1、2016年高考英语增分策略（一）阅读理解5.篇章结构 考试说明指出考生要学会把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法。英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯，逻辑严密。为突出主题，作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。1结构识辨：此类题要求考生能够识别文章、段落的组织结构或行文方式。常见的题干表述方式如下：How is the text organized?The
2、 author develops the passage mainly by_.The text is mainly developed in the order of_.Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?2组织结构功能：此类题要求考生判断文章或段落组织结构的功能和作用。其常见的题干表述方式如下：The author quoted.words in.paragraph in order to make the article_.The first paragraph serves as a(n)_The exam
3、ple of.is given to show/illustrate that _.3结构推测：此类题要求考生能够根据文章或段落的组织结构、行文方式或段落内容推测文章前后未呈现的写作内容。其常见的题干表述方式如下：What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?Which of the following do you think has been discussed in the part before this selection?1记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序(开端、发展
4、、高潮、结局)等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他，最后写高潮，这种叙事手法叫做倒叙。2议论文总体上可以分为四类：第一类，“提出论点分论点一分论点二分论点三结论”；第二类，“引入段导出论点分点论述结论”；第三类，“提出问题分析问题解决问题”；第四类，“提出反面观点批驳反面观点提出正面观点”。3说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。4了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构(总分；总分总；分总
5、)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)。1结构的推进不按同一线索2人为拆解同一意群的句子、段落3按次要线索分析文章脉络篇章结构与文章主旨相辅相成，为了抓住文章主旨，有必要弄清文章结构；同理，抓住了文章主旨，有利于文章结构的梳理。(1)The production of coffee beans is a huge，profitable business，but，unfortunately，full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of dama
6、ge.The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds，and even disturbs the worlds ecological balance.(2)On a local level，the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the areas birds and anima
7、ls.The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species(物种)that depend on the trees flowers and fruits.Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home.As a result，many species are quickly dying out.(3)On a more global level，the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee
8、fields also threatens(威胁)human life.Medical research often makes use of the forests plant and animal life，and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases.In addition，new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally，and eventually the
9、 worlds groundwater.(4)Both locally and globally，the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations(种 植 园)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology.The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the worlds climate，and studies show that the loss of oxygen-giving trees also
10、leads to air pollution and global warming.Moreover，the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的)soil conditions.(5)It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life，from the local environment to the global ecology.But consumers do have a choice.They can purcha
11、se shade-grown coffee whenever possible，although at a higher cost.The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.本文是一篇议论文。咖啡豆的新的种植技术带来了很大的利润，但与此同时也给我们带来了很多危害，影响我们生活的各个层面，因此我们要作出正确的选择。细节理解题。由文章第四段中的.the loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air
12、pollution and global warming.可知 B 项正确。由第四段第一句可知，是扩大了而不是限制了新种植技术的传播，故 A 项错误；它破坏了雨林生态系统，而不是减慢了这些树的丧失速度，故 C 项错误；由第四段最后一句可知，这种新的种植技术导致了酸性土壤状况而不是改进了土壤状况，故 D 项错误。B54What can we learn about full-sun coffee production from Paragraph 4?AIt limits the spread of new growing techniques.BIt leads to air pollutio
13、n and global warming.CIt slows down the loss of shade trees.DIt improves local soil conditions.55The purpose of the text is to _.AentertainBadvertiseCinstructDpersuade观点态度题。通读全文可知，本文向大家介绍咖啡豆的新的种植技术所带来的不良影响，旨在说服大家作出正确的选择，故选 D 项 persuade(说服)。entertain 娱乐，advertise 做广告，instruct 指导，均不合适。D56Where does th
14、is text probably come from?AAn agricultural magazine.BA medical journal.CAn engineering textbook.DA tourist guide.文章出处题。本文向大家介绍咖啡豆的新的种植技术所带来的不良影响，这属于农学的范畴，因此最有可能出自一本农学杂志，故选 A 项。B 项A medical journal(一本医学杂志)，C 项 An engineering textbook(一本工程教科书)，D 项 A tourist guide(一本旅行指南)，均不正确。A57Which of the followin
15、g shows the structure of the whole text?(P：Paragraph)A文章结构题。通读全文可知，文章第一段从整体上介绍咖啡豆的新的种植技术带来的危害，中间第二、三、四段详细介绍了具体的危害，最后一段介绍这种新的种植技术影响我们生活的各个层面，消费者要作出正确的选择。因此，整篇文章属于“总分总”结构，故选A项。(1)full-sun production of coffee beans(2)birds；animals；other species(3)human life(4)water locally and globally(5)the rainforest ecology(6)air pollution；global warming(7)acidic soil conditions(8)to purchase shade-grown coffee