1、第22讲词义猜测题(2011湖南卷C篇)The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to provethat the African savanna elephant and the African forestelephant have been distinct species for several million years.The divergence of the two species took place around thetime of the divergence of Asian elephants and woollym
2、ammoths.This result amazed all the scientists.67.The underlined word“divergence”in paragraph 4means“_”.A.evolutionB.exhibitionC.separationD.examination思路点拨：C 文中divergence of the two species指代前文the African Savanna elephant and the African forestelephant have been distinct species,divergence与distinct同
3、义替换，对应选项C。猜词是英语阅读的重要技巧，也是高考中常考的题型。考生要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索(各种已知信息)确定词义。要求猜测词义的词一般为实词(动词、名词、形容词等)。就方法来说，主要根据上下文线索和构词法。高考阅读文章中更侧重前者。通过定义、定语从句/词组或同位语从句/词组等来确定词义。1.直接定义：如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。如：In slangthe term jam constitutes a state of being in which a personfinds himself or herse
4、lf in a difficult situation.根据上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。定义句的谓语动词多为：be,mean,deal with,be considered,to be,refer to,be called,be known as,define,represent等。根据定义猜测词义2.同位语：构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or,similarly,that is tosay,in other words,namely,or other,say,ie.等副词或短语出现。3.定
5、语从句：定语从句有时起着解释和说明的作用，据此我们可以推断出所修饰词的含义。如：Theherdsman,_who looks after sheep,earns about 650 yuan ayear.定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧羊人”。(2010年四川师大附中高三模拟题)You should never put a cotton swab or other object intothe ear canal.But you can use a swab or cloth to clean theouter part of the e
6、ar.The experts agree with the old sayingthat you should never put anything smaller than your elbowin your ear.()What does a“swab”mostly probably mean?A.something soft,small and used in clinicsB.something hard,long and used at homeC.something thin,wet and like an elbowD.something safe,big and like a
7、toy【答案及解析】A 根据But you can use a swab orcloth to clean the outer part of the ear.可判断or后面的名词cloth与swab是同位关系，据此可以判断swab是一种用来清洗耳朵等部位的棉制或布制的医药用品，即“棉签”。1.根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有时对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词来猜测其词义。英语中表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。如：Andr
8、ew is one of the most supercilious men I know.His brother,in contrast,is quite humble and modest.该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的，相对比的)提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。根据逻辑关系猜测词义 2.根据类比关系猜测词义表示类比关系的词和短语主要有similarly,like,jus
9、t as,also,as well等。如：Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarlyloquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间为类比关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。3.根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。如：Tom isconsidered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisionswithout see
10、king the opinions of others.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。4.根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。如：Although he often hadthe opportunity,Mr.Tritt was never able to steal moneyfrom a customer.This would have endangered his positionat the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his f
11、uture.作者为避免重复使用 endanger一词用其同义词jeopardize 来 替 代 它，由 此 推 知 jeopardize 词 义 为“使陷入危险，危及、危害”。1.我们可以根据上下文与生词密切相关的句子，对生词进行合情合理同时合乎上下文语境的推测。我们也可以根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳，猜测生 词 的 词 义。例 如：You can take any of theperiodicals:_The World of English,Foreign LanguageTeaching in Schools,or English Learning.根据下文举出的英语杂志名称可知
12、，periodicals是“期刊”之意。根据上下文及生活常识猜测词义2.有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snake slithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither的词义为“爬行”。(2010年湖南省六校联考)But sometimes I just feel loath to talk to these people.Sometimes,I just want to be alone,quietly,without beingforced to listen t
13、o their gossip or other useless words.()The underlined word“loath”in this paragraph hasthe closest meaning to _.A.unwillingB.eagerC.pleasedD.hurt【答案及解析】A 根据后面的语境“我宁愿安静地独处，不愿意去听这些闲言碎语”，可见作者“不愿意”与这些人说话。故loath是“不愿意”之意。英语单词的构成方法主要有三种，即复合法、派生法和转化法。英语单词大多是由词根、词头(前缀)、词尾(后缀)所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前头或后
14、头加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头、词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易地猜测所构成的新词的含义了。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：根据构词法来猜测词义super(超),inter(在之间),able(能的),mini(极少的，微型的)，micro(极微小的),re(再，反复),sub(分支的，底下),co(共同),post(后),pre(前),trans(超越；转换),under(在之下；低于；不足),hood(状态；性质；时期),ish(如的；有点儿的);proof(防的；不能穿透的),scope(景),ship(身份；资格；权力；性质),some(易于
15、的),wards(向),mis(误；恶),un(不；非),in(不；非),im(不；非),dis(不),non(不；非)，less(不；无),anti(反；防),sino(中国)。如：He fellinto a ditch and lay there,semiconscious,_for a few minutes.根 据 词 根 conscious(清 醒 的，有 意 识 的)，结 合 前 缀semi(半，部分的，不完全的),我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。(2010年广东华南师大附中高三综合测试)Sharks are among the few anima
16、ls in the world that almostnever get cancer and eye cataracts.Understanding why canhelp us improve human health.Chemicals extracted fromshark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratoryanimals,a research that someday could help prolong yourlife.()The underlined word“prolong”in the paragraphmeans _.A.saveB.protectC.lengthenD.improve【答案及解析】C 可根据构词法来判断词义。prolong 是个派生词，前缀pro是“支持，亲”之意，long是“长”之意，故可判断prolong是“延长(寿命)”的意思。代词that/it/they/them所指代的内容多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句)，或者前几个句子中，找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看看这句话是否合理，与前面的内容是否一致，然后再判断它是否为正确答案。判断代词的确指对象