrary与此相反the other day 几天之前 on the other hand另一方面to the point中肯； 切题
144、take the place of 代替go to the cinema/theatre去看电影/戏剧in the habit of有的习惯make the most/best of 充分利用to tell (you) the truth(跟你)说实话for the time being 暂时考点3零冠词1. 零冠词的基本用法(1)用于不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前。Human life is regarded as part of nature and，therefore, the only way for us to survive is t
145、o live in harmony with nature.人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，因此我们生存的唯一方式就是要与自然和谐相处。The Smiths dont usually like staying at hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.史密斯夫妇通常不喜欢住旅馆，但去年夏天他们在海边的一个很舒适的旅馆住了几天。(2)名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any 等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词作定语时不用冠词。Each
146、 student must hand in his/her exercise book by the end of this week.每个学生必须在本周末交作业本。(3)表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补语时， 其前通常用零冠词。Dr Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得斯彭斯博士告诉我们说，“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”(4)用于表示无特指意义的季节、月份
147、、日期、星期和三餐的名词以及球类、棋类和学科名词前。Of all the subjects, I like history best because it gives us a useful knowledge of things in the past.在所有科目中，我最喜欢历史，因为我们可以从中了解过去许多有益的知识。(5)表示泛指的复数名词前。Bricks can be used to build houses.砖块可以用来建房子。2. 用于固定搭配中on/catch fire着火 by mistake错误地by chance/accident碰巧 in history在历史上under
148、 repair在维修中 hand in hand 手拉手do harm to对有害 on purpose故意地in place在正确位置 in danger在危险中in return作为回报 at present 目前ahead of time 提前 in advance 提前lose heart 灰心 out of control失控at dawn/dusk/night在黎明/黄昏/夜晚make room for为让出空间3. 有无冠词意义不同的搭配考点4常考介词的用法1. 表示时间的介词介词用法at表示时间的点、时刻等。at 6：00 oclock在6点钟； at daybreak在黎明
149、on表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间或具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上(常有前置定语或后置定语修饰)。on Monday afternoon在周一下午； on a rainy morning在一个雨天的上午in表示在某段较长的时间内。in the 20th century在 20世纪； in winter在冬季； in September在9月； in the morning在上午since时间点自从以来for时间段长达during在期间until/till直到by 到为止；不迟于；表示增减的量in/after时间段在之后。“in时间段”常与将来时连用；“after时间段”常与过去时连用befor
150、e 在之前over 在期间；直到结束Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.简很着急，因为去机场的火车半小时后出发。In Britain，its not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast.在英国，早餐时间开商务会议并不稀奇。(1)当时间名词前有this, that, last, next, every, each等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。(2)“on/upon名词或动名词”结构可以表示“一就”。2. 表示方位的介词介
151、词用法at后常接相对较小的地方in后常接相对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内on表示“在上”。(反义词beneath)across表示“从的表面穿过；在对面”through表示“从的内部穿过”over表示“从的上面跨过”。(反义词under)above指离开物体表面而在其上方，但并不一定是垂直向上。还可指数目、数量、水平、年龄等“超过，多于，大于”。(反义词below)The dog jumped over some bushes and saw the little stream.狗跳过几丛灌木看到了小溪。The sunlight came in through the windows in
152、 the roof and lit up the whole room.阳光透过天窗，照亮了整个房间。3. 表示方式的介词表示使用的工具、手段、材料时，with, by, in, on都意为“用”。with多指用具体的工具、身体的某部位或器官；by侧重指使用某种方法、手段或乘坐某种交通工具；in指使用某种语言、笔墨等；on 多用于固定词组中。by train乘火车； on the radio通过收音机； on TV通过电视； with a pencil用铅笔4. 表示“除之外”的介词(短语)介词(短语)用法besides意为“除之外(还有)”，相当于in addition to except意
153、为“除之外(别无)”，可接名词、代词、介词短语和从句but 意为“除之外”( except)apart from既可相当于besides或in addition to，也可相当于except forother than意为“除之外(别无)”Apart from good service，the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.除了优质的服务外，这个饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。(1)but常用于nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, al
154、l 之后。接不定式时，如果前有实义动词do，则不定式中的to省略。(2)besides还可作副词，意为“另外，而且”，在句中常作插入语。5. 表示原因的介词(短语)for，because of，due to，thanks to，owing to，on account of, as a result ofThe openair celebration has been put off because of the bad weather.因为天气不好，这次户外庆祝会被推迟了。Owing to the bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple
155、 of hours.由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。上述表示原因的短语都可作状语，due to还可作表语。thanks to 表示“多亏，幸亏”，多位于句首。6. 其他常考的介词介词用法against违背，反对；倚靠；以为背景，衬托beyond(范围、限度)超出，为所不能及by程度或增减的幅度；按计despite尽管for(表示目的)为了；(表示对象或用途)给；因为；从来看；赞成，支持with和在一起；和，跟；具有，带有；(表示伴随)随着within(范围、程度)在内without没有off(表示位置)在的外面；(表示方向)偏离；从离开She drove so fast at the tu
156、rn that the car almost went off the road.她在转弯处开得如此快，以至于车差点偏离公路。Any driver found drinking beyond the limit will be charged.任何司机如被发现饮酒超限都会被指控。考点5常考介词短语及搭配高考中的语法填空将更加注重对介词短语及搭配的考查，介词与名词、形容词与介词、动词与介词形式的搭配是高考考查的难点。常考介词短语及固定搭配：1. 与名词的搭配at a time每次，一次at a loss 困惑，不知所措at first sight乍一看 at table在吃饭by mistake
157、错误地 by the way顺便说in charge主管，看管 in return作为回报in turn依次，转而 in shape健康状况良好in trouble 处于困境中 on purpose故意地on holiday在度假 in time及时，迟早on time准时 on average 平均in place of代替 in addition to 除了by hand 手工 on the contrary相反地on account of 由于 on behalf of 代表approach to 的方法 visit to 到的访问for the sake of为了 by means o
158、f 借助reason for 的原因 (a) lack of 的缺乏2. 与动词的搭配answer for 对负责apply for申请call at 拜访(地点) refer to 谈到；涉及；查阅result from 由于 suffer from遭受approve of赞成 complain of 抱怨consist of 由组成 dream of 梦到think of 想起；考虑到 call on 拜访(某人)depend/rely on 依靠 result in/lead to导致belong to 属于 date from/back to 追溯到protect. from 保护不受
159、伤害succeed in 在方面成功keep/prevent/stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事3. 与形容词的搭配 be aware of 意识到 be proud of 以为荣be tired of厌倦 be angry with 对生气be eager for 渴望 be absent from 缺席be ashamed of对感到羞耻be sure of 对有信心；确信be familiar with 熟悉be familiar to 为所熟悉be patient with 对有耐心be pleased/satisfied with 对满意be popul
160、ar with 受欢迎be strict with 对严格be addicted to 对上瘾；沉溺于be available to 对可用；可供使用be beneficial to 对有益处be devoted to 致力于，献身于be similar to 与相似be confident in 对有信心be anxious about/for 忧虑，担心be crazy about 热衷；着迷be curious about 对好奇be particular about 挑剔be suitable for/to适合于4. 其他搭配far from 远非once in a while 偶尔a
161、fter all 毕竟，终究 in spite of 尽管；虽然up to 达到；由决定ahead of (时间，空间)在前面；领先板块四至关重要的句式并列句、三大从句和特殊句式第1讲定语从句考点1关系代词引导的定语从句1. 关系代词的基本用法关系代词先行词在从句中的作用who人主语、宾语whom人宾语which物主语、宾语that人或物主语、宾语、表语whose人或物定语as人或物主语、宾语、表语(2020山东卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection o
162、f the British Museum which/that opened in 1759.例如，汉斯斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。(2020天津卷)Dr. Rowan, whose secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。2. that和which的用法区别只用that的情况先行词是all, few, little, much，something, anything, nothing等不定代词时先行词被the onl
163、y, the very，the same, all等修饰时先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时先行词既有人又有物时只用which的情况引导非限制性定语从句时关系代词指物，且前有介词时The Reader attracts so many audiences，which means that it becomes more and more popular in China.读者杂志吸引了那么多的读者，这意味着它在中国越来越受欢迎。3. as和which的区别asas引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句前、中、后，as常译为“正如，正像”。从句的谓语动词多为see, know,
164、 expect, say, mention, report等whichwhich引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子时，只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系“You cant judge a book by its cover，” as the old saying goes.正如老话说的那样：“人不可貌相”。as用在限制性定语从句中时，先行词必须有such, so, as或the same等修饰，且as在从句中作宾语时不能省略。考点2关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词先行词在从句中的作用when时间名词时间状语where地点名词或抽象名词
165、(situation, point, activity，case, stage等)地点状语whythe reason原因状语We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, when the weather may be better.我们将把在公园的野餐推迟到下周，届时天气可能会更好。Do you know the reason why he didnt attend the meeting yesterday?你知道他昨天没有参加会议的原因吗？考点3“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句1. “介词关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只
166、能用which或whom，且不能省略。Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon/on which school education depends.一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。September 30 is the day by which you must pay your bill.在9月30日之前你必须缴付账单。2. “名词/不定代词/数词/形容词比较级或最高级ofwhich/whom”引导的定语从句，表示部分与整体的关系。Scientists have advanced many theories
167、about why human beings cry tears, none of which has been proved.科学家们提出了很多关于人类为什么哭泣时流泪的理论，这些理论尚未得到证实。Many young people，most of whom were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中的大部分都受过良好的教育。3. 在非限制性定语从句中，whose修饰物时可以换为“the名词of which”；修饰人时，可以换为“the名词of whom”
168、。The newlybuilt caf， the walls of which (whose walls) are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.这家新建成的咖啡馆，墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。第2讲并列句和状语从句考点1并列连词1. 表示并列、递进或顺承关系的并列连词：and, both. and., neither. nor., not only. but also., as well asNot only can
169、 a beautiful smile make ourselves happy, but also it enables others to feel delighted.一个灿烂的笑容不仅能使我们自己高兴，而且能使他人感到愉快。2. 表示转折的并列连词：but, yet；表示对比关系的并列连词：whileI was never very neat，while my roommate Kate was extremely organised.我从来不是一个很爱整洁的人，而我的室友凯特却极有条理。but不与although/though连用，但yet, still可与although/thoug
170、h连用。3. 表示选择关系的并列连词：or, either. or., not. but. They gave money to the old peoples home either personally or through their companies.他们给养老院送钱，有的是以个人的名义，有的则是以公司的名义。4. 表示因果关系的并列连词：so, for (表示“由于”，一般不放在句首)He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.由于他的视力下降，他发现读书越来越
171、困难了。5. when可用作并列连词，意为“这时，那时”，相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式：(1)be about to do sth. when. “正要做某事，这时突然”(2)be on the point of doing sth. when. “正要做某事，这时突然”(3)be doing sth. when. “正在做某事，这时突然”(4)had done sth. when. “刚做完某事，这时突然”I was driving down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong r
172、oad.我正开车去伦敦，这时突然发现自己走错了路。She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to practise playing the piano yesterday.昨天她刚完成家庭作业，她妈妈就让她练习弹钢琴。考点2状语从句一、时间状语从句1. when, while和as引导的时间状语从句when从句谓语动词为延续性动词或非延续性动词。从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生while从句的谓语动词为延续性动词。从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生as从句谓语动词一般为延续性动词。从句的动作与主句的动
173、作同时发生或交替进行，可译为“一边，一边；随着”As it gets warmer and warmer, the trees begin to come to life.随着天气变得越来越暖和，树木开始恢复生机。2. 表示“一就”的连词引导的时间状语从句(1)as soon as, the moment, the minute, the instant, immediately, directlyThe moment my aunt gained her diploma after four years of hard work, she was filled with joy.我阿姨苦读四
174、年之后获得了文凭，那一刻她欣喜万分。(2)在hardly. when., no sooner. than. 结构中，主句用过去完成时，than或when所在的从句用一般过去时。I had hardly got to the office when my wife phoned me to go back home at once.我刚到办公室，妻子就打电话让我立刻回家。3. before, since引导的时间状语从句(1)before表示“在之前；还未就；还没有来得及就”。常用句式：It will be/was一段时间before. 过了时间才；It wont be/wasnt一段时间bef
175、ore. 没过多久就。We need to get to the root of the problem before we can solve it.在我们解决问题之前，我们需要找到问题的根源。If you miss this chance, it may be years before you get another one.如果你错过了这次机会，可能需要很多年你才能再获得一次。(2)since意为“自从以来”，常用句式：It is/ has been一段时间since从句(常用过去时)。since从句的时态若是一般过去时，主句的时态常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。As is report
176、ed, it is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.正如所报道的，清华大学自建立以来已有一百多年了。4. till/until引导的时间状语从句till/until用于肯定句表示“直到为止”，其主句谓语动词必须为延续性动词；not. until/till. 表示“直到才”，not所在的主句的谓语动词必须为非延续性动词。until可用于句首，而till不能。If you dont understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people
177、until you figure it out.如果你遇到不懂的东西，可以搜索、研究以及和其他人交谈，直到你把它弄明白。She didnt start the lesson until the pupils settled down.等学生们安静下来后，她才开始上课。5. every time，each time, next time, the first time，by the time等引导的时间状语从句By the time he arrived at the station, the train had left.当他到达车站时，火车已经开走了。二、让步状语从句1. although,
178、 though, as和while引导的让步状语从句(1)though引导的从句可用倒装语序，也可不倒装；although引导的从句不倒装；as引导的从句必须用倒装语序。Although these measures are not effective forever，they are vital for now.虽然这些措施并不能永远有效，但它们目前是至关重要的。Hot as/though the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.夜晚的空气虽然很热，但因为长途旅行之后
179、很累，我们睡得很沉。(2)though可用作副词，意为“然而”，表示转折，置于句末或句中。(3)while引导让步状语从句，只能置于句首。While some people are motivated by a need for success, others are motivated by a fear of failure.尽管有些人被成功的渴望所激励，但也有一些人却被失败的恐惧所激发。(4)as, though引导让步状语从句时采用倒装的两种特殊情况如果是名词单数或形容词的最高级作表语，不再用冠词。Youngest as/though he is in our class, he sp
180、eaks English best.他虽然是我们班年龄最小的，但他英语说得最好。行为动词前置时，从句主语后面要用may, might, can, could, will, would等情态动词，若没有情态动词，则需加上一个do(does或did)。若前置的行为动词是及物动词，则其宾语也随其后一并提前。Search as they would here and there, they could find nothing in the room.尽管到处寻找，但他们在房间里找不到任何东西。2. even if与even though 引导的让步状语从句even if/even though引导让
181、步状语从句时，表示语气更强的让步，意为“即使，即便”。Tim is in good shape physically even though/even if he doesnt get much exercise.蒂姆尽管不怎么锻炼，但体形很好。3. “疑问词ever”引导的让步状语从句where(what，who，whom，when，which，how)ever表示“无论”，引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter where(what，who，whom，when，which, how)。It is generally considered unwise to give a child
182、whatever he or she wants.总的来说，孩子想要什么就给什么是不明智的。However/No matter how hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat.不管你多么努力，如果不减少饭量，减肥很难。4. whether. or. 引导的让步状语从句whether. or. 意为“无论还是”，提供两种对比情况。All people, whether they are old or young, rich or poor, have been try
183、ing their best to help those in need since the disaster.所有人，无论年老还是年轻，富裕还是贫穷，都一直在尽他们所能帮助灾后需要帮助的人们。三、其他状语从句从句类型连词条件状语从句if, unless(if. not), so/as long as(只要), on condition that, in case (万一)，suppose/supposing, provided/providing原因状语从句because, for, as, since, now that，considering that (考虑到，鉴于)目的状语从句so
184、that, in order that, in case (以防)；for fear that (以免)结果状语从句so that, so. that., such. that. 地点状语从句where, wherever方式状语从句as (正如，正像), as if/as though (好像)比较状语从句than, as. as., not as/so. as. You wont find paper cutting difficult as long as you keep practising it.只要你不断练习，你就不会觉得剪纸很难。Just as a single word ca
185、n change the meaning of a sentence, a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.正如单个单词可以改变一句话的意思那样，单个句子也能改变一段文字的意思。He had his camera ready in case he saw something that would make a good picture.他准备好了照相机，以防看到一些能够拍成好照片的东西。as if/as though引导的方式状语从句与事实相反时，从句通常用虚拟语气：与现在的情况相反时，用过去时；与过去情况相反时，用过
186、去完成时；与将来情况相反时，用would/could/might动词原形。第3讲名词性从句考点1主语从句1. 主语从句的引导词引导词作用连接词that, whether, if只起连接作用，不在从句中作成分连接代词what, who, whom，which, whichever，whatever, whoever在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语连接副词when, where，how, why在从句中作状语Your support is important to our work. Whatever you can do helps.你的支持对我们的工作很重要。你能做的任何事情都会对我们有所帮助
187、。Where Professor Han was born is known to the public.韩教授出生的地方人人皆知。(1)that引导主语从句时一般不省略。(2)当主语从句位于句首时，常用whether引导，而不用if。2. 形式主语it作形式主语的常见句型：(1)Itbe形容词(necessary/likely/important/certain等)that从句(2)Itbe名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/no wonder等)that从句(3)Itbe过去分词(said/told/reported等)that从句(4)It不及物动词(seem, appear,
188、happen, matter等)that从句It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about，although about two thousand patients have taken it.尽管大约两千名患者已经服用了这种药，但是它会带来什么样的副作用还不清楚。It doesnt matter whether you pay by cash or credit card in this store.在这个商店里你用现金支付还是信用卡支付都没有关系。当it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末时，用if或whether引导均
189、可，但如果被后置的主语从句中引导词后接or not时，只能用whether。考点2宾语从句1. 宾语从句的引导词引导词作用连接词that, whether, if只起连接作用，不在从句中作成分连接代词what, who, whom，which, whichever，whatever, whoever在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语连接副词when, where, how, why在从句中作状语(2020浙江卷)Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on what could be hunted orgathered from th
190、e wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.在几千年的时间里，他们开始减少对野外狩猎猎物的依赖，而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。(1)that引导宾语从句时，常被省去，但下列情况下不能省略：动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可省略，其余的不可省略；宾语从句前有插入语时；that引导的从句位于句首时。(2)一般情况下介词后只能用wh类连接词引导宾语从句。介词后的宾语从句，连接词表示“是否”时，只能用whether，不能用if。2. 形式宾语宾语一般放在及物动词或介词之后，但
191、是，在下列情况下，须用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语(常为不定式/从句)后置。(1)动词find/feel/think/consider/makeit宾补(形容词或名词)不定式/从句(2)动词hate/like/dislike/appreciate/enjoyit从句(3)短语动词see to/depend on/rely onit从句(4)固定搭配take it for granted that/owe it to sb. that从句No matter where he is, he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.无论他
192、在哪里，他都定了一个规矩早餐前散步。I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.当你不在的时候，我负责把他照顾好。3. 宾语从句的时态一般情况下，宾语从句须与主句的时态保持一致，即主句是一般现在时，从句可根据具体情况选用合适的时态；主句为过去的某种时态，从句须用相应的过去的某种时态。当从句的内容为真理或客观事实时，须用一般现在时。考点3表语从句1. 表语从句的引导词引导词作用连接词that, whether只起连接作用，不在从句中作成分连接代词what, who, whom, which，whichev
193、er, whatever，whoever在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语连接副词when, where, how, why在从句中作状语The most important result for the user is that the product does what is intended.对用户来说最重要的是产品达到了预期的效果。This is where we usually think its easier to just give up.这就是我们通常认为更容易放弃的地方。if不能引导表语从句；that引导表语从句时不能省略。2. as if/as though引导表语从句as
194、if/as though意为“好像，仿佛”，引导的表语从句常跟在系动词(如seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel, smell等)之后。若表语从句所述的是非真实的情况，从句用虚拟语气；若所述的是事实或是极可能发生的情况，从句用陈述语气。The thick smog covered the whole city. It was as if a great black blanket had been thrown over it.厚重的烟雾覆盖着整个城市，好像把一个厚厚的黑色的毯子扔到了它的上面。3. 其他常考的表语从句(1)This/That/It is
195、why表语从句(表示结果)“这/那就是的原因”(2)This/That/It is because表语从句(表示原因)“这/那是因为”(3)The reason why. is that表语从句“的原因是” 考点4同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，位于该名词之后，用以说明该名词的具体内容。常见的引导同位语从句的名词：advice, conclusion, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, promise, question, suggestion, thought, truth, wish, word等。引导同位语从句的引导词：that, whether
196、, how, where, when, why等。The fact that you are wrong cant be changed by you or me.你错了这个事实，是你我不能改变的。that引导同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that引导定语从句时，that既起引导词的作用，又在从句中充当句子成分；如果在从句中作宾语，that还可以省略，所修饰的名词指物时可用which替换。引导同位语从句时，that在从句中不充当任何句子成分，不能省略。考点5重点辨析1. that和what的区别that引导名词性从句时，在主从句中不充当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在
197、主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what可以分解成定语从句中的“先行词关系代词”，即常说的“先行词that/which/who”。Its a shame that he has made such a mistake.真遗憾，他犯了这样一个错误。I will do what I can (do) to help him.我将尽我所能帮助他。2. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别判断是定语从句还是同位语从句可以用“加词”的方法，即在名词和从句之间加入一个be动词，如果句子意思成立，则是同位语从句，否则，则是定语从句。试比较：The notice that the meeting had to be p
198、ut off was true. (同位语从句)The notice was that the meeting had to be put off.The notice that he read just now was true. (定语从句)3. whether与if引导的名词性从句(1)whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句末，但if引导的主语从句只能放在句末，且前面需用it作形式主语。Whether it is true remains a question.这是否是真的依然是个问题。It is unknown if he will attend the meeting.他
199、是否会来参加会议还不清楚。(2)whether与if引导宾语从句时，大多数情况下可以互换，后面直接跟or not时用whether，用于介词后引导宾语从句时也用whether。We dont know whether or not she was ready.我们不知道她是否准备好了。Im interested in whether youve finished the work.我对你是否完成了这项工作感兴趣。(3)whether可引导表语从句和同位语从句，而if则不可以。The question is whether it is worth doing.问题是它是否值得去做。The que
200、stion whether the work was worth doing has not been decided.这项工作是否值得去做的问题还没有确定。第4讲特殊句式考点1倒装句1. 完全倒装表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语here, there, now, then, up, down, away, off, in, out, in the room, on the wall等置于句首，且主语为名词时。At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River lies Chongqing, one of the
201、ten largest cities in China.在长江和嘉陵江的交汇处，坐落着中国十大城市之一的重庆。2. 部分倒装(1)否定副词(never, neither, nor, hardly, little, seldom, rarely等)或表示否定意义的介词短语(at no time, by no means, on no condition, in no case等)置于句首时。Hardly had he arrived when it began to snow.他刚到，天就下起雪来。(2)only修饰介词短语、副词或状语从句，且置于句首时。(3)so/neither助动词/be动
202、词/情态动词主语，意为“也是如此/也不”。(4)在not only. but (also). 结构中，若not only置于句首时，需将not only所在的句子部分倒装。(5)not until. 置于句首时，主句需部分倒装。(6)so. that. 和such. that. 结构中，so或such及其所修饰的成分置于句首时，主句需部分倒装。Not until recently did they encourage the development of touristrelated activities in the rural areas.直到近期，他们才鼓励在农村地区开展与旅游业有关的活
203、动。Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours did they reach a decision.他们讨论了那个问题几个小时之后才做出决定。考点2强调句1. 陈述句：It is/was. that/who. (强调人时可用that或who，强调物时只用that)一般疑问句：Is/Wasit. that/who. ?特殊疑问句：疑问词is/wasitthat. ?I wonder what it is that makes you so addicted to the mobile phone.我想知道是什么让你对手机如
204、此着迷。2. “not. until. ”的强调句：It is/was not until. that. (注意时态)It was not until I came here that I realised this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.直到我来到这儿，我才知道这个地方出名不仅因为它的美，还因为它的天气。强调谓语动词，用do/does/did动词原形。该结构只用于肯定句，并且只有一般现在时和一般过去时。He did come to see you last Sunday, but you w
205、ere out.他上周日的确来看过你，但是你出去了。考点3其他常考特殊句式一、省略句1. 状语从句的省略当时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it且从句中含be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词，构成下列结构：连词形容词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式。Children, when accompanied by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.当他们有父母陪伴的时候，孩子是可以进入体育馆的。2. 不定式的省略(1)在上下文中，为了避免重复，可以省去不定式中和前面句子中相同的动词(短语)
206、，只保留不定式符号to。常用在expect, hope, intend, mean, try, want, wish等词后。Firstly, people may feel forced when asked to do things that they dont want to.首先，当人们被要求去做他们不想做的事情时他们会感到是被迫的。(2)but用作介词，意为“除之外”时，前面有实义动词do，后接不定式时，要省略to；但前面没有实义动词do时，后接的不定式不省略 to。If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but to meet
207、 an even greater challenge.如果他接受了这份工作，除了迎接更大的挑战之外他别无选择。3. if省略结构if so如果这样的话if necessary如果有必要的话if not如果不是这样的话 if possible如果可能的话if ever如果曾经有的话 if any如果有的话二、感叹句1. what引导的感叹句(1)Whata/an(adj.)单数可数名词主语谓语！(2)What(adj.)不可数名词/复数名词主语谓语！What a strange plant(How strange a plant)! Ive never seen it before.这种植物真奇
208、怪！我以前从未见过。The shocking news made me realise what terrible problems we would face.这个惊人的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。2. how引导的感叹句(1)Howadj./adv. 主语谓语！(2)Howadj.a/an单数可数名词主语谓语！(3)How主语谓语！How time flies!时光飞逝！三、祈使句祈使句常用来表达命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告、劝告等。1. 祈使句的主语一般是第二人称you(常省略，也可不省)。祈使句的否定形式一般在动词原形前加dont，也可用副词never构成。祈使句的强调形式
209、可以在句首加do。Do your homework before you watch TV.看电视之前要先做你的家庭作业。Alice, you feed the bird today, will you?艾丽丝，今天你喂鸟，可以吗？2. 祈使句表示假设的情况。(1)祈使句and/or简单句(2)名词词组(多含有more, another)and简单句Call me tomorrow and Ill let you know the lab result.明天给我打电话，我会让你知道实验结果的。Start out right away, or well miss the first train.
210、立刻出发，否则的话，我们将要错过首班火车。四、there be句型1. there be 句型中的be可以有不同的时态，可以和助动词或情态动词连用，并且be有时可用 live, remain, stand, lie, exist, seem to be, appear to be, happen to be, used to be等替换。There have been many great changes in our country since then.自从那时起我国发生了很多巨大的变化。Once upon a time there lived an old fisherman in a
211、village by the sea.从前在海边的一个村庄里住着一位老渔夫。2. there be句型的常考句型：There is no point/sense (in) doing sth. 做某事没有意义。There is no doubt that. 毫无疑问There is no need (for sb. ) to do sth. (某人)没有必要做某事。There is (no) difficulty/trouble in doing/with sth. 做某事(没)有困难。There is (no) possibility of (doing) sth./that. (做)某事(没)有可能性。
