1、Grammar: 非谓语之一：动词不定式 教学目标：掌握动词不定式作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语及同位语的用法。一不定式的五种基本形式主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing不定式的否定形式：not to do/ not to have done / not to be doing/ not to be done/ not to have been done不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式不定式的进行式由to be + V-ing构成，用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。eg
2、. Some students pretended _ (read) English when the teacher came in.不定式完成式由to have + V-ed构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。eg. - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said _ (leave) the stage already as he has become an official.不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be V-ed和完成式被动to have been V-ed。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式
3、要用被动语态。eg. It is an honour for me_ (invite) to the party. The book is said _ (translate) into many languages. All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas. A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving二. 不定式句法功能1. 作主语：To fi
4、nd a true friend is difficult. 不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语It is difficult to find a true friend.Is it difficult to find a true friend?How difficult it is to find a true friend!不定式作主语常见句型：a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + to do sth.b) It is + n. (a pity
5、, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + to do sth. eg. Its a pleasure to go shopping at weekends.c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + to do sth.eg. It requires patience to be a good teacher.2. 作表语：当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job,
6、purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。eg. Our most important task now is to make a plan.注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。（有eg. The only thing we can do now is wait and see.3.作宾语 The teacher said “Remember to bring the book tomorrow!”She pretended not to see me when I passed by.可以直接用不
7、定式作宾语的动词很多，请牢记以下口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish,refuse, manage, care, pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask,beg,help.此外，afford, happen, wait 也要跟to do.当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语动 词it补语to do句式,常用动词有feel, think, find, believe, c
8、onsider, make等。如: He feels it his duty to help the poor.I think it difficult to find a true friend.b) 不定式一般不作介词的宾语，只有少数介词如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，如果but或except前面有do, does, did, to do时，通常省略to。eg. The bus hadnt come. We had no choice but to wait.= We could do nothing but wait.4. 宾语补足
9、语在主语+谓语+宾语+宾补句型中，许多动词都可以接不定式作宾语补足语。1）可接不定式做宾补的动词有：advise （建议）； allow（允许）； ask（请求）； beg（乞求）； cause（导致）； choose（选择）； consider（认为）； drive（驱使）； encourage（鼓励）； enable（使能够）； expect（期望）； forbid（禁止）； force（强迫）； get（使）； help（帮助）； invite（邀请）； intend（打算）； like（喜欢）；order（命令）； permit（允许）； persuade（劝说）； prefer（喜欢
10、）； request（请求）； require（要求）； remind（提醒）；teach（教）； tell（告诉）； want（想要）； warn（警告）； wish（希望）； think（认为）； trouble（麻烦）。Eg: Tell the students not to play on the street.The teacher advised us to have a rest first.2) tell advise. show. teach 等还可接连接代词/连接副词+不定式作宾补。 Eg: The old driver showed me how to drive the
11、 car.3) think, consider, believe, suppose, suppose, know, feel , find understand, declare, imagine, take 等动词接不定式做宾补，但这个不定式多为to be +adj/ adv/ n We thought him to be a naughty boy. He felt the plan to be practical We all believe John (to be) honest. I consider him (to be) one of the best teachers of N
12、o. 1 Middle School.但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him to have been foolish.4)以下两类动词后跟不定式作宾补时不能带to使役动词，如：let, have, make等感官动词，如： see, watch, notice, observe, feel. hear, listen to . see , look at.等Dont let the children trouble you.I heard someone open the door.但当这两类动词为被动态时，不定式就成了主补。作主补的不定式必须加上toHis
13、father made him go to bed early.He was made to go to bed early by his father. 动词不定式省略to的情况还有：a) would rather, had better, why not do I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroom.Why not visit your cousin in Japan?b)当两个动词不定式由and, or, except, but, than, rather than相连接时，通常情况下第二个to要省略Do y
14、ou want to go shopping or watch a film?I decided to write rather than phone.We had nothing to do but watch TV.（有do 无to）=we had no choice but to watch TV.(注：一般情况下作介词but, except后接to do，但是如果but或except前面有do, does, did, to do时，通常省略to。)5. 作定语不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见
15、的有attempt, decision, promise, plan等eg. He hasnt kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等eg. His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语：She was the only person
16、to survive after the earthquake.（Tips: 不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词。）Eg. Hes always the first to come and the last to leave. 主谓关系 Ive no time to listen to your excuse. 同位关系 She has a meeting to attend. （动宾关系=attend a meeting） Theres nothing to worry about. (动宾关系=wor
17、ry about nothing)6. 作状语作目的状语 (1) I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor. (2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如： Bob took down my telephone number so as (in order) not to forget it. 有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不
18、定式部分可转换为so that, in order that,成为目的状语从句，如：I stayed there in order (so as) to see what would happen. =I stayed there so that (in order that) I could see what would happen. 作原因状语在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished, glad, happy, laugh, pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised等。 We are glad to hear t
19、he news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well. 在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语如： The question raised by the student is difficult to answer. 相当于It is difficult to answer the question raised by the student The room is really comfortable to live in. 常这样用的形容词有:
20、 easy, difficult, heavy, light, comfortable, fit, impossible等。 作结果状语 We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如： soas to; suchas to Im not so stupid (a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。 Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enoughto T
21、he boy isnt old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school. only to do/be done用于表示意想不到的结果 Jane hurried back only to find/ only to be told her mother dying in the hospital. tooto Im too tired to stay up longer. 但在下列结构中，tooto并非是“太而不能”之意。如： Im only too glad to have passed the exam.考
22、试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰glad to have，相当 于very） We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。 4. 不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome. 常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to make things worse（更遭的是）to do him justice（说句对他公道的话），to be sure（真的）等等。Eg. To tell yo
23、u the truth, I dislike you.7. 作同位语eg. The order to start the general attack soon came. 三动词不定式的时态、语态 (1)时态 一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如： I hope to become a university student this year.（to become发生在hope之后） We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同时发生） 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示
24、的动作之前。如： Im sorry to have kept you waiting. We are too young to have seen the old society. 进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如： The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I came in. They seemed to be discussing something important. (2)语态 如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如： Its a great honour t
25、o be invited to Marys birthday party.（不定式作主语） It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语） I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语） Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语） He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语） 在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are
26、still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now. ( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)四不定式的复合结构以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构，如果其前的形容词是指行为的性质就用：for sb. to do sth.这种复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。It is necessary for
27、me to learn English well.如果该形容词是指行为的性质，同时又指行为的人，则用of sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。eg. Its very kind of you to come to see me.连接代（副）词+不定式（包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, 不包括wh
28、y），在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在诸如tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等动词后作宾语,也可作主语或表语。eg. No one can tell me where to find John.When to start the exam is still unknown.The problem is how to get enough money.动词不定式巩固练习1. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _in my new job. Aexpected Bto expec
29、tCto be expecting Dexpects2. _late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm. ATo sleep BSleeping CSleep DHaving slept3. One learns a language by making mistakes and _them. Acorrect Bcorrecting Ccorrects Dto correct4.The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was o
30、ut. whowhenhowWhat5. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. to seeto be seenseeingSeen6. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. it what to do withwhat to do it with what to do with itto do what with it7
31、. How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. A. to solving; makingB. to solving; madeC. to solve; makingD. to solve; made8. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. A. dont make B. not makeC. not makingD.
32、not to make9. My advisor encouraged_ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A for me takingB me takingC for me to takeD me to take10. The man insisted_ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding11. The news reporters hurried to the airp
33、ort, only_ the film stars had left. Ato tellBto be toldCtellingDtold12. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time_ the exam. ApassBto passCpassedDpassing13. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ ityouve got some big bills coming. A. forget B. forg
34、ot C. forgetting D. to forget14. Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. A. making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D. to make herself heard15. You were silly not _ your car. A. to lockB. to have lockedC. locking D. having locked16. I dont know whether you happe
35、n , but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September. Ato be heard Bto be hearing Cto hear Dto have heard 17. According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week _ TV. A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch18. The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in
36、the cells inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be causedD. be have caused19. Im going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _ ? A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought20. Victor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan. A. his
37、being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able21. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview._ the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have hadB. Having hadC. HaveD. Having22. He glanced over at her, _ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put
38、together. A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted23. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 24. - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said_ the stage already as he has become an official A. to have left B. to leave
39、C. to have been left D. to be left25. I think youll grow _ him when you know him better.AlikingBto be likeCto likeDto be liking26. While watching television, _. Athe doorbell rang Bthe doorbell ringsCwe heard the doorbell ring Dwe heard the doorbell rings27. It was unbelievable that the fans waited
40、outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars. A. had B. having C. to have D. have28. _ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789. ATo find outBFinding out CFind out DHaving found out29. I dont want _like I m speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair. A. t
41、o sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded30. Soon they saw the boy _ in the crowd.A. disappearB. to disappearC. disappearsD. disappeared31. Did you notice the little boy _ away?A. took the candy and runB. take the candy and runC. taking the candy and runD. who taking the candy running3
42、2. I heard him _ so.A. saysB. sayingC. sayD. said33. Professor Black had us _ compositions every Friday.A. to writeB. writtenC. writeD. writing34. Mrs Smith made her pupils _ the text three times a week.A. reciteB. recitedC. recitingD. to recite35. She was seen _ model ships in the room.A. madeB. to
43、 makeC. makesD. make36. Birds are seldom heard _ at night.A. singB. singingC. to singD. to be singing37. The areoplane was noticed _ at six.A. take offB. to take offC. get offD. to get off38. Mr Crossett was make _ his teaching because of his poor health and old age.A. give upB. give inC. to give up
44、D. to give in39. The book is said _ into many foreign languages.A. to have been translatedB. to have translatedC. to be translatingD. having been translated40. The Marquis was thought _ some terrible wrongs to his tenants.A. of doingB. that he had doneC. to have done D. to have been done41. Do you t
45、hink it difficult _ a horse _?A. to train, jumpingB. training, for jumpingC. to train, jump D. to train, to jump42. My car has broken down. Would you help me_?A. to get the car to startB. get the car startC. to get the car startedD. get to start the car43. He ordered the room _.A. to sweepB. to be s
46、weptC. should sweepD. swept44. Tell Tom and Jack _ each other.A. not quarrelB. not to quarrel withC. to not quarrel withD. they not quarrel45. He would like them _ every day.A. to practice B. to practiseC. practicingD. practicing46. -“Are you going to leaving now?”-“Unless you would prefer me _ here
47、.”A. to stayB. will stayC. that Ill stayD. staying47. What a pity! One cannot help _ sorry for the injured.A. to feelB. oneself to feelC. feelingD. oneself from feeling48. Nothing could _ the boy from _ the tall building.A. prevent, risking climbingB. prevent, risking to climbC. stop, risk climbingD
48、. keep, risking climb49. On Sundays I prefer _ at home to _ out.A. to stay, goB. staying, goC. staying, goingD. to stay, going50. Though it sounds a bit too dear, it is worth _.A. being boughtB. buyingC. to buyD. buying it51. The novel is well _.A. worth to readB. worth being readC. worthy to readD.
49、 worthy of being read52. I didnt feel _ going out for a walk.A. soB. asC. ratherD. like53. Youd better _ her the sad news now.A. not to tellB. wont tellC. not tellD. dont tell54. Id rather lose the game _.A. not to hurt himB. not hurt him C. than to hurt him D. than hurt him55. Alice says _ tonight,
50、 because there will be an exam tomorrow morning.A. shed rather not goB. shed not rather goC. shell rather not goD. she wont rather go56. Tom did nothing but _ back what he had said.A. takenB. tookC. takingD. take57. There seemed nothing else to do but _ a doctor.A. to send forB. send forC. call forD
51、. to call in58. -“I usually go there by train.” -“Why not _ by boat for a change?”A. to try goingB. trying to goC. to try and goD. try going59. Have I any choice but _as you tell me?A. to doB. doC. doingD. Ill do60. -“Would you like to go with us for a picnic tomorrow?” -“Yes, _.”A. I would likeB. Id like to goC. Id loveD. Id like to答案：1-30 BABAB CBDDC BDADB DCCBC DACAC CCAAA 31-60 BCCAB CBCAC DCBBB ACACB DDCDA DBDAD
