1、2016年高考英语语法专题剖析 1.名词 怎么考 1.主要考查考生结合语境区分词义的能力；2.名词的一词多义与熟词生义；3.语篇填空及短文改错中，主要涉及名词的单复数、名词的固定搭配、主谓一致等。怎么学 在记忆单词时，一定要结合语境体会其意义。掌握名词的熟词新义重在多阅读、多积累。怎么解 理解上下语境，明析考查目的，然后确定答案。.体验考向 用所给词的适当名词形式填空。1.(2015江苏卷)Some schools will have to make _(adjust)in agreement with thenational soccer reform.2.(2015江苏卷)Go and s
2、ay sorry to your Mom，Dave.Id like to，but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _(apologize).3.(2015 浙 江 卷)One of the most effective ways to reduce_(stressful)is to talk about feelings with someone youtrust.4.(2015湖北卷)When he was running after his brother，the boylost his _(balanced)and had a bad fall.5
3、.(2015安徽卷)There is no need to tell me your answer now.Giveit some _(think)and then let me know.答案 1.adjustments 句意：为了与国家足球改革相一致，一些学校将做出调整。固定表达make adjustments 做出调整。2.apology/apologies 句意：去和你的妈妈说对不起，Dave。我想，但我怕妈妈不会接受我的道歉。作介词with的宾语和my的修饰语要用名词形式。3.stress 句意：减少压力最有效的方法之一是与信任的人谈谈你的感受。作动词reduce的宾语要用名词形式，
4、stress压力，紧张，为不可数名词。4.balance 句意：追赶哥哥时，小男孩失去了平衡，重重摔了一跤。作动词lose的宾语要用名词形式。lose his balance失去平衡。5.thought 句意：现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。思考一下，然后让我知道。some后应跟名词，thought想法。.语境感悟 根据提示，完成下列短文，然后朗读或背诵，在语境中体会名词的用法。Two _1_(月)ago，I had dinner at _2_(Mr.White)with two _3_(主编)and three _4_(英雄).During the dinner，White talked a l
5、ot about his _5_(experience)in America，where he ran a _6_(magazine)store with his _7_(22岁的)son and they met with many difficulties.He gained his _8_(wealth)by printingworks of famous writers.After the dinner，he made five _9_(tea)for us.In my view，I thought Mr.White focused too much on success becaus
6、e he didnt want to be a _10_(fail).答案 1.months 名词的复数。2.Mr.Whites 名词后加s表示住所或营业场所。3.editors-in-chief 复合名词的复数形式的变化以核心名词为主。4.heroes hero，tomato，potato，negro以o结尾的名词复数加es。5.experiences experience表“经验”时是不可数名词；而表“经历”时，是可数名词。6.magazine 名词作定语，表示类别。7.22-year-old 复合名词作形容词时，核心名词无复数。8.wealth 抽象名词无复数形式。9.teas 物质名词
7、转换为普通名词有复数形式。10.failure 抽象名词具体化表“失败的人”。.正反探究 1.【误】There is fierce competition between the three shoes shops in the street.【正】There is fierce competition between the three shoe shops in the street.解析 此处指商店的性质，用名词的单数形式作定语。2.【误】He works in a child hospital.【正】He works in a childrens hospital 解析 有些名词作定语
8、表示名词的适用范围时，习惯上用名词复数的s 所有格形式。如：a childrens magazine(a magazine for children)；mens clothes(clothes for men)。3.【误】The manager has gota good business idea，so thecompany is doing well.【正】The manager has got a good business sense，so thecompany is doing well.解析 idea 指对某件具体事物的看法或想法，显然不符合语境。Sense意识，感。4.【误】By
9、 all means，you must try every mean to help him.【正】By all means，you must try every means to help him.解析 means 是一个单复数同形的名词。换句话说，在表示“方式，方法”时，不存在 mean 这一形式(mean 主要用作动词，表示“意思是”；也可用作名词，表示“中间，中庸”)。means 用作主语时，其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。.考点确认 一、可数名词的数 1.可数名词单数变复数的规则变化 可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式词尾后加-s或-es，规则的复数构成形式如下：变化规则例词一般情况下在
10、词尾直接加-stabletablesparkparks以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的名词在词尾加-esbusbuses boxboxeswishwisheswatchwatches以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词将-y变为-i再加-esfamilyfamiliesbutterflybutterfliesdictionarydictionaries以元音字母加-y结尾的名词在词尾直接加-sdaydaysholidayholidaysmonkeymonkeys以-o结尾的名词一般在词尾加-sphotophotosradioradios有些在词尾加-espotatopotatoestomatotoma
11、toes以-f或-fe结尾的名词一般变-f或-fe为-v，再加-esknifekniveswifewiveslifelivesleafleaves少数直接加-sroofroofsbeliefbeliefs2.有些名词复数形式不是以加s或es构成，它们的不规则构成形式如下：变化规则例词变内部元音manmen womanwomenfootfeet mousemicegoosegeese toothteeth词尾加-enoxoxen childchildren单复数同形fish，sheep，deer，means(方式；方法)，series，Chinese，Swiss二、名词词形变化 名词后缀意义例词
12、-age抽象名词后缀，表示行为、状态、结果或总称useusage用途shortshortage缺乏marrymarriage婚姻packpackage包裹-ance，-ence抽象名词后缀，表示性质、状态、行为、过程acceptacceptance接受performperformance表演existexistence存在occuroccurrence发生differdifference不同-ancy，-ency抽象名词后缀，表示性质和状态expectexpectancy期待tendtendency趋势，趋向emergentemergency紧急情况fluentfluency流利；流畅-dom
13、表示状况或状态freefreedom自由wisewisdom智慧-er，-or表示“人，者”receivereceiver接受者，听筒carrycarrier携带者beginbeginner初学者directdirector主任operateoperator操作者-ian构成人称名词，表示“精通的人”techniquetechnician技术员-ication由动词变化而来的抽象名词，常义为“化”classifyclassification分类communicatecommunication交流-ics表示“学科”economiceconomics经济学physicphysics物理学-ion
14、,-ation,-ition由动词构成的名词，表示行为的过程、结果、状况，意为“行为；状态”produceproduction生产solutesolution解决方法organizeorganization组织；机构constructconstruction建设describedescription描述directdirection方向hesitatehesitation犹豫competecompetition竞争-ist构成人称名词，表示“从事研究者；信仰主义者”specialspecialist专家pianopianist钢琴家socialsocialist社会主义者-ity/ty抽象名词
15、后缀，表示性质responsibleresponsibility责任similarsimilarity相似-ment抽象名词后缀，表示行为、状态、过程或结果advertiseadvertisement广告developdevelopment发展movemovement动作；活动achieveachievement成就equipequipment设备improveimprovement改善-ness加在形容词后构成抽象名词，表示状态、性质和程度awareawareness意识calmcalmness冷静thickthickness厚度effectiveeffectiveness有效usefulusefulness有用-ship抽象名词后缀，表示状态relationrelationship关系membermembership成员资格friendfriendship友谊-th由形容词构成名词，表示动作、性质和状态deaddeath死亡warmwarmth温暖widewidth宽度truetruth真相-ure抽象名词后缀，表示行为和结果failfailure失败exposeexposure暴露presspressure压力