1、江苏省沛县2015高考英语阅读理解一轮优练（1）及答案阅读理解 Chemicals used for industrial processes often create dangerous forms of waste. The amount of these chemicals has risen heavily in the past few years, as more areas of the world industrialize and new products are produced. Over 80,000 different chemicals are used in in
2、dustries world-wide. Around the world hundreds of millions of tons of harmful waste are produced each year. Often, it is difficult and expensive to get rid of these chemicals or to store them in a way that does not endanger human life and the environment.Every year, major health problems result from
3、 harmful waste. Sadly, it is often after someone has died or, become seriously ill that governments will take actions and reduce levels of dumped（倾倒的）harmful waste. In 1989, a school in New Jersey had to be closed because students there had suffered too much exposure（暴露）to chromium（铬）. It was later
4、learned that large amounts of chromium had been dumped nearby and blown over to the school area.Research has been done to provide information on the effects of every chemical. Because waste chemicals often mix together, it will also be necessary to learn how the combinations of these chemicals affec
5、t human health.Some governments have realized how serious the problem is and are making laws to get rid of harmful waste. They are also trying to limit the amount of waste industries are allowed to produce.Not only governments but the public as well must form part of the solution. They can choose no
6、t to buy those products which require the production of harmful waste, attempt to affect policymakers, and produce less harmful waste themselves. Many scientists think that waste production can be cut. The waste can be reduced by at least one-third using existing technologies and methods.1. What is
7、mainly discussed in the text?A. The effect of every chemical.B. Problems of harmful waste.C. Chemicals used for industrial processes.D. Events related to waste chemicals.答案解析：答案为B。本题为主旨大意题。文章先陈述工业生产过程中使用化学物产生的有害垃圾所导致的问题，并举例证明，最后探讨解决这一问题的方案。在第一段的首句 “Chemicals used for industrial processes often creat
8、e dangerous forms of waste.”和最后一句 “Often, it is difficult and expensive to get rid of these chemicals or to store them in a way that does not endanger human life and the environment.”都是在指出有害垃圾这一严峻的问题。故答案为B。2. From the text we know that .A. chromium can poison people when there is a wind B. chromium
9、pollution makes the local government close the school C. some governments dont realize how serious the problems are until people suffer a lot from harmful waste D. about two-thirds of the waste can pollute the environment 答案解析：答案为C。本题为细节推理题。从第二段的第三句话 “In 1989, a school in New Jersey had to be closed
10、 because students there had suffered too much exposure（暴露）to chromium（铬）.”可知，学校不得不被迫关闭是由于学生暴露在倾倒的垃圾铬之中，生命受到了威胁，故答案为C “ 直到人们饱受有害废弃垃圾的危害，政府才意识到问题的严重性。B选项只是文章的细节，属于表面现象；C选项真正概括了问题的本质，是通过细节推理出的总结性答案。故选C。从第二段的最后一句话 “It was later learned that large amounts of chromium had been dumped nearby and blown over
11、 to the school area.”可知，铬威胁着人的生命是由于 “dumped nearby and blown over” 即 “倾倒而被风吹拂”, 而不仅仅由于风，故A选项错误。D选项与文章最后一句话 “The waste can be reduced by at least one-third using existing technologies and methods.”不符。3. Which of the following least matches the solution the writer refers to?A. Chemicals used for indus
12、trial processes should be banned.B. People can make use of the existing technologies and methods to reduce the waste.C. Policymakers make laws to limit the production of harmful waste.D. People choose not to buy products which may produce harmful waste.答案解析：答案为A。本题考查作者的观点态度。解答此题需看清题意 “哪个选项与作者提到的解决方案
13、最不匹配?” 从文章的最后一段最后一句话 “The waste can be reduced by at least one-third using existing technologies and methods.” 可知，B选项正确；从最后一段 “They can choose not to buy those products which require the production of harmful waste, attempt to affect policymakers, and produce less harmful waste themselves.” 可知，作者的态度
14、是号召政府与公众不买生产有害垃圾的产品；政策制定者可以生产较少的有害垃圾，而非禁止工业生产过程中使用化学物品。故C、D是正确的，A选项与作者的态度最不匹配。4. The writer of the text thinks that .A. governments should have forbidden the production of waste chemicals B. mixed waste chemicals can always be stored without endangering people C. industries must not produce waste ch
15、emicals which harm people so much D. everyone can do something to help solve the problem of waste chemicals 答案解析：答案为D。本题考查作者的观点态度。结合上题分析，作者认为应该限制和减少有害化学物的生产，而不是A选项的禁止，也不是C选项的不允许生产，故A、C不正确；B选项在文章中未提及， always 一词也使得该选项太绝对，故不选。只有D选项才是作者的观点：人人都可以帮助解决有害化学物的问题。故答案为D。Passage Thirty-three (Importance of a Co
16、mputer) As citizens of advanced but vulnerable economies, we must either relentlessly increase the quality of our skills or see our standard of living erode. For the future, competition between nations will be increasingly based on technological skill. Oil and natural resources will still be importa
17、nt, but they no longer will determine a nations economic strength. This will now be a matter of the way people organize them selves and the nature and quality of their work. Japan and the “new Japans “of East Asia are demonstrating this point in ways that are becoming painfully obvious to the older
18、industrial countries. There is simply no way to rest on our past achievements. Todays competition renders obsolete huge chunks of what we know and what forces us to innovate. For each individual. Several careers will be customary, and continuing education and retraining will be inescapable. To attai
19、n this extraordinary level of education, government, business, schools, and even individuals will turn to technology for the answer. In industry, processing the information and designing the changes necessary to keep up with the market has meant the growing use of computers. The schools are now foll
20、owing close behind. Already some colleges in the United States are requiting a computer for each student. It is estimated that 500,000 computers are already in use in American high schools and elementary schools. Although there is an abysmal lack of educational software, the number of computers in s
21、chools expands rapidly. The computer is the Proteus of machines, as it takes on a thousand forms and serves a thousand functions. But its truly revolutionary character can be seen in its interactive potential. With advanced computers, learning can be individualized and self-paced. Teachers can becom
22、e more productive and the entire learning environment enriched. It is striking how much current teaching is a product of pencil and paper technology. With the computers capacity for simulation and diverse kinds of feedback, all sorts of new possibilities open up for the redesign of curriculums. Seym
23、our Papert, the inventor of the computer language LOGO, believes that concepts in physics and advanced mathematics can be taught in the early grades with the use of computers. On every-day level, word-processing significantly improves the capacity for written expression. In terms of drill and practi
24、ce, self-paced computer-assisted instruction enables the student to advance rapidlywithout being limited by the conflicting needs of the entire class. In short, once we learn to use this new brain outside the brain, education will never be the same.Industry, faced with the pressures of a rapidly shi
25、fting market, is already designing new methods to retrain its workers, In the United States, a technological university has been set up to teach engineering courses by satellite. And the advances in telecommunications and computational power will dramatically expand the opportunities for national an
26、d international efforts in education and training.Without romanticizing the machine, it is clear that computers uniquely change the potential for equipping todays citizens for unprecedented tasks of the future. Particularly in Europe and the United States, innovation will be the basis for continued
27、prosperity. New competitors are emerging to challenge the old economic arrangements. How successfully we respond will depend on how much we invest in people and how wisely we employ the learning tools of the new technology.1. What is the decisive factor in future competition between nations?A. Oil.
28、. Technological skill.C. Natural resources D Education2. The main idea of this passage is A. Knowledge of a Computer. . Importance of a Computer.C. Function of Knowledge. C. Function of Technology.3. Why does further study become indispensable?A. People want to so more jobs. People want to attain th
29、is extraordinary level of education.C. People would not rest on the past achievements.D. What we know becomes obsolete.4. The word “Proteus” is closest in meaning to A. flexibility. . diversity. C. variety. D. multiplicity.Vocabulary1. relentlessly 始终不懈的2. obsolete 过时的，大量的，绝大部分的3. chunk 大块，大量的，绝大部分4
30、. abysmal 无底的，极端的5. Proteus 希腊神话中海神，能随意变化。这里指flexible, 灵活多变6. take on 显现，显示7. LOGO=logotyre 标识语，作为标志的语言8. rapidly shifting 瞬息万变的9. romanticizing 使浪漫化，使幻想化难句译注1. With the computers capacity for simulation and diverse kinds of feedback, all sorts of new possibilities open up for the redesign of curric
31、ulums.参考译文 由于计算机能进行模拟和提供各种反馈，它就为从新设计学校的课程开辟了各种新的可能性。2. In terms of drill and practice, self-paced computer-assisted instruction enables the student to advance rapidlywithout being limited by the conflicting needs of the entire class.结构简析 句子结构为主谓宾补，前后各用一个介词（短语），前in term of , 后without参考译文 就练习和实践来讲，借助自
32、行规定速度的计算机辅助的指令使学生突飞猛进而不受全班互相矛盾的需要所限制。3. Without romanticizing the machine, it is clear that computers uniquely change the potential for equipping todays citizens for unprecedented tasks of the future.结构简析 逻辑主语句。句前有一状语成分，without +分词+名词的句型。参考译文 不必用浪漫主义的手法来形容计算机，我们可清楚看到，它是独一无二的改变今天公民的潜力，使他们能承担未来的史无前例的任
33、务。写作方法与文章大意文章论述了“计算机的重要性”，采用一般到具体写作手法。一开始就提出：作为经济上先进而又脆弱的公民，必须始终不懈地提高技术素质，否则生活水平就会下降。因为未来国际竞争取决于技术，一切部门必须迎合这一要求。具体到工业和学校必须使用计算机。重点在学校，因为它是培训新人才的基地。所以三，四，五，七段涉及计算机在学校的种种功能。最后的结论：人才和计算机是决定性因素。答案祥解1. B. 工艺技术。这在第一段就讲到“在未来，国与国之间的竞争越来越以工艺技术为基础。尽管石油和其他自然资源仍很重要，但它们不会再对一个国家的经济实力起决定性的作用。”A. 石油。 C. 自然资源，这两项不是决
34、定性因素。 D. 教育。文内教育作为改革的一个方面，其重点是在学校内应用计算机，来改变教学质量，达到革新人才的目的。并不是直接参与竞争。可参看第2题的答案及译注。2. B. 计算机的重要性。整篇文章都显示了这一点。第三段“工业上，信息处理和制定必要的改革计划以适应市场需要意味着越来越多使用计算机。学校紧跟工业之后”第四段“计算机是一种变化多端，神通广大的机器，因为它显示千种图象，发挥千种功能。而它的真正的革命性可在其相互作用的潜能中看出。有了先进的计算机，学习可以个别进行，速度自行规定。教师变得更有成效。”第五段“由于利用计算机，在学校低年级就能教授物理学和高等数学概念。”最后一段画龙点睛地指
35、出：“计算机独一无二地改变着那种今天公民能担当未来空前任务的潜能新的竞争对手正在崛起，自由的经济布局提出挑战。我们如何才能顺利的应战，取决于我们对人的投资的多寡，取决于我们怎么聪慧地应用新技术的学习工具。”所以A. 计算机知识。 C. 知识的功能。 D. 技术功能，这三项只是计算机重要性中涉及到的一个方面，不能作为中心思想。3. D. 因为我们知道的一切变得陈旧。第二段头几句话“我们决不能吃老本，当今的竞争使我们的大部分知识变得陈旧，非加以革新不可。对每个人来说，他们将惯常从事某几种职业，并且非继续学习进修和从新接受训练不可。”都说明进修学习的原因。A. 人们要做更多工作。文内没有提到。 B.
36、 人们要到达非同一般的教育水平。这是目的，不是原因。 C. 人们不能吃老本。这话并没有完全讲清楚全部原因。4. A. 灵活多变。 Proteus 一词，原义是指希腊神话中变幻无常的海神，普罗狄斯，他可以随心所欲边成各种形状。这里指灵活多变。Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.
37、 Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. 【2013嘉定区】AWork your brain!Between 2 and 3 pounds of wonder, it controls everything we say, do or think, who we are and what we care about, the way we walk or laugh or figure out things, what we like
38、and the talents we possess, how we see and talk and run and jump and process our food.The brain uses 20 percent of our bodys oxygen and 20 percent of its blood. Somewhere within its protein, fat, 100,000 miles of blood vessels and 100 billion nerve cells, it helps us remember where we put our gym sh
39、oes. Change our temperature so we dont die because of the heat or cold. Speed us up or slow us down. Help us choose between orange juice or orangeflavored drinks.Its complexity are stunning, far beyond anything most of us can imagine. To keep this work of art as polished as possible we need to eat r
40、ight, exercise and keep mentally stimulated.Good nutrition helps brain cells communicate with each other. Exercise stimulates a hormone in our brain that improves memory. Mental stimulation keeps you sharp even as you age.“Its very important that we tell people to be physically active and mentally a
41、ctive,” said neurologist Malcolm Stewart.“People cannot stop aging, but youre able to reduce the damage; youre able to keep the function up.”Following are Dr.Stewarts advice for improving brain health：l NutritionAvoid fast food. Follow the old adage(格言): For breakfast, eat like a king; for lunch, li
42、ke a queen; for supper, like a beggar.l ExerciseDo a combination of stretching aerobic and musclestrengthening every day.l Mental gamesTry to have a sense of hope about the future. Do puzzles. Listen to music. Reach out to others to make their lives better.65. The purpose of the author in writing th
43、is passage is to _.A. inform us how the brain works B. give us advice on how to keep the brain healthy C. tell us that the brain plays an important role in our lives D. show how special the brain is to us 66. The word “stunning” in Paragraph 5 means _.A. interesting B. strange C. significant D. amaz
44、ing 67. According to the text，more exercise _.A. keeps our mind sharp B. helps improve our memory C. gives our brain a rest D. is good for brain cells communicating with each other 68. In order to keep brain healthy，we should avoid _.A. eating a good lunch B. doing puzzles C. eating a large supper D. taking aerobic exercise 【参考答案】65-68 BDBC