1、篇章结构（阅读学案）“七选五”阅读理解题，试题模式为：给出一篇缺少5个句子的文章，对应有七个选项，要求同学们根据文章结构、内容，选出正确的句子，填入相应的空白处。考试说明对该题型命题目的的表述为“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。”新题型七选五其实跟传统题型完形填空有相似之处，完形填空空出的是词，而七选五空出的是句子，但是他们的考察方式都是一样的，只要考生选择的答案能够使行文连贯，符合英文的语法以及习惯表达就行，因此，这两类题型在做题方法上有共通之处。另外，从该题型给出的选项中我们可以发现一些特点：该题型选项大致可分为主旨概括句（文章整体内容）、过渡性句子（文章
2、结构）和注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）三类。另外两个多余的干扰项也可以通过这三个特点来排除，例如主旨概括句要么过于宽泛要么以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句子与上文脱节等。七选五题型选项大致可分为主旨概括句（文章整体内容）、过渡性句子（文章结构）和注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）三类。 1、先看选项。我们可以通过句子的完整性或者句子后面的标点符号来判断该句在文章中的位置。另外，通过阅读选项，有可能找出跟其他选项表达完全不同意思的句子，这样的话我们就可以直接将该选项排除。2、再看空前空后。由于七选五空出的是整个句子，而这些句子与句子之间，必然有一种联系，因此我们可以通过选项
3、中某个名词或动词跟空前或空后的一致性或者相关性来确定这两个句子之间有一种关联性，从而选择正确的答案。 3、注意代词或定冠词。在做这类题目的时候，一定要注意句子中出现的人称代词或者指示代词，因为我们知道，代词是指代一个名词或者一个句子的，然后通过代词在句子中所做的成分我们可以推断出它指代的句子的类型，我们要做的就是从选项中找这类句型就可以了。 4、注意一些特殊疑问词。如果选项中或空前出现特殊疑问词，一定要把这句话仔细读几遍，因为对于不同特殊疑问词的回答方式是不一样的，比如对why的回答，后面要有because等表原因的词，对when的回答，后面要有表时间的状语，对where的回答，后面要有表地点
4、的名词，对how的回答，后面要有方式状语等。 5、注意一些连词。如一些表示转折的连词，but，however，yet，though，nevertheless等，另外还有一些表示并列关系的连词如and，also，as well as，neithernor，eitheror，not only.but also，on one hand.on the other hand等。因为这些连词可以表现句子与句子之间的关系，通过不同的连词我们可以推知句子与句子之间不同的关系。例题3：根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Taking good notes is a
5、time-saving skill that will help you to become a better student in several ways 71 Second, your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test. Third, note-taking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest.You will want to take notes during clas
6、sroom discussions and while reading a textbook or doing research for a report. 72 Whenever or however you take notes, keep in mind that note-taking is a selective process. 73The following methods may work best for you. Read the text quickly to find the main facts and ideas in it. Carefully read the
7、text and watch for words that can show main points and supporting facts. Write your notes in your own words. 74 Note any questions or ideas you may have about what was said or written.As you take notes, you may want to use your own shorthand(速记). When you do, be sure that you understand your symbols
8、 and that you use them all the time.75 A. Use words, not complete sentences.B. There are three practical note-taking methods.C. You must write your notes on separate paper.D. Otherwise, you may not be able to read your notes later.E. You will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.F.
9、That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.G. First, the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.【解析】： GEFAD这篇文章整体分为四个段落层次，每个段落均由几个语段构成相对独立地语义单位，各段都围绕“Taking good notes”这样一个中心话题，形成了文章的线性结构。第一段讲述的是做笔记，是好学生在多方面的
10、一项省时技巧。第二段讲述的是不管何时、用何种方法做笔记，都要有选择性地做记录。第三段讲述的是做笔记的最佳方法。第四段讲述的是要记住自己的速记符号。这就形成了文章的层次结构，这对下一步的做题有了明确的整体方向。高效解题方法：1. 句意判断法读懂前后句，理解确切意思，确保所填答案体现前后文的连贯性或逻辑性。 典例 Besides, America offers plenty of tourist attractions. Nature lovers can enjoy beaches, mountains, canyons. lakes and a wealth of natural wonder
11、s.答案：D. Major cities offer visitors large quantities of urban delights.解析：根据空前句意“另外，美国提供许多旅游景点。”可知接下来将就“旅游景点”这一话题展开叙述，而且空后句意强调自然爱好者可以欣赏到许多自然景观，所以D项“主要城市给游客提供大量的城市娱乐”符合题意。三个句子放在一起体现出鲜明的前后连贯性，逻辑性强。 2. 词汇锁定法 首先要关注空格前后的名词和动词，然后在选项中查找与之相关的同义词、反义词或表示同一类事物的词语。其次是关注文章中和选项中相呼应的代词、数词（排序词）、表示时间、地点、名称等的“路标性信号词”
12、。 【典例】（2016年全国I） People have used secret codes for thousands of years. _ Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.答案：D Aslongastherehavebeencodes,peoplehavetriedtobreakthem.解析：根据后一句“Code breaking never lags(落后) far
13、 behind code making.”可知，前一句在说解码的事情，也就是break the code。找到关键词break。3. 关联逻辑法利用好文章中和选项中表示各持种逻辑关系的关联词，如表示并列或递进关系的关联词，表示转折、让步关系的关联词以及表示例证关系的词等。确保填上所选答案后能够准确体现相应的逻辑关系。 【典例】 There is no short cut to success. This is the first thing you should remember. For this reason you have to study well first of all._ _S
14、ome competitive exams need long-term preparation while your school level exams may need preparation of one or two weeks. The following are the tips on preparing for exams. 解析：空前强调要“好好学习”，空后连续几个句子强调的都是为考好试而做准备，特别是由long-term preparation及preparation of one or two weeks等关键词可知，这是不同种类的准备。所以所填空应该将话题一转，含有bu
15、t这样的表示转折关系的关联词的句子就应该首先考虑作为备选项。同时代入选项G进行验证，可以发现前后句意的逻辑关系非常清晰。 答案：GBut the preparations are different for different types of exams.4. 设题位置法 通常来说：所填空位于段首本段的中心大意。所填空位于段落中间“过渡句类”或者“细节理解类”的题目，通过上下句进行语意和逻辑判断。所填空位于段末本段的总结归纳。 典例 Experts say over half of the worlds 7,000 languages are in danger of disappearin
16、g. Every two weeks one language disappears. As the last speakers of a language die off, the valuable information contained within a language also disappears. 。答案：D. Thats why endangered languages must be protected解析：第一句说明语言消失现象的存在，第二句说的是语言消失的速度之快，第三句说的是语言消失的可怕后果，所以段末应该得出结论：那就是必须保护濒临灭绝的语言的原因，故选D。【解题绝
17、招一点通】如果一道题做不出或拿不准，可先放下，继续往下读，先做容易的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落之间的逻辑关系就应该基本清楚了。同时要注意比较两类关键词：将7个选项的关键词与5个空的前后句中的关键词进行比较，匹配的往往是正确答案。随堂练：解题焦点“三位置” 通过总结近几年的全国卷我们可以看出，七选五命题的焦点位置首选段中，在这里出现频率最高，其次是段首，最后是段尾。焦点位置1. 段中挖空位置如果在段中，则所填句子的含义应与前句、后句保持连贯。因此，考生在做题时要学会瞻前顾后，关注体现出的前后逻辑关系和语意。细分一下，常见的有两类考查方式： A无关联词类：无法依据个别关
18、键词，只能依据前后语境和句意推断出合理的答案选项。【例1】（2015全国卷I） Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences._ 1 Trust is a risk. But you cant be successful when theres a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.A. Learn to
19、really trust yourself.B. It is putting confidence in someone.C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim.D. Remember that you can expect the best in return.E. Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again.F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relati
20、onships.G. Seeing the positive side of things doesnt mean you re ignoring what happened. B. 有关联词类：通过一些关键的关联词汇，可以推断出所填空是强调递进关系、转折关系还是因果关系。凭借一些体现前后句逻辑关系的关联词，来突破思维局限，突出“枯木逢春”之景。1. 递进关系：also, in addition, whats more, second, besides等。 【例2】(2013全国卷I) One is the establishment（制定）of broad basic policies wi
21、th respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting. l The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.B. In this c
22、onnection there is the difference between top management and operative management. C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals. D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs. E. Planning in busines
23、s management has three main aspects. F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects. G. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.2转折关系：but, however, yet, otherwise, on the contrary, in spite of等。【例3】 Stone Age people hunted wild animal
24、s for their meat, which had much less fat than domestic ones. They didnt have milk or any other dairy products, and they made very little use of grains. 1 We eat six times more salt than our ancestors. We eat more sugar. We eat twice as much fat but only one third as much protein and much less Vitam
25、in C. A. Stone Age people lived a simple life. B. But today, we enjoy eating a lot of these.C. In that case, they would live much healthier.3. 因果关系：why, because, so, for this reason, thus, for, as, since, therefore, as a result等【例4】（2015全国卷I） Unfortunately, weve all been victims of betrayal. Whether
26、 weve been stolen from, lied to, misled, or cheated on, there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply cant trust anymore. 1 Its understandable, but if youre willing to build trust in a relationship again, we have some steps you can take to get you there.A. Learn to really trust
27、 yourself.B. It is putting confidence in someone.C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim.D. Remember that you can expect the best in return.E. Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again.F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.G. S
28、eeing the positive side of things doesnt mean you re ignoring what happened. 焦点位置2. 段首 1通常是段落主题句。认真阅读空后内容，考生应该会发现，通常情况下段落的中心句会出现在本段的开头。因此可以根据段落表达内容一致性的原则，推断出该段的主题句。这对考生把握本段和理解全文是有指导意义的。 2关注与后文的关系。着重阅读挖空后面的第一、二句，确定相关信息词，然后在选项中查找与之相关的内容。阅读时要学会瞻前顾后，以确定答案。【例5】（2015全国卷I） 1 Having confidence in yourself w
29、ill help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well-being. 2 If youve been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance. But theres a difference between being a victim and living with a victim mentality. At some point in all of our lives, well have
30、our trust tested or violated. A. Learn to really trust yourself. B. It is putting confidence in someone. C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim. D. Remember that you can expect the best in return. E. Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again. F. This knowledge carries ov
31、er in their attitude toward their future relationships. G. Seeing the positive side of things doesnt mean youre ignoring what happened. 焦点位置3. 段尾 1. 直接承接逻辑类： 【例6】 (2016北京卷) So why arent we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one Killed. A f
32、ew daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it. _AIt all depends on your character.BThose are the risks you should jump to take.CBeing better at
33、those things meant a greater chance of survival.DThus, these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.EThis is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.FHowever, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.GNew brain re
34、search suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.【解析】根据前一句“So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it. ”可知，喜欢冒险还是不喜欢取决于性格。本题考查了因果关系的推理能力，故选择A。2段落总结收尾类：通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的关联词。【例7】 （2012全国卷） These steps arent magic, but they do work. And if you can stay
35、 positive as you make your way through a tough time, youll help yourself feel better even faster. 1 A. Ask for a helping hand to get you through the tough situation.B. Notice your friends feelings and find a way to help them.C. Different people feel stress in different ways.D. Ah, it feels so good w
36、hen the stress is gone.E. You need to figure out what the problem is. F. And dont forget about your friends,G. Then, find a way to calm down.【解析】该空位于该段的结尾处，应该是有关结论方面的内容。空格前面说，如果你在渡过难关的过程中保持积极乐观的态度，你就会更快的帮助自己感觉更好。所以从“渡过难关”到“压力自然消失”再到“感觉更好”，这是一个自然的过程，而且feel better和D项的feel so good 也是相对应的。答案：D。附加内容北京卷的篇
37、章结构题是近几年来出现的主要考查议论文结构的命题新方式，且逐步得到语言教育专家们的认可，并逐步推广到对其它文体结构的考查。分析这一类的题我们可以看出，对文章组织结构的考查不外乎两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章的结构。常见提问方式：How is the passage organized?Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?The author develops the passage mainly by.The first paragraph serves
38、as a (n) . The example of is given to show/illustrate that . 考生要学会把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法。英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯，逻辑严密。为突出主题，作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。篇章结构题主要的答题策略有： (1) 了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章
39、结构有三种：总分式结构（总一分；总一分一总；分一总）、并列式结构（段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立）、对照式结构（结构形式上是一正一反）。 (2) 了解文章的论证方法。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：put forward a question analyze the questionsolve the question，即“提出问题、分析问题、 解决问题”的过程；argument/ideaeviclenceconclusion/restating the idea，即“由论点到论据到结论或者重申论点”的过程。(3) 了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法，其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好地达到说理、说明的目的。 “引用”和“例证”的共同功能是服务于段落或篇章的主题。
