1、一、介绍中国传统乐器古筝假如你是李华，你的英国笔友Peter对中国传统乐器很感兴趣，写信请你向他介绍一款中国传统乐器，请按以下提示给Peter写一封回信，介绍中国传统乐器古筝。1、古筝是最古老的中国传统乐器之一，有2500多年历史；2、古筝是拨弦乐器，早期有5根弦，发展至今有21-25根弦；3、古筝音色圆润清亮，音域宽广，有“东方钢琴”的美称；4、随信附寄一张古筝乐曲光盘。注意：1、词数100左右；2、可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3、开头语和结束语已给出，不计入总词数。参考词汇：the Chinese Zither 古筝；plucked instruments拨弦乐器；string琴弦；s
2、onorous圆润低沉的；the Chinese piano东方钢琴【参考范文】Dear Peter,I have gladly received your letter telling me that youre interested in traditional Chinese musical instruments. Now, Id like to tell you something about the Chinese Zither, one of the most ancient Chinese musical instrumentswith a long history ofove
3、r 2500 years.The Chinese Zither is a plucked instrument and is played with both hands. In the early times it had 5 strings and has developed into 21 to 25 strings up to now.The Chinese Zitherhas a wide rangeand sonorous sound. As its playing appears and sounds like playing the piano, the Chinese Zit
4、her is sometimes called “the Chinese piano”.Enclosed with the letter isa CD of masterpieces of the Chinese Zither. I hope youll enjoy it.Best wishes!Yours,LiHua中国民族器乐的历史悠久，种类繁多。如，高亢悠扬的竹笛，轻快灵动的古筝，圆润浑厚的二胡这些凝聚了我们中华民族智慧的艺术如何被更多的人熟知、传承、发扬是我们所要思考的。二、中国乐器之琵琶 Chinese traditional instrument Pipa琵琶，是东亚传统弹拨乐器，
5、已经有二千多年的历史。最早被称为“琵琶”的乐器大约在中国秦朝出现。“琵琶”二字中的“珏”意为“二玉相碰，发出悦耳碰击声”，表示这是一种以弹碰琴弦的方式发声的乐器。“比”指“琴弦等列”。“巴”指这种乐器总是附着在演奏者身上，和琴瑟不接触人体相异。在唐朝以前，琵琶也是汉语里对所有鲁特琴族（又称琉特属）弹拨乐器的总称。中国琵琶更传到东亚其他地区，发展成现时的日本琵琶、朝鲜琵琶和越南琵琶。The pipa (pronounced pee-paa) is a four-stringed lute, one of the oldest Chinese musical instruments with ov
6、er 2019 years of history. The term pipa consists of two Chinese characters symbolizing two playing techniques (known as Tan and Tiao today) while their pronunciations pi and pa are imitations of the sounds produced accordingly. The latter fact is however not often mentioned in the literatures about
7、pipa.最早见于史载的是汉代刘熙释名释乐器：“批把本出于胡中，马上所鼓也。推手前曰批，引手却曰把，象其鼓时，因以为名也。”意即批把是骑在马上弹奏的乐器，向前弹出称做批，向后挑进称做把；根据它演奏的特点而命名为“批把”。在古代，敲、击、弹、奏都称为鼓。当时的游牧人骑在马上好弹琵琶，因此为“马上所鼓也”。The historical development of the pipa has been a progressive process from its very beginning with few major fusions. The earliest Chinese written t
8、exts about the pipa dated back at least to the second century BC. For instance, Xi Liu of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD) described in his book, The Definition of Terms - On Musical Instruments, that the name of the instrument pipa originally referred to two finger techniques. The two Chinese ch
9、aracters pi and pa stood originally for the two movements, i.e. plucking the strings forwards and backwards, respectively. It is commonly known now that the term pipa used ot be the generic name for all pluck-string instruments of the ancient times. For instance, in the Qin Dynasty (222-207 BC), the
10、re had been a kind of plucked-instrument, known as xiantao, with a straight neck and a round sound-body played horizontally, which is considered one of the predecessors of the pipa.阿拉伯的乌特琴到了公元五、六世纪随着中国与西域民族商业和文化交流的加强, 从中亚地区传入一种曲项琵琶, 当时称作 胡琵琶。 其形状为曲颈, 梨形音箱, 有四柱四弦，很像目前在阿拉伯国家常见的乌特琴(Oud 或 Ud)或古波斯的巴尔巴特琴（
11、Barbat）。横抱琵琶用拨子演奏。 现代的琵琶就是由这种曲项琵琶演变发展而来的。In the preface to his verse Ode to Pipa, Xuan Fu of the Jin Dynasty (265-420 AD) wrote: .the pipa appeared in the late Qin period. When the people suffered from being forced to build the Great Wall, they played the instrument to express their resentment. By t
12、he Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD), the instrument developed into its form of four strings and twelve frets, plucked with fingernails and known as pipa or qin-pipa 1. In the Western Jin Dynasty (256-316), the qin-pipa was named after the famous scholar, one of the seven sages of the Bamboo Forest, Rua
13、n Xian, who was a great master on this instrument. (Note that Ji Kong, grand master of the seven stringed zither qin, was among the seven sages who were friends and often met for music and wine). The instrument has been to this day called the ruan whereas the name pipa specifically referred to a new
14、 version in the same family of instruments.Musicians in a scene from paradise,Yulin Cave25, Tang DynastyASui Dynasty(581618)terracottapipa-player in asuit of armor隋朝时候的弹琵琶的兵马俑到了唐代（公元7-9世纪）琵琶的发展出现了一个高峰。当时上至宫廷乐队, 下至民间演唱都少不了琵琶, 随成为当时非常盛行的乐器, 而且在乐队处于领奏地位。这种盛况在我国古代诗词中有大量的记载。例如唐代诗人白居易在他的著名诗篇琵琶行中非常形象地对琵琶演奏
15、及其音响效果这样的描述:“大弦嘈嘈如急雨，小弦切切如私语。嘈嘈切切错杂弹，大珠小珠落玉盘。唐代后期琵琶从演奏技法到制作构造上都得到了很大的发展。在演奏技法上最突出的改革是由横抱演奏变为竖抱演奏， 由手指直接演奏取代了用拨子演奏。琵琶构造方面最明显的改变是由四个音位增至十六个（即四相十二品）。同时它的颈部加宽，下部共鸣箱由宽变窄， 便于左手按下部音位。由于以上这俩项改革，琵琶演奏技法得到了空前的发展。据统计琵琶的指法共有五六十种。归纳起来，右手指法分两个系统： 一、轮指系统，二、弹挑系统。左手指法也分两个系统：一、按指系统， 二、推拉系统。The name pp is made up of tw
16、o Chinese syllables, p (琵) and p (琶). These, according to the Han Dynasty text by Liu Xi, refer to the way the instrument is played - p is to strike outward with the right hand, and p is to pluck inward towards the palm of the hand. The strings were played using a large plectrum in the Tang Dynasty,
17、 a technique still used now for the Japanese biwa. The plectrum was then gradually replaced by the fingernails of the right hand, although finger-playing techniques existed as early as Tang. The most basic technique, tantiao (彈挑), involves just the index finger and thumb (tan is striking with the in
18、dex finger, tiao with the thumb). The fingers normally strike the strings of pipa in the opposite direction to the way a guitar is usually played, i.e. the fingers and thumb flick outward, unlike the guitar where the fingers and thumb normally pluck inward towards the palm of the hand. Plucking in t
19、he opposite direction to tan and tiao are called mo (抹) and gou (勾) respectively. When two strings are plucked at the same time with the index finger and thumb (i.e. the finger and thumb separate in one action), it is called fen (分), the reverse motion is called zhi (摭). A rapid strum with four fing
20、ers is called sao (掃), and rapid strumming in the reverse direction is called fu (拂). A distinctive sound of pipa is the tremolo produced by the lunzhi (輪指) technique which involves all the fingers and thumb of the right hand. It is however possible to produce the tremolo with just one or more finge
21、rs.其中现今的日本琵琶（biwa）至今沿袭的是唐代琵琶的大拨子演奏技法。下图为日本琵琶和拨子。The left hand techniques are important for the expressiveness of pipa music. Left-hand techniques that produce vibrato, portamento, glissando, pizzicato, harmonics or artificial harmonics found in violin or guitar are also be found in pipa. String-bend
22、ing for example may be used to produce a glissando or portamento. Note however that the frets on all Chinese lutes are high so that the fingers and strings never touch the fingerboard in between the frets, this is different from many Western fretted instruments and allows for dramatic vibrato and ot
23、her pitch changing effects to be produced by downward pressure to stretch the string, as with the Indian sitar, rather than a sideways action to bend the string, as on a guitar.琵琶的左手技术是很重要的。左手技术产生的振音，滑音，滑音，在小提琴和吉他上可以做到的拨奏，泛音和人工泛音也能被琵琶使用。中国乐器的琴弦和品相之间的距离普遍比西洋乐器高，造成学习困难的同时，可以产生更多的技巧，比如推拉弦，手指可以在弦下方穿越，这在
24、吉他和小提琴上是做不到的。但因为琴弦永远也无法接触到指板，中国乐器就无法产生西洋乐器的戏剧化的颤音和滑音，比如印度西塔琴可以做大范围的横向滑音。Scene from a Ming Dynasty painting, Tao Gu Presents a Poem, c. 1515, byTang Yin.明朝唐伯虎画的画中出现了琵琶Pipa (Chinese lute), wood, ivory, bone and silk, Ming dynasty (1368-1644)明朝的琵琶，超级豪华直至公元十五世纪左右，琵琶已拥有一批以十面埋伏和 霸王卸甲为代表的武曲以及以月儿高思春和昭君怨等为代表
25、的文曲。所谓武曲，其特点是以写实和运用右手技法为主； 所谓文曲，其特点是以抒情和运用左手技法为主。这些乐曲已经成为中华民族音乐的瑰宝、琵琶艺术的珍品。琵琶传统上是五声音阶。 到了民国时期，已开始按照十二平均律增加琴码，目前标准的琵琶已有八相三十品，琵琶表现力和适应力大大加强，不仅可以演奏传统乐曲，而且可以演奏西洋和现代作品，并且有利于与交响乐队合作。 为后来的进一步发展创造了条件。到了公元二十世纪中后期，琵琶艺术又有了新的发展，在琵琶制作方面，原来用的丝质弦改成了尼龙钢丝弦，有的甚至采用银弦，加大了琵琶音量和共鸣。在技法上左手大拇指以及和弦的运用使琵琶的表现力再次大大提高。由此涌现出一大批融传
26、统音乐和现代作曲理论为一体的优秀的独奏作品， 而且还出现了与各种乐器的重奏以及与小乐队和交响乐队的琵琶协奏曲。 到了二十一世纪琵琶不仅在中国呈现出回复盛唐时期的景象，而且越来越受到世界各国音乐爱好者的关注。不少传统乐曲和当代作品受到中外听众喜爱。下图为世界闻名的琵琶名曲中英文名字。Traditional ChineseSimplified ChinesePinyinEnglish(translation)十面埋伏十面埋伏Sh Man MafAmbushed from Ten Sides夕陽簫鼓夕阳箫鼓Xyng Xao GFlute and Drum at Sunset陽春白雪阳春白雪Yngch
27、n BaxuWhite Snow in Spring Sunlight龍船龙船LngchunDragon Boat彝族舞曲彝族舞曲Yz WqDance of the Yi People大浪淘沙大浪淘沙Dlng To ShBig Waves Pushing the Sand昭君出塞昭君出塞Zhojn Ch SaZhaojun Outside the Frontier霸王卸甲霸王卸甲Bwng Xi JiThe Warlord Takes Off His Armour綠腰绿腰LyoGreen Waist春江花月夜春江花月夜Chnjing Hu YuyMoonlit River in Spring现代
28、的琵琶多半没有以前的琵琶那么漂亮，但功能比较完善，演奏音域宽广，可以挑战更高技巧和表现力。琵琶作为中国传统乐器中演奏难度最高的乐器，有着“民族乐器之王”的称号，学习它也必须趁早。附：中国古代十大乐器1、鼓在远古时期，鼓被尊奉为通天的，主要是作为祭祀的器具；在狩猎征战活动中，鼓都被广泛地应用。鼓作为乐器是从周代开始，周代有八音，鼓是群音的首领，古文献所谓“鼓琴瑟”，就是琴瑟开弹之前，先有鼓声作为引导。鼓的文化内涵博大而精深，雄壮的鼓声紧紧伴随着人类，远古的蛮荒一步步走向文明。2、笙笙 清笙，是源自中国的簧管乐器，是世界上最早使用自由簧的乐器，由笙苗中簧片发声，是能奏和声，吹气及吸气皆能发声，其音
29、色清晰透亮。在传统器乐和昆曲里，笙常常被用作其它管乐器如笛子、唢呐的伴奏，为旋律加上纯四度或纯五度和音。在现代国乐团，笙可以担当旋律或伴奏的作用。3、埙红油金漆龙埙 清中期埙在古代是用陶土烧制的一种吹奏乐器，圆形或椭圆形，有六孔。埙起源于汉族先民的劳动生产活动有关，最初可能是先民们模仿鸟兽叫声而制作，用以诱捕猎物。后随社会进步而演化为单纯的乐器，并逐渐增加音孔，发展成可以吹奏曲调的旋律乐器。4、琴“九霄环佩”琴 唐 伏羲式琴发明于伏羲时代。在古代，人的文化修养是用琴、棋、书、画四方面的才能表现的，弹琴为四大才能之首。琴和笛、箫等其他乐器一样，隔墙也能欣赏其乐声。它是为高贵宾客演奏用的高级乐器，
30、宾客在聆听琴曲时，必须正襟危坐，就如现代西方人欣赏古典音乐时不能随便离开座位那样。5、瑟瑟，汉族拨弦乐器。形状似琴，有25根弦，弦的粗细不同，每弦瑟有一柱，按五声音阶定弦。最早的瑟有五十弦，故又称“五十弦”。6、笛笛子，一种吹管乐器 。是迄今为止发现的最古老的汉族乐器，也是汉族乐器中最具代表性最有民族特色的吹奏乐器。7、箫箫，分为洞箫和琴箫，皆为单管、竖吹，是一种非常古老的汉族吹奏乐器。箫历史悠久，音色圆润轻柔，幽静典雅，适于独奏和重奏。它一般由竹子制成，吹孔在上端，有六孔箫和八孔箫之分。8、编钟编钟是中国古代汉族大型打击乐器，兴起于西周，盛于春秋战国直至秦汉。它用青铜铸成，由大小不同的扁圆钟
31、按照音调高低的次序排列起来，悬挂在一个巨大的钟架上，用丁字形的木锤和长形的棒分别敲打铜钟，能发出不同的乐音，因为每个钟的音调不同，按照音谱敲打，可以演奏出美妙的乐曲。9、二胡胡是中华民族乐器家族中主要的弓弦乐器(擦弦乐器)之一。唐朝便出现胡琴一词，当时将西方、北方各民族称为胡人，胡琴为西方、北方民族传入乐器的通称。至元朝之后，明清时期，胡琴成为擦弦乐器的通称。10、琵琶琵琶被称为“弹拨乐器之王”，属于拨弦类弦鸣乐器。木制，音箱呈半梨形，上装四弦，原先是用丝线，现多用钢丝、钢绳、尼龙制成，颈与面板上设用以确定音位的“相”和“品”。演奏时竖抱，左手按弦，右手五指弹奏，是可独奏、伴奏、重奏、合奏的重要民族乐器。
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