1、第3讲代词考点一 常见代词的基本用法代词分为九大类，分别是：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词、相互代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。1人称代词用来代替人或物，有人称、数和格的变化，其形式如下：人称主格(主语)宾格(宾语)第一人称I; weme; us第二人称youyou第三人称he; she; it; theyhim; her; it; them人称代词在句子中通常作主语和宾语。在并列的主语或宾语中，“I”或“me”总是放在最后，其排列顺序为：二、三、一(人称)。2物主代词：在句子中作定语修饰名词的为形容词性物主代词；在句子中相当于“形容词性
2、物主代词n.”的为名词性物主代词，通常在句子中作主语或宾语，如下表：形容词性物主代词myouryourhisheritstheir名词性物主代词mineoursyourshishersitstheirs注意(1)形容词性物主代词只能用作定语，修饰名词，如：her father她的父亲。(2)“of(介词)名词性物主代词(或名词所有格)”构成双重所有格，如：a friend of mine (my fathers)我(我父亲的)朋友中的一个。(3)形容词性物主代词与own连用表示强调，ones own . . of ones own。(4)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。take sb.
3、by the arm, be wounded in the leg。3指示代词this, that, these, those的用法指示代词用法this/these指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物；this也可指下文将要谈到的人或物，起启下的作用that/those指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物；that也可指上文提到过的人或物，起承上的作用What I want to say is this: you should grasp every minute to finish your work.我想说的是：你应该抓住每一分钟来完成你的工作。He hurt his leg yesterday. T
4、hats why he didnt come.他昨天伤了腿，那就是他为什么没来的原因。注意(1)this在电话用语中用于作自我介绍；that用于询问对方；this和that还可以当副词用，相当于副词so，意为“这么；那么”。Hello. This is Lily speaking. Whos that？您好。我是莉莉，您是哪一位？The book is about this thick.,那本书大约有这么厚。Can hard work change a person that much？繁重的工作能使人变化那么大吗？(2)same也是常见的指示代词，注意前面要有定冠词the。4反身代词人称代词
5、Iyouheshetheyit反身代词myselfyourself/yourselveshimselfherselfthemselvesitself(1)反身代词在句中可用作宾语、表语、同位语等。You shouldnt leave the child by himself at home.(宾语)你不应把孩子独自留在家里。I am not myself today.(表语)我今天不舒服。The thing itself is not important.(同位语)事情本身并不重要。(2)常见的一些含反身代词的固定搭配：by oneself独自地for oneself 亲自enjoy ones
6、elf 玩得愉快behave oneself 举止良好seat oneself 坐下来devote oneself to 专心于come to oneself 苏醒过来dress oneself 自己穿衣；穿着，打扮help oneself to 随便吃，随便用注意使用反身代词时，其所在的句子主语应与该反身代词相对应才可使用，否则使用人称代词。即时练1单句语法填空Jim, can you work this Sunday?Why _？ Ive been working for two weeks on end.On my desk is a photo that my father took
7、of _ when I was a baby.Tom, _ (I) bike is broken. Would you please lend _ (you) to me?Sorry. _ (I) has been taken by Jack. You can ask him if you like.This is our room, and _ (you) is just across the hall.I want to tell you _： the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.The weather of Beiji
8、ng is colder than _ of Nanjing.I dont believe you. Did you see it _？It is not his fault. I cut _ with a knife.答案：mememy; yours; Mineyoursthisthatyourselfmyself考点二 易混不定代词的区别1one, ones, the one, the ones, those, it, that的区别one代指可数名词，单数，泛指ones代指可数名词，复数，泛指the one代指可数名词，单数，特指the ones代指可数名词，复数，特指that代指不可数
9、名词或可数名词单数或相当于the onethose代指可数名词，复数，特指(the ones)it上文中所提到的同一个事物The train was crowded so we decided to catch a later one.这趟火车太挤了，所以我们决定乘坐下一趟。His own experience was different from that of his friends.他自己的体验和朋友们的体验不同。I love springit is a wonderful time of the year.我喜欢春天这是一年中一段美妙的时节。The books on the desk
10、are better than those/the ones under the desk.桌子上面的书比桌子下面的书要好。2the other, other, another, others的区别the otherthe other指两者中的另一个，常与one连用，构成one ., the other . “一个另一个”。作定语修饰复数名词时，表示“全部其余的”otherother不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义another可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外another后可接“基数词/few复数名词”形式，表示“另外的
11、(多少)”others单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现；特指其他的全部人或事物时用the othersRecycling is one way to protect the environment；reusing is another.回收是保护环境的一种方法；而重复使用是另一种。3either, both, neither, all, none, any的区别either肯定意义表示两者中的一个，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数both肯定意义表示两者都，作主语时，谓语动词用复数neither否定意义表示两者都不，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数all肯定意义表示三者
12、或三者以上都，作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与all所指代的人或事物保持一致none否定意义表示三者或三者以上都不，作主语后接复数名词时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数；后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数any肯定意义表示三者中的任意一个，作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可，常与of连用Larry asks Bill and Peter to go for a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do.拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。Ive lived
13、in New York and Chicago，but dont like either of them very much.我在纽约和芝加哥住过，但是我不喜欢它们中的任何一个。4none, no one与nothing的区别(1)none指人或物，表特指，可与of短语连用，回答疑问词how many/much引起的问句。(2)nothing指物，表泛指，不与of短语连用，回答疑问词what引起的问句。(3)no one/nobody指代人，表泛指，不与of短语连用，回答疑问词who引起的问句。I was going to offer you some cakes, but there is
14、none left.我本打算请你吃些蛋糕，但一点也没剩下。5each与every的区别(1)each强调“个体”，指“(两者或两者以上人或物中的)每个”，可与of短语搭配。(2)every强调“整体”，指“整体中的每一个”，在句中只作定语，不可与of短语搭配。Each of the boys wants to have a try. The boys each want to have a try.每个男孩都想试试。Every mother loves her children dearly.每个母亲都非常爱自己的孩子。6不定代词的部分否定与全部否定(1)no one, none, nobod
15、y, nothing以及“no与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。None of us was going to the party.我们之中没人去参加那个聚会。(2)当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词all, both, everyone, everybody, everything等以及“every名词”的句子中时，不管not在它们之前还是之后都表示部分否定，此外not与总括性副词，如：everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。Not all of them smoke.All of them dont smoke.他们当中不是所有
16、的人都抽烟。Such a thing cant be found everywhere.这种事并非随处可见。7不定代词用于习惯搭配中nothing but 仅仅，只是anything but 决不something of 有几分，略微or something 诸如此类的人或物all but 几乎，差不多 every other day 每隔一天each other (两者)互相one another . (三者或三者以上)互相one ., the other . (两者中)一个另一个some ., others . 一些另一些即时练2单句语法填空There is a door at _ end
17、 of the corridor.The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but _ contained any useful suggestions.We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so lets have _ one this month.He raised one arm and then _.Some designs are better than _.Swimming is my favorite sport. There is _
18、like swimming as a means of keeping fit.Wow! Youve got so many clothes.But _ of them are in fashion now.I have many books here, and you can take _ one.Im moving to the countryside, because the air there is much fresher than _ in the city.Helping others is a habit, _ you can learn even at an early ag
19、e.答案：eitherneitheranotherthe otherothersnothingnoneanythatone考点三 疑问代词what与which1what的习惯用法用法例句What . for？和What for？用于询问原因和目的What did you put it into the soup for？It would improve the taste.你为什么把它放到汤里去？那会使汤的味道更好。Im going to the grocery store.What for? We still have enough food in the fridge.我打算去食品杂货店。
20、为什么？我们的冰箱里还有足够的食物。What if .？表示假设、建议、征求意见或疑虑What if it rains while we are on the way？要是我们在途中时天下雨怎么办？What do you mean (by .)？表示愤怒、不满等情绪What do you mean by shutting the door so loudly？你关门这么大声音是什么意思？What/How about .？用于征求对方意见、询问对方的情况We need one more player.What about Elaine? She is a very nice girl.我们还需要
21、一个队员。伊莱恩怎么样？她是个很不错的姑娘。续表用法例句So what？那又怎么样呢？(表示不感兴趣或认为不重要)He took the first place in the exam！So what？他考试得了第一名！那又怎么样？Guess what？你猜怎么着？(用以引起他人的注意)Guess what? John got married to Alice.你猜怎么着？约翰和艾丽斯结婚了。Like what？比如说？I hope you will buy me a special gift for my birthday.Like what？我希望你为我买一份特殊的生日礼物。比如说？注意w
22、hat与下列黑体名词的搭配。What is2which的特定用法在表示有范围的选择时，只能用which，切不可因汉语思维而误用who或what。There are several girls on the playground. Which is your sister?操场上有好几位女孩，哪个是你妹妹？即时练3单句语法填空I found two books on the desk. _ is yours?A ship in the harbor is safe, but thats not _ ships are built for._ is the population of Zhejia
23、ng Province?_ do you prefer, desktops or laptops?_ do you mean, you thought I dont mind?答案：WhichwhatWhatWhichWhat考点四 it的用法1it指代前面所提到过的事情、事物；身份不明的人或婴儿；未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情或情况。The Parkers bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.(指双方都明白的事情)帕克一家买了一套新房子，但是在入住之前有大量的工作需要去做。2it用作
24、形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。New technologies make it possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.新的科技使得以更快的速度、更低的成本生产新产品成为可能。As far as Im concerned, it is no use arguing with him; he wont change his mind.就我个人而言，同他争论没用，他不会改变主意。3表示“喜欢、爱恨”等心理活动的动词后面接it作形式宾语再接从句，it为
25、形式宾语，指代后面的从句，这类动词有enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciate等。I hate it when I have to speak in French on the phone.不得不用法语打电话，我感到很厌烦。I like it when she sings me a song.我喜欢她为我唱歌。I would appreciate it if you could help me.如果您能帮我，我将不胜感激。Please see to it that (make sure that) you bring enough
26、money when you go out.当你出门时请务必带够钱。You can count on it that he is very smart.你就相信吧，他非常聪明。You can put it that it was arranged before.你可以说这是以前安排的。I take it that you dont agree with me.我的理解是：你不同意我的见解。4it用于强调句型及其他固定句式中。(1)强调句型It is on the farm where we worked together that we got to know each other.我们是在一
27、起工作过的农场上相互认识的。(2)常见固定句式aItbe时间段since引导的状语从句这个句型表示“自以来已多久了”。表示现在的情况时，主句多用一般现在时或现在完成时，从句多用一般过去时；表示过去的情况时，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。It is three years since his father passed away.自从他父亲去世已经三年了。It was 10 years since they had married.自从他们结婚已经十年了。bItbe时间段before引导的状语从句这个句型中的“时间段”一般为some time, long, . years, . month
28、s, . weeks, . days, . hours, . minutes等。主句中的be可用一般过去时was/were或一般将来时will be：用was/were时，before从句用一般过去时；用will be时，before从句常用一般现在时。It wasnt long before he told us about this affair.没过多久他就告诉了我们这件事情。It will be many years before the situation improves.这种状况要过许多年才能得到改善。cItbe时间点when引导的状语从句这个句型中，it指时间，而且表示时间的词
29、语前没有介词(时间一般为具体时间)。主句的谓语动词和从句的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的，但是当主句是将来时时，从句一般用一般现在时代替将来时。It was already 8 oclock when we got home.我们到家时已经8点了。dItbetimethat引导的从句这个句型中从句需用虚拟语气，该句型表示“是做的时候了”，从句谓语动词常用过去式(be用were)。time之前有时可加上high或about以加强语气。It is high time (that) she wrote a letter to her mother.她早该写一封信给她妈妈了。eItbethe first
30、/second/third . timethat引导的从句这个句型表示“这/那是某人第几次做某事”。主句中be是is时，从句要用现在完成时；主句中be是was时，则从句需相应地用过去完成时。It is the first time (that) these Europeans have visited the Great Wall.这是这些欧洲人第一次参观长城。It was the fifth time (that) he had paid a friendly visit to Africa.这是他第五次到非洲友好访问。5it用来指代时间、地点等；也可用于意义表达不明确的语境中，通常不指代内
31、容，如：get it(明白了)；make it(成功了)；forget it(算了吧)等结构中。即时练4(1)单句语法填空Yesterday I lost my pen and I couldnt find _ anywhere.Id appreciate _ if you could teach me how to use the computer.When shall we meet again?Make _ any day you like; _ is all the same to me.Was _ because Jack came late for school _ Mr Smit
32、h got angry?It was not until I came here _ I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.答案：ititit; itit; thatthat(2)单句写作(用it作形式主语或形式宾语)我认为我们开这个会是必要的。I think _ that we have the meeting.众所周知，在世界上中国人口最多。_ China has the largest population in the world.据说他们都去看电影了。_ all of
33、 them have gone to the cinema.答案：it (is) necessaryIt is well known thatIt is said that误区一代词“格”的误用【误】It was a great privilege for I to be able to spend so much time with him down here.【正】It was a great privilege for me to be able to spend so much time with him down here.分析介词之后要用宾格代词作宾语，故I改为me。误区二代词单复
34、“数”的误用【误】The students must be made to understand how important each subject is to him.【正】The students must be made to understand how important each subject is to them.分析指代复数名词the students应用复数代词them，故him改为them。误区三代词词“性”的误用【误】She rushed to pick up the phone when it rang because he was worried about he
35、r husbands whereabouts.【正】She rushed to pick up the phone when it rang because she was worried about her husbands whereabouts.分析根据语境可知，担忧丈夫的是主语she，故he改为she。误区四反身代词与人称代词的误用或称谓指代误用(1)【误】He had a deep voice, which set himself apart from others in our small town.【正】He had a deep voice, which set him apa
36、rt from others in our small town.分析根据语境可知，此处表达“使他有别于其他人”而非“他自己”，故himself改为him。(2)【误】Everyone should take an umbrella with yourself.【正】Everyone should take an umbrella with himself_or herself.分析根据语境可知，“每个人”与“你自己”并非同一人称的指代。everyone的反身代词应为不知男女的第三人称，故将yourself改为himself or herself。误区五物主代词的误用【误】We took ou
37、rs fishing poles and headed for the lake.【正】We took our fishing poles and headed for the lake.分析修饰名词fishing poles应用形容词性物主代词，故ours改为our。注意造成以上错误的原因是对常见代词的用法掌握不牢。应加强对考点一的学习。另外，平时学习特别是写作时要格外留心此方面的知识。误区六功能词it的缺失和替代词的误用(1)【误】We think necessary to make people fully aware of the danger of breaking the traf
38、fic rules.【正】We think it necessary to make people fully aware of the danger of breaking the traffic rules.分析此句要用it代替不定式短语to make people fully aware of . 充当形式宾语，故think后要加it。句意：我们认为有必要让人们充分认识违反交通规则的危害。(2)【误】As you would expect, Chinas Internet looks different from it of America and Europe.【正】As you wo
39、uld expect, Chinas Internet looks different from that of America and Europe.分析it特指同一事物，that特指单数同类事物，根据语境可知it应改为that。句意：正如你预想的，中国的互联网看起来与美国和欧洲的不同。注意it为高考中对代词重点考查之一，考生除了要掌握it的基本用法外，还应多记忆和it有关的词组，句式及特殊用法，造成以上错误的原因就在于对it的用法了解不够，应加强对考点二和考点四的学习。1(2019天津高考)A study shows the students who are engaged in afte
40、rschool activities are happier than _ who are not.答案：those2(2018全国卷)Running is cheap, easy and its always energetic. If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give _ a try.答案：it3(2017浙江高考)“She thought I had hurt _ (I)
41、，” says Pahlsson.答案：myself4(2017全国卷)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using _ every day.答案：it5(2016全国卷)On my recent visit, I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by _ (it) mother.答案：its6(2015广东高考)Now it oc
42、curred to _ (he) that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.答案：him1(2019全国卷)In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment that is created for them. _答案：yourselvesthemselves2(2018全国卷)They would say to us that playing card games would
43、help my brain._答案：usme3(2018全国卷)I had done myself homework but I was shy._答案：myselfmy1人称、物主、反身代词：“成分”是关键(1)如果句中缺少主语，则用人称代词的主格；(2)如果句中缺少宾语，则用人称代词的宾格；(3)如果句中缺少定语，则用形容词性物主代词；(4)如果宾语或表语又反射到句子主语，则用反身代词。2it：“指代”要辨明(1)如果指代上文提到的同一个事物，则用it；(2)如果指代天气、时间、距离，则用it；(3)如果作形式主语或形式宾语，则用it；(4)多注意it的特殊句式及词组。1避免张冠李戴，注意
44、前后人称、性别、单复数的一致。2分析句子成分，正确使用人称代词、物主代词和反身代词。3系统掌握it的用法，准确把握不定代词的用法。4.(2017全国卷)Mr and Mrs Zhang all work in our school._答案：allboth或去掉all5(2017全国卷)This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days._答案：yourmy6(2016全国卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books._答案：yourour