1、专题 36 阅读理解之文章结构关键词：阅读理解,文章结构,上下文推理,语境难度系数：推荐指数：【基础回顾】考点归纳：理解文章的基本结构英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句可能在一段的开头，也可能在中间或末 尾，作用是交代该段的中心思想，再由全段展开或讨论这个意思。各个段落通常由某些起连接作用的词语连接，以使文章行文连贯。如果希 望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住全 篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。基础必读：根据考纲要求（5）理解文章的基本结构可知，考查文章的基本结构是高考阅读测试的目标之一。从其考查内容而言，可
2、分为三种：考查考生对整个文章结构的组织能力；考查考生对后文内容的预测能力；考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的鉴赏能力。篇章结构主要的设题方式常有： （1）How is the passage organized?（2）Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage? （3）What will the author most probably talk about next?资*源%库 （4）The author develops the passage mainly by _.（5）The
3、first paragraph serves as a（n）_.（6）The example of is given to show/illustrate that_.【技能方法】篇章结构主要的解题策略常有：（1）了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构（总分；总分总；分总）、并列式结构（段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立）、对照式结构（结构形式上是一正一反）。（2）了解文章的论证方法。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类： Put forward a question Analyze the question Solve the question 即“
4、提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；Argument/idea Evidence conclusion/ restating the idea 即“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。（3）了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。 【基础达标】【黑龙江省双鸭山市第一中学2017届高三9月月考】 Th
5、e main reason people come to America is said to be that they can chase the American Dream. Everyone has heard of it, and many have died fighting for it. The only thing is that there is no clear definition of the American Dream. It is not defined by one dream, but by all the opportunities that the Un
6、ited States offers. Since the founding of the United States, people have been striving to define the American Dream.In the play Death of a Salesman, every character is trying to realize his own version of the American Dream. Willy feels that he has done so. He has spent his whole life as a not very
7、successful salesman. As he gets older, he starts having conflicts with everyone in his life, and feels that only by killing himself will the people around him be able to finally be happy.Bernard, on the other hand, feels that the American Dream can only be achieved through career success. He shows t
8、hat through hard work and dedication he will be crowned with success.The dialogue of the characters reveals the different attitudes they have toward the American Dream, and the reaction of Willy to the fact that Bernard is very successful while he is not.Many people try to achieve the American Dream
9、, but few actually do so. As with any goal, it takes hard work and dedication to achieve the American Dream. In Death of a Salesman, all aspects of this goal are examined. For the goal to be achieved, the dream must be an attainable one which is worth working toward. It also must be a dream that the
10、 professional world accepts and finds useful.1.The underlined word “striving” probably has the same meaning as “_”.WWW A. trying hard B. giving up C. bending down D standing still2.According to the text, Death of a Salesman tries to tell us _.A. what the American Dream is like B. why Willy decides t
11、o kill himself C. about Bernards dedication to his work? D. the life stories of Willy and Bernard3.According to the author, Bernard is successful because _.A. he understands the real world B. he knows how to take advantage of his knowledgeC. he works hard to achieve his goals D. he is popular around
12、 the world4.What would be the correct structure of the text?3.C推理判断题。根据第三段Bernard, feels that the American Dream can only be achieved through career success. He shows that through hard work and dedication he will be crowned with success.可知Bernard是按照自己理解的美国梦去努力的，故选C.4.B推理判断题。文章开头提出人们为之奋斗的美国梦是什么，提出问题；
13、然后用具体事例说明人们对美国梦的不同理解和做法；最后总结梦想应该是可达到的有用的能接受的，并且为之努力。结构为总-分-总，故选B.考点：考查社会生活类短文阅读。【能力提升】【湖北省沙市中学2017届高三上学期第三次考试】Imagine a mass of floating waste is two times the size of the state of Texas. Texas has a land area of more than 678 000 square kilometers. So it might be difficult to imagine anything twice
14、 as big.All together, this mass of waste flowing in the North Pacific Ocean is known as the Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch. It weighs about 3 500 000 tons. The waste includes bags，bottles and containersplastic products of all kinds.The eastern part of the Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch is abou
15、t l 600 kilometers west of California. The western part is west of the Hawaiian Islands and east of Japan. The area has been described as a kind of oceanic desert，with light winds and slow moving water currents. The water moves so slow that garbage from all over the world collects there.In recent ye
16、ars，there have been growing concerns about the floating garbage and its effect on sea creatures and human health. Scientists say thousands of animals get trapped in the floating waste，resulting in death or injury. Even more die from a lack of food or water after swallowing pieces of plastic. The tra
17、sh can also make animals feel full， lessening their desire to eat or drink.The floating garbage also can have harmful effects on people. There is an increased threat of infection of disease from polluted waste，and from eating fish that swallowed waste. Divers can also get trapped in the plastic. Its
18、 existence first gained public attention in l997. That was when racing boat captain and oceanographer Charles Moore and his crew sailed into the garbage while returning from a racing event. Five years earlier，another oceanographer learned of the trash after a shipment of rubber duckies got lost at s
19、ea. Many of those toys are now part of the Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch.In August，2009，a team from the University of California，San Diego became the latest group to travel to it. They were shocked by the amount of waste they saw. They gathered hundreds of sea creatures and water samples to meas
20、ure the garbage patchs effect on ocean environment.1.How did the writer introduce the topic of the passage?A. By giving an example. B. By listing the facts.C. By telling a story. D. By giving a comparison.2.What do we know about the Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch?A. It is made up of various kinds
21、 of plastic products. B. It is a solid mass of floating waste materials.WWWC. It lies l60 000 kilometers east of California. D. It is described as a kind of oceanic desert.3.Why do people pay attention to the Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch?A. Because it may prevent the flow of ocean water.B. Beca
22、use the polluted plastic articles will move up the food chain.C. Because it may be from an island in the pacificD. Because ships may be trapped in the floating waste. 4.The purpose of writing this passage is to_.A. warn people of the danger to travel in the pacific B. analyze what caused the waste p
23、atch in the pacific$来&源：C. give advice on how to recycle waste in the ocean D. introduce the Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch2.A细节推理题。根据第二段中的”The waste includes bags，bottles and containersplastic products of all kinds.”可知这些垃圾漂流物是塑料制品。故选A。3.B细节推理题。根据第五段中的”There is an increased threat of infection of
24、 disease from polluted waste， and from eating fish that swallowed waste.”可知受污染的塑料制品会通过食物链来影响人类。故选B。$来&源：4.D主旨大意题。本文通过介绍太平洋上漂浮的大量的塑料垃圾废物的情况，指出了它们对海洋中的生物以及人类的影响，故选D。【终极闯关】2016北京卷DWhy college is not homeThe college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the developmen
25、t of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of todays students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of
26、 the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage fr
27、om the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home. To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This proce
28、ss involves “trying on ” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate
29、and questioning. Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behaviour and thinking pattern, they are not fa
30、cing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community. Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behaviour runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behaviour is
31、too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behaviour that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and
32、stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth. $来&源：Every col
33、lege discussion about community values, social climate and behaviour should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and selfregulation, of the necessary tension between safety and selfdiscovery. 1Whats the authors attitude towards continued parental guidance to colleg
34、e students?A. Sympathetic. B. Disapproving.C. Supportive. D. Neutral.2The underlined word “passage” in Paragraph 2 means “_”. A. change B. choiceC. text D. extension3According to the author, what role should college play?A. To develop a shared identity among students.B. To define and regulate studen
35、ts social behaviour.C. To provide a safe world without tension for students.D. To foster students intellectual and personal development.4Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?AB.CD.I：IntroductionP：PointSp：Subpoint(次要点)C：Conclusion2A词义猜测题。根据该词后from the shelter of the fa
36、mily to autonomy and adult responsibility可知，大学是家庭庇护所向自主和成年人的责任感过渡的通道(即答案中的“转变”)，所以选A。choice选择；text文本；extension延伸。3D细节理解题。文中只说学生“are not facing the challenge of finding an identity ”，并没有说大学的责任在此，故A不正确；第五段中“If acceptable social behaviour is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or a
37、ggressive behaviour that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.”说明过度限制和规定学生的社会行为会带来不良影响，所以B不正确。最后一段的“necessary tension between safety and selfdiscovery.”说明要向学生提供一定的紧张环境，而不是避免，故C不正确。D项是根据第三段“This process involves trying on new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally.”而来的。 4C文章结构题。第一段提出论点：大学阶段应该是自我能力和个性发展的重要成长时期，然而现在成了青春期的延伸期，在此期间，很多大学生没有承担起成年人的责任。第二段分析其原因：目前这一代人，大学阶段本来应该是独立阶段，但是父母包办过多。第三、四段从学校、个人两方面谈到如何培养责任感和社交能力；第五、六段是第三、四段观点的延伸。最后一段呼吁大学应该意识到培养学生自我发展和自我规范的重要性。版权所有：高考资源网()