1、从属连词的用法(一)、引导时间状语从句的从属连词1、表示“当时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。如：Dont talk while youre eating. 吃饭时不要说话。Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走时他来了。2、 表示“在之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。如：Try to finish your work before you leave. 离开前设法把工作做完。Af
2、ter we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。3、表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。如：Shes been playing tennis since she was eight. 她从八岁起就打网球了。Hold on until I fetch help. 坚持一下，等我找人来帮忙。Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. (谚)不要无事惹事。带有until状语从句的主句谓语有何特点请看看这道题：We _ u
3、ntil he came. A. stoppedB. arrivedC. leftD. waited此题应选D。选项A，B，C都有可能被误选。要弄清此题需弄清以下几点：1. until 意为“一直到”，其相应主句的谓语只能是持续性的，而不能是终止性的。它表示的是：主句动作一直持续到从句动作发生时为止。以上一题的A，B，C选项是错的，主要是因为其含义荒唐：若选A，句意为：我们一直在停止，直到他来就不停止了。若选B，句意为：我们一直在到达，直到他来就不到达了。若选C，句意为：我们一直在离开，直到他来就不离开了。以上各句的意思显然不通。选D是对的，因为其意为：我们一直在等，直到他来就不等了(即我们一
4、直等到他来)。2. 上面说到，与 until 从句连用的主句谓语不能是，但是若这个谓语是否定的，则可以是，因为终止性动词一旦被否定，即成为状态，而状态都是可以持续的(注：not.until.意为：直到才)：误：We stopped until he came. 正：We didnt stop until he came. 直到他来我们才 停止。误：We started until the rain stopped. 正：We didnt start until the rain stopped. 直到 雨停我们才开始。误：He finished it until it was dark. 正：
5、He didnt finish it until it was dark. 直到 天黑他才完成。3、 表示“一就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no soonerthan, hardlywhen等。如：Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。The moment I have finished Ill give you a call.
6、 我一干完就给你打电话。I came immediately I heard the news. 我一听到这个消息，马上就来了。Once you begin you must continue. 你一旦开始, 便不可停下来。4、 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。如：Ill tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次见
7、到他时，我就把这个情况告诉他。We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. 每当我们洗手的时候，我们都要损失一些皮肤细胞。You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。注意：every time, each time, any time前不用冠词，(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略，而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。as 用作连词有哪些用法as 用作连词用法如下：1、表示伴随，意为“随着”。如：As time pa
8、ssed, things seemed to get worse. 随着时间的推移，情况似乎变得更糟了。若其后不接从句，而接名词，则用介词 with 表示“随着”。如：With the development of modern agriculture and industry, more and more waste is produced. 随着现代工农业的发展，污染越来越严重了。2、表示让步，意为“虽然”“尽管”，要用于倒装句（相当于 though，但语气稍弱）。如：Boy as he was, he behaved like a girl. 他虽然是个男孩，但举止却像个女孩。Much
9、as I like you, I couldnt live with you. 我尽管很喜欢你，却不能和你一起生活。Try as he would might，he couldnt open the door. 他试过多次了，却仍打不开门。3、表示时间，意为“当时候”。如：He dropped the glass as he stood up. 他站起来时，把杯子摔了。As I was coming here, I met your brother. 我来这里时碰到了你的弟弟。注意，as 引导时态状语从句时，其谓语动词通常只能是，而不能是或状态动词。如：她出生后不久父母双亡，是由姑母抚养大的。
10、误：Her parents died as she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt.正：Her parents died when she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt.4、表示原因，引导原因状语从句时，其谓语动词可以是动作动词，也可以是状态动词。如：As you werent there I left a message. 因为你不在那里，我留了个信儿。另外，引导原因状语从句，可用以下这样的倒装语序。如：Tired as she was, I decided not to
11、 disturb her. 因为她累了，我就决定不打扰她了。Writing hurriedly as she was, she didnt notice the spelling errors. 因为写得仓促，她没有注意其中的拼写错误。(二)、引导条件状语从句的从属连词。这类连词主要有if, unless, as so long as, in case 等。如：Do you mind if I open the window?我开窗你不介意吧?Dont come unless I telephone. 除非我打电话，否则你别来。As long as youre happy，it doesnt
12、matter what you do. 只要你高兴，你做什么都没关系。In case it rains they will stay at home. 万一下雨，他们就呆在家里。注意：在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will，但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。如：If you will sit down for a few moments, Ill tell the manager youre here. 请稍坐, 我这就通知经理说您来了。if与whether的用法区别两者在表示“
13、是否”时的用法区别如下：1. 互换的场合引导宾语从句表示“是否”时, 两者常可互换。如：He asked if whether we wanted a drink. 他问我们是否想喝一杯。He didnt tell me if whether he would come. 他没有告诉我他是否会来。注：若是引导条件状语从句，则只能用 if (意为“如果”)。2. 通常用 if 的场合当引导一个否定的宾语从句时，通常用 if 而不用 whether。如：I dont care if it doesnt rain. 我不在乎天是否下雨。注：在个别词语 (如 wonder, not sure 等)后的
14、从句否定式有时也可能用 whether 来引导。如：I wonder if whether he isnt mistaken. 我想知道他是否错了。3. 通常用 whether 的场合(1) 引导主语从句且放在句首时。如：Whether he will come is still a question. 他是否会来还是个问题。注：若在句首使用形式主语 it，而将主语从句放在句末，则有时也可用 if 来引导。如：It was not known whether if he would come. 不知他是否会来。(2) 引导时。如：The question is whether we shoul
15、d go on with the work. 问题是我们是否应该继续进行这项工作。注：引导偶尔也用 if (很不正式)，但远不如用 whether 常见。(3) 引导且放在句首时。如：Whether he is single I dont know. 他是否单身，我不知道。(4) 引导让步状语从句时。如：Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that. 不管他同意与否，我都要那样做。(5) 与 or 连用分别引导两个从句时。如：I dont know whether he is wrong or she is wrong. 我不知道是他错了，还是她错了。注：
16、or 若不是引导两个从句，而是连接两个词或短语，则也可用 if (但不如用 whether 常见)。如：He didnt know if whether we should write or phone. 他不知道我们是写信好还是打电话好。(6) 用于不定式之前时。如：Im not sure whether to stay or leave. 我不知是留还是去。I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. 我真是哭笑不得。(7) 用于介词之后时。如：It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 这取决于信
17、是否来得及时。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心是否伤了她的感情。(8) 直接与 or not 连用时。如：I will write to you whether or not I can come. 我能不能来，我将写信告诉你。注：若不是直接与 or not 用在一起，则有时也可用 if。如：I dont know whether if he will win or not. 我不知他是否能赢。(9) 在某些动词后(如 discuss 等) 通常只用 whether。如：We discussed whether we should h
18、old a meeting. 我们讨论了是否要开一个会。unless与ifnotunless和if not均可表示“如果不”，有时用法相同，有时不同，请看题：Youll miss the train _ you hurry up. A. unlessB. as C. if notD. until 此题应选 A。容易选C。其实C只是词序不对，若改为.if you dont hurry up 也是对的。在许多情况下，连词until与if.not同义，且可换用(表示一种否定的条件)。要是不下雨，我们就去。正：We shall go unless it rains. 正：We shall go if
19、it doesnt rain. 我不打电话给你，你就不要来。正：Dont come unless I phone you. 正：Dont come if I dont phone you. 从以上两例可以看出，unless有时可以与if not换用，但if not中的not必须位于从句谓语中，而不能直接与if连用在一起。但是注意，即使如此，两者也并不是永远可以换用的：一般说来，两者互换的场合只限于：当我们要去结束一个已经存在的想法或状态时（而不是去开始一种新的想法或状态)。试体会：Ill stay at home unless I am invited (=if I am not invite
20、d) to the party. 要是不邀请我去参加 晚会，我就呆在家里。 (即“邀请我参加晚会”会结 束“我将呆在家里”这一现在的打算)若要表示所述条件会导致一种新的想法或情况，通常要用if.not，而不用unless。试体会：Ill be angry if Im not invited to the party. 如果不邀请我参加晚会，我会生气的。(即“不邀请我去参加晚会”会导致一种新情况-“我会生气”)(三)、引导目的状语从句的从属连词。主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。如：He raised his voice so tha
21、t everyone could hear. 他提高了嗓音，以便每个人都能听见。Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. 带上雨伞，以防下雨。She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand. 她把那些指示慢慢重复了一遍好让他听明白。in case用作连词的用法in case用作连词时有以下两个用法：1. 表示条件，意为“如果”“万一”。如：In case it rains, do not expect me. 如果下雨，就不要等我了。In case yo
22、u see him, ask him about it. 如果你见着他，问问他这事。In case I forget, please remind me of my promise. 如果我忘了，请提醒我我的诺言。In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait. 如果他在我回来之前到，请让他等等我。2. 表示目的，意为“以防”“生怕”。如：Im shy of buying shares I lose money. 我不敢买股票，怕赔钱。Take warm clothes the weather is cold. 带些暖和
23、的衣服，以防天气变冷。Ill keep a seat for you you should change your mind. 我给你留一个座位，以防你会改变主意。We took our swimming things we happened to find a pool. 我们带上游泳用品，以备万一能找到一个水池。注：有时中间的谓语由 should构成，强调偶然性，可译为“万一”：I wrote down her address I should forget it. 我写下了她的地址，以防万一我忘了。I always slept by the phone he should ring du
24、ring the night. 我总是睡在电话机旁边，怕万一他夜间打电话来。(四)、引导结果状语从句的从属连词。主要的有so that, sothat, suchthat等。如：I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早, 所以找个好座位。I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over. 我摔了许多跤，以致于全身都是青一块紫一块的。He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关
25、窗子用力很大, 结果玻璃震破了。(五)、引导原因状语从句的从属连词，主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等。如：He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我，因为我是新来的。As you are sorry，Ill forgive you. 既然你悔悟了，我就原谅你。Since weve no money, we cant buy it. 由于我们没钱，我们无法购买它。Seeing that hes ill hes unlikely to come. 因
26、为他病了，他大概不会来了。Now that she has apologized, I am content. 既然她已经道了歉, 我也就满意了。连词because用法详解1. 表示原因，语气较强，可用来回答 why 提出的问题。如：A：Why do you love her? 你为什么爱她?B：Because she is kind. 因为很善良。2. because 除经常用于引导原因状语从句外，还可引出表语从句或用于强调句等。如：It is because youre eating too much. 那是因为你吃得太多了。It was because I wanted to buy a
27、 dictionary that I went to town yesterday. 我昨天是由于想买本字典而进城的。3. 汉语说“因为所以”，但英语却不能用 becauseso这样的结构。如：因为我病了半年，所以把工作丢了。误：Because I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.正：Because I was ill for six months, I lost my job.正：I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.4. 汉语说“之所以是因为”，英语可以类似以下这样的句型（用that比用 be
28、cause普通）。如：The reason (why) Im late is that because I missed the bus. 我迟到的原因是因为我没有赶上公共汽车。传统语法认为这类句型不能用 because, 但在现代英语中用because 的情形已很普遍。5. 在notbecause这一结构中，not 有时否定主句，有时否定从句，具体视语境而定。一般说来，若 not 否定主句，最好在because 之前用逗号，否则会引起歧义，如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释：I didnt go because I was afraid.这个句子既可理解为“我没有去是因为怕”，也可理解为“
29、我不是因为怕才去”。但是，如果because之前有副词just修饰，一般认为not是否定从句而不是主句。如：You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。6. 有时可引导一个句子作主语，此时通常采用just because这样的形式，并且主句谓语动词通常（当然不是一定）为mean。如：Just because you speak English doesnt mean you can teach it. 你会说英语并不意味着你能教英语。Just because youre old
30、 doesnt mean you have to be idle. 只是因为你年纪大了，这并不意味着你就应该懒散不活动。Because you have words with your wife is no reason to smash up things. 你和你的妻子吵架并不能成为摔东西的理由。7. 用于构成复合介词because of，其后可接名词、代词、 动名词、what 从句（但不能是that从句或没有引导词的从句）等。如：He is here because of you (that). 他为你（那事）而来这里。We said nothing about it, because
31、of his wifes being there. 因为他妻子在那儿，我们对此只字未提。He left the company because of what the boss said at the meeting. 他离开了这家公司，是因为老板在会上讲的话。8. because of通常用来引导状语，而用于不引导（引导表语时可用 due to）。如：误：His absence is because of the rain.正：His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。但是，若主语是代词（不是名词），则它引出的短语也可用作表语。如：It is because
32、 of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。It will be because of money. 那将都是因为钱的原因。四者均可用来表示原因，区别如下：(1) 关于 because：语气最强，表示，可用于回答 why 提出的问题、引导表语从句、用于强调句等，而其余三者均不行：“Why didnt he come?” “Because he was ill.” “他为什么没来?”“因为他病了。”My stomach hurts because I have eaten too many apples. 我肚子痛，因为苹果吃得太多。It is because he is honest
33、 that I like him. 是因为他诚实我才喜欢他。(2) 关于 since 与 as：a. 两者所表示的原因都是人们已知的，即对已知事实提供理由，而不是表示。since 比 as 语气稍强，且比 as 略为正式，它们引导的从句通常放在主句之前，有时也放在主句之后：As you werent there, I left a message. 由于你不在那儿，我留了个口信。Since you are wrong, you should apologize. 你既然错了，就应该道歉。b. since 可用于省略句，而其他三者不行：Since so, I have nothing to sa
34、y. 既然如此，我无话可说。(3) 关于 for：是(其余三者为从属连词)，它有时可表示因果关系(通常要放在主句之后，且可与 because 换用)；有时不表示因果关系，而是对前面分句内容的解释或推断(也要放在主句之后，但不能与because 换用)。比较：The ground is wet, for (=because) it rained last night. 地面是湿的，因为昨晚下过雨。It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. 昨晚一定下过雨，你看今天早上地面是湿的。 (此句不能用 becau
35、se 代 for)如何理解in that引导从句的用法1、如果是作为自由搭配in that，那么它的意思需视上下文而定。如：Put the bookcase in that corner. 把书柜放在那个角落里。You ought on no account to take part in that. 你千万别参与那事。It is expensive to stay in that hotel. 住那家旅馆很贵。2、如果用in that引导从句，则它是一个习语，意思是“因为”“由于”，与从属连词because意思相同。如：She was fortunate she had friends to
36、 help her. 她很幸运，有一些朋友帮助她。The situation is rather complicated we have two managing directors. 由于我们有两位总经理，所以情况很复杂。Im in a slightly awkward position, hes not arriving until the 10th. 我的处境有点难堪，因为他要10号才来。(六)、引导让步状语从句的从属连词。主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, when
37、ever, wherever等。如：Although they are twins, they look entirely different. 他们虽是孪生, 但是相貌却完全不同。I like her even though she can be annoying. 尽管她有时很恼人, 但我还是喜欢她。You wont move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力气多大, 也休想搬动那块石头。Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我们取得的一切成就都归功于你们的支持。Whoever
38、you are, you cant pass this way. 不管你是谁，你都不能从这里通过。Whenever I see him I speak to him. 每当我见到他，我都和他讲话。although 与 though 用法区别与说明1. 用作连词，表示“虽然”，两者大致同义，可换用，只是 although 比 though 更为正式。如：Though Although theyre expensive, people buy them. 虽然它们很昂贵，人们还是买。2. although 一般不用作副词，而 though 可用作副词，表示“可是”“不过”。如：I expect y
39、oure rightIll ask him, though. 我认为你说得对我去问问他也好。She promised to phone. I heard nothing, though. 她答应要打电话来. 可我没听到回信儿。这样用的though通常位于句末，但有时位于句首的though也有这样的意思。如：他说他要付钱，然而我认为他不会付的。正：He says hell pay, though I dont think he will.正：He says hell pay; I dont think he will, though.3. 在 as though（好像，仿佛），even thou
40、gh（即使，纵然）等固定短语中，不能用 although代替though。如：She treats me as though I were a stranger. 她待我仿佛我是一个陌生人。Hes the best teacher even though he has the least experience. 他尽管经验最少，但教得最好。4. 两者均可用于省略句，通常见于主句与从句主语相同，且从句谓语含有动词be的情形。如：Although Though (it was) built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order.
41、尽管是战前制造的，这台发动机仍然处于良好状态。Although Though (he is) still young he is going very grey. 尽管他还年轻他的头发却已变得灰白。Although Though (she was) in pain, she bravely blinked back her tears. 她虽然很疼痛，但还是硬把眼泪抑制住了。5. 当though用于倒装形式，它不能换成although，但可换成as。Successful though as he is, he is not proud. 他虽然成功，但不骄傲。Much though as I
42、like you, I couldnt live with you. 我尽管很喜欢你, 却不能和你在一起生活。Try though as I would, I could not make her change her mind. 不管我多努力，也不能让她改变主意。Surrounded though as we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward. 虽然我们被敌人包围着，但我们还是设法前进了。Raining hard though as it is, Im going out for a walk. 虽然正在下着大雨，我还是要出去散步。
43、注意，若倒装后置于句首的是名词时，其前习惯上不用冠词或其他限定词。如：Expert though as he was, he failed. 他虽是专家，但还是失败了。Big puzzle though as it was, it hadnt got the better of Jim. 虽然是个大难题，但仍没有难倒吉姆。6. 不要按汉语“虽然但是”的表达习惯，在 although 后连用 but。如：虽然他只是个业余爱好者，但却是一流的高手。误：Although hes only an amateur, but hes a first-class player.正：Although hes
44、only an amateur, hes a first-class player.但是在强调时，although 可与 yet, still 等副词连用。如：Though he seems happy, yet he is worried. 虽然他看起来很幸福，但他实际上很烦恼。注意：值得一提的是，在某些特定的语境中，although 与 but 连用的句子是可能的（注：but 引出的句子在 although 从句之前）。如：But I didnt know that then, although I learned it later. 但我当时的确不知道此事，尽管后来还是知道了。He wa
45、nted to go abroad, but although he had some money he couldnt afford it. 他想出国，尽管他有些钱，但还是负担不起。I tried doing the accounts, but although I knew some maths I found it very difficult. 我试着算这些账，但尽管我懂点数学，仍感到很困难。分析：此句将 but 与 although 用在一起，但此句也没有错误。该句从总体来看，它是一个以并列连词 but 连接的并列句，而在该并列句的后面一句又是一个包含让步状语从句 although
46、I knew some maths 的复合句这种句型就是所谓的并列复合句。此句也可改写为 I tried doing the accounts, but I found it very difficult although I knew some maths.(七)、引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有as, as if, as though, the way等。如：Why didnt you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢?He bent the iron bar as if it had been made of
47、 rubber. 他将铁棍折弯，仿佛那是用橡皮做成的。Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。(八)、引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。如：The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 这座教堂盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。Ill take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。(from )Everywhere I go，I find the s
48、ame thing. 不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。(九)、引导比较状语从句的从属连词。主要的有than和asas。如：She was now happier than she had ever been. 现在她比过去任何时候都快活。I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. 我看了看表，时间比我想像的早。He doesnt work as hard as she does. 他工作不像她那样努力。(十)、引导名词从句的从属连词。主要有that, whether, if 等，它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中that 不仅没不充当句子成分，而且没有词义，在句子中只起连接作用；而 if, whether虽不充当句子成分，但有词义，即表示“是否”。如：He replied that he was going by train. 他回答说他将坐火车去。I wonder if its large enough. 我不知道它是否够大。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我为是否伤了她的感情而担心。
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