1、一、请将下面这段话翻译成英文：中国的四大发明包括指南针、火药、造纸术和印刷术，它们是中国在人类文明史上占有重要地位的标志之一。第一个指南针产生于战国时期(the Warring States Period)，是利用天然磁石(natural magnet)来辨别方向的一种简单仪器。火药发明于隋唐时期，主要应用于军事领域，造纸术于东汉年间由蔡伦改进，使纸成为人们普遍使用的书写材料。印刷术，又称活字印刷术，大大促进了文化的传播。四大发明对世界经济的发展和人类文化的进步做出了巨大的贡献。【参考翻译】Four great inventions of China include the compass,
2、gun powder, the paper-making technique and the printing technique. They are one of the marks that China occupies an important position in the history of human civilization.The first compass was invented during the Warring States Period. It was a simple device employing natural magnets to identify di
3、rections. Gunpowder was invented in Sui and Tang Dynasties and was mainly used in military areas. The paper-making technique was developed by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty, making paper a commonly used writing material. The Printing technique, also called movable type printing, promoted the spr
4、ead of culture significantly. Thefour great inventions of China made tremendous contribution to the development of the worlds economy and the progress of the culture of mankind.二、翻译：四大发明六级练习题（2019年12月卷四）中国以引进新的方式方法来改变人类的生活而著称。在古代中国的诸多发明中,有四项发明不仅对中国的发展改变做出了重大贡献,而且也对世界的经济文化发展做出了重大贡献。古代中国的四大发明是造纸术、印刷术、
5、火药和指南针。中国的四大发明为全人类的经济和文化发展贡献极大,也是中国作为世界文明古国的重要象征。【参考译文】China is well known for its introduction of ways and means to help ease the life of mankind. Among the inventions of Ancient China, four emerged as great contributions to the developments and changes not only to the country, but also to the worl
6、ds economy and culture. The Great Four Inventions of ancient China were papermaking, commercial printing, gunpowder, and the compass. Chinas four great ancient inventions made tremendous contributions to the worlds economy and the culture of mankind. They were also important symbols of Chinas role a
7、s a great world civilization.（2019年12月卷二） 闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6,000多公里,得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路,中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样,中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器（porcelain）也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的, 欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物,满足中国市场的需求。【参考译文1】The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of roads conne
8、cting the East and the West. It is more than 6,000 kilometers, getting its name from ancient Chinas silk trade. The trade on the Silk Road played an important role in the civilization anddevelopment of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East, for it was through the Silk Road that the four grea
9、t inventions of ancient China - papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing - were spread around the world. And Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world as well. The exchanges of material culture are mutual: Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to mee
10、t the needs of the Chinese market.【参考译文2】The Silk Road, known all over the world, is a series of routes whichconnects the East and the West. Expanding over 6,000 kilometres long, the Silk Road was named after the ancient Chinese silk trade. The Silk Road trade played an important part in China, Sout
11、h Asia, Europe and Middle East. It was through the Silk Road that ancient Chinas four greatest inventions, papermaking, gunpowder, the compass and printing,spread all over the world. Equally, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread across the world through the Silk Road. The exchanges of materia
12、l civilizations are interrelated, andEurope exported all kinds of goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market.附：Four great inventions of ancient China中国古代四大发明 The Four Great Inventions (simplified Chinese: 四大发明; traditional Chinese: 四大發明) are inventions from ancien
13、t China that are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical significance and as symbols of ancient Chinas advanced science and technology.四大发明（the Four Great Inventions of ancient China）具有很重要的历史意义（historical significance），是古代中国先进的科学技术（advanced science and technology）的象征。The Four Great Invent
14、ions are:CompassGunpowderPapermakingPrintingThese four discoveries had a large impact on the development of civilization throughout the world. However, some modern Chinese scholars have opined that other Chinese inventions were perhaps more sophisticated and had a greater impact on Chinese civilizat
15、ion the Four Great Inventions serve merely to highlight the technological interaction between East and West.罗盘 ，指南针 compass A lodestone compass was used in China during the Han Dynasty between the 2nd century BCE and 1st century CE, where it was called the south-governor (snn 司南). It was not used fo
16、r navigation, but rather for geomancy and fortune-telling. The earliest reference to a magnetic device used for navigation is in a Song Dynasty book dated to 1040-1044, where there is a description of an iron south-pointing fish floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself to the south. The device i
17、s recommended as a means of orientation in the obscurity of the night. The first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of 1088.For most of Chinese history, the compass that remained in use was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water. According
18、to Needham, the Chinese in the Song Dynasty and continuing Yuan Dynasty did make use of a dry compass, although this type never became as widely used in China as the wet compass.The dry compass used in China was a dry suspension compass, a wooden frame crafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside do
19、wn by a board, with the lodestone sealed in by wax, and if rotated, the needle at the tail would always point in the northern cardinal direction. Although the 14th-century European compass-card in box frame and dry pivot needle was adopted in China after its use was taken by Japanese pirates in the
20、16th century (who had in turn learned of it from Europeans), the Chinese design of the suspended dry compass persisted in use well into the 18th century.During the Warring States period (475-221 BC), a device called a Si Nan became the forerunner of the compass. A Si Nan was a ladle-like magnet on a
21、 plate with the handle of the ladle pointing to the south. Great progress was made in compass-making in the Song Dynasty(9601279 AD), when it greatly stimulated the development of the shipping industry. Later, the Arabians and Persians learned to make compasses from the ancient Chinese and introduce
22、d them to the European countries.早在战国时期（公元前475-221），一个名为司南的装置成了指南针的前身。司南是一个瓢状的磁体置于盘上，瓢的手柄指向南方。指南针的突破式改进出现在宋朝（公元960-1279），大大促进了当时航运业的发展。后来，阿拉伯人和波斯人从中国古人学得如何制作罗盘，并将其传至欧洲国家。compass 指南针，罗盘a device for finding direction which has a needle which can move easily and the needle always points to the north 指南
23、针是用来判别方向的装备，带有一个指针（needle），可以轻松地移动，指针一直指着北方。magnet mgnt n. 磁铁；电磁 磁体；磁石magnet ball 磁球magnetic mgntk adj. 地磁的；有磁性的；有吸引力的magnetic field 磁场magnetic voice 磁性的嗓音magnetism mgntzm n. 磁性，磁力；磁学；吸引力火药 gunpowder Gunpowder was invented by ancient Chinese alchemists during the process of alchemy in the Sui and th
24、e Tang dynasties (581-907 AD), and it is a highly volatile explosive. The ancient fire arrow resembles the present rocket tube in shape, and was widely used in battles on water. It was introduced into the Arabian countries by the Mongolians and then to the European countries.隋唐时期（公元581-907），中国古代炼金术士
25、在炼金过程中，发明了火药，一种极不稳定易爆的物质。古时的火箭形似现在的火箭筒，曾在水战中广泛被使用。火药先经蒙古人被引入阿拉伯地区而后传入了欧洲。gunpowder 火药gun 枪powder 粉末firework 烟花firecracker 鞭炮cherry bomb 摔炮Roman candle firework 罗马蜡烛烟花造纸术 PapermakingPapermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial cou
26、rt during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. However, a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from Gansu of paper with Chinese characters on it dating to 8 BC.While paper used for w
27、rapping and padding was used in China since the 2nd century BC, paper used as a writing medium only became widespread by the 3rd century. By the 6th century in China, sheets of paper were beginning to be used for toilet paper as well. During the Tang Dynasty (618907) paper was folded and sewn into s
28、quare bags to preserve the flavor of tea. The Song Dynasty (9601279) that followed was the first government to issue paper currency.China was the first nation to invent paper. Inspired by the process of silk reeling, the people in ancient China succeeded in making its first kind of paper using silk.
29、 But it was not until Cai Luns (61-121) improved papermaking method in the Eastern Han Dynasty that paper was widely used throughout ancient China. Papermaking was a great event in the history of human civilization, and it was introduced into European countries 1,000 years later.中国是最早制造纸的国度。在缫丝过程中，中
30、国古人受到启发，以丝绸为材料成功生产了第一种纸。但直到东汉时期，蔡伦（61-121）改进了造纸术，纸张的使用才在全国范围内普及。造纸术无疑是人类历史上伟大的成就，它在出现了1000年之后才被传入欧洲。印刷术 printing Although a rubbing technique and a block printing technique successively emerged in the Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty, it was still time-consuming to print a book. Bi Sheng（970-
31、1051）first invented type printing in the Song Dynasty, greatly promoting the development of the printing technique, for which he was praised as the father of typography.尽管早在汉代和西晋时期，已经出现了拓印和雕版印刷技术，但当时印刷一本书仍是极为耗时的。北宋年间的毕昇（公元970-1051）首创了活字印刷，极大促进了印刷术的发展。他因此也被誉为印刷术之父。paper 纸张papermaking 造纸paper feed 送纸；
32、进纸ribbon cable 带状电缆paper roller 卷纸轮paper exit 出纸printhead 印字头stabilizer bar 平衡杆stable stebl adj. 稳定的；牢固的；坚定的3D printing technology 3D打印技术printer 打印机Notes:1.substantial sbstn()ladj. 大量的2.enormously nmsladv. 巨大地；3.civilization svlazen n. 文明4.dynasty dnst n. 王朝，朝代5.arrow r n. 箭，箭头；箭状物6.alchemist lkmst
33、n. 炼金术士pass kmps n. 指南针，罗盘8.typography tapgrf n. 排印； 活版印刷术invention nven()n n. 发明，创造 originate rdnet v. 发源于，来自impact mpkt n. 影响，作用 symbol smb()l n. 象征，标志significance sgnfk()ns n. 意义，重要性enormous nms adj. 巨大的，极大的celebrated selbretd adj. 著名的，有名的 compass kmps n. 指南针，罗盘gunpowder gnpad n. 火药；有烟火药printing prnt n. 印刷；印刷术papermaking pep,mek n. 造纸术
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