1、以读助写以写促写以读后续写、概要写作为例outline 叙一己之见 荐一种学法 析影响因素 聚写作力点 抓写作要领 觅读后续写路线 揭概要写作诀窍1 为何是“以读助写以写促写”？以读助写 vs 以读促写 Being“pushed”in output is a concept parallel to that of the i+1 of comprehensible input.Indeed,one might call this the“comprehensible output”hypothesis.(Swain,1985,248-9).SWAIN M.1985.Communicative
2、competence:some roles of comprehensible input and comprehensible output in its development A.In Gass S M&Madden C G.(Eds.).Input in Second Language Acquisition C,235-253.Rowley,M A:Newbury House.促助诸汉英词典 urge,impel,promote,pushhelp,assist,aid诸汉语词典 使加快，催；推动辅助；帮助；协助；佐1 为何是“以读助写以写促写”？纨绔不饿死，儒冠多误身。丈人试静听，贱
3、子请具陈。甫昔少年日，早充观国宾。读书破万卷，下笔如有神。杜甫(712770).奉赠韦左丞丈二十二韵.1 为何是“以读助写以写促写”？读书破万卷，下笔如有神。【省略句】因为【事后】只要 只有 纵使读书破万卷，未必下笔如有神。拿什么“促”写？以写促写 以写促学如何（参见）教改要成功，做到两点即可：学生有时间自由阅读；教师过上正常生活。网 上 书 店 有 售适合：教师学生家长篇章内容：第一章 以写促学的理据 第二章 以写促听 第三章 以写促说 第四章 以写促读 第五章 以写促写（书写、写作）第六章 词块理论与词块教学 第七章 高中英语语法十要 洪岗教授作序第五章 第一部分 以写促书写 第一节 书写
4、的意义与要求 第二节 英文书写教学研究概述 第三节 不良书写现象及原因 第四节 纠正不良书写的对策 第五节 对书写教学的反思和建议第五章 第二部分 以写促写作 第一节 写作的本质 第二节 影响写作的因素 第三节 以写促写的写作教学 第四节 书面表达技能训练 第五节 以写促写的裨益第三节（四）写作要领指导1.审题立意“三基点”2.写作过程“三步曲”3.表现手法“三段文”4.质量保证“三禁忌”5.提升档次“三要素”一手三要领第四节书面表达技能训练（一）传递信息靠词汇：练好词汇基本功（二）表达心声靠句子：掌握各种类句型（三）建立篇章意识 落实谋篇布局（四）切中文章主题 把握内容要点（五）描述分析议论
5、 表现手法不同（六）表达条理分明 短文凸显层次（七）压缩或扩容 简练又充实（八）如何“按图索文”看图作文写作要领（九）如何“咬数嚼文”表格作文写作要领（十）如何“据示拟文”提纲作文写作要领 前言摘录课程改革，匹夫有责。在提出互补教学法被扼之后，提出了以写促学教学法，并悄然付诸实施。现将其整理成书，以飨读者。最后，赋诗一首以观照本人碌碌教学生涯。十龄立志题金榜，被迫失学陷怅茫。半路出家当教匠，全程入校伴学郎。执鞭御负谋蹊径，应试担压困堰梁。互补之途疑不抵，移情写记觅良方。网 上 书 店 有 售适合：教师研究者命题者篇章内容：理论研究（“做中学”不等于“用中学”；有意记忆词块等）调查研究（英文书写
6、规范问题调查等）课题研究（以写促读等）教学研究（定语从句的陷阱；“指代”的正确理解等）试题研究（以30年高考试题为样本）【主编语：“数据详实，难能可贵”。】吴本虎教授作序高考英语试题研究 三十年高考英语测试回顾分析 三十年高考英语“语音、听力”试题分析 三十年高考英语“单项填空”试题分析 三十年高考英语“完形填空”试题分析 三十年高考英语“阅读理解”试题分析 三十年高考英语“短文改错”试题分析 三十年高考英语“写作”试题分析 高考英语阅读理解“文章标题”题研究 高考英语阅读理解“指代推断”题研究 高考英语阅读理解“词义猜测”题研究前言摘录值此书稿集成之际，也是本人工作四十年之时，特赋诗一首以为
7、自鉴：少怀步月登云志，岂料鸿鹄断翅哀。噩梦十年游地狱，寒窗廿岁上瑶台。一生孜孜求学力，半世谆谆育将才。教匠呕心师道悟，校园沥血李桃栽。2 如何“以写促写”？文章不是“读”出来的，是 好文章不是“写”出来的，是 多写+多改（只写不改=低效/原地踏步）高考英语写作的事实：对写作的要求不高 考题本身难度不大 可得分却不尽人意（原因何在？）原因何在？语言因素非语言因素教师教学缺乏系统进阶；评分信度低（主观性、时间紧）学生词汇量；句法知识；篇章知识；汉语水平书写规范性；母语（正/负）迁移；思维品质；写作习惯/技能；生活经验至少阅三遍：一阅文字质量，二阅篇章布局，三阅内容表达试想：若把命题专家给出的范文放
8、在学生答卷中一起批改，会是什么结果？PEP中小学英语课本词汇量学段单词词组专名小学4239228初中1537391268高中2473409310合计44338926062 如何“以写促写”？规范书写（提笔即练字）熟悉句型（五个基本句型+各类从句）模仿写作（范文默写、分类仿写、多写多改）2 书写规范与学习成绩高度相关 高考英语书面表达评分标准之一是：如书写较差，以至于影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。（阅卷老师：不止一个档次）2 与学习成绩的关系|Z|2.58 p0.01书写等第ABB3.379*C7.714*5.266*成绩平均分差异Z检验2 学生书写等第及其平均分书写等第ABC人数82 17.8
9、%213 46.2%166 36%成绩平均分123.23119.19112.57折合百分制82.1579.4670.05Ntotal=4612 各等第分数段分布及比例等第分数段ABCN=82%N=213%N=166%100-9056.131.410.689-805769.511152.15030.179-7018227937.1784769-6022.41782917.559-5031.45349-4021.239-3010.6IMPORTANT!高考阅卷老师反馈：凡是得高分的作文无一不是卷面整洁、书写规范的答卷。阅卷人喜欢的作文是：字迹工整，卷面整洁；紧扣主题，条理清晰；语言地道，过渡自然；
10、长度适中，一气呵成。阅卷人讨厌的作文是：涂涂抹抹，斑斑点点；层次不清，段落不分；语句不通，无章可循；书写潦草，卷面不清。要让学生明白一个浅显的道理 文章写得好未必得高分 文章写得不好不可能得高分 文章是自己写的;分数是别人给的 我们能做的就是把自己的事情做好 怎样把自己的事情做好？产出性词汇量（尤其词块，多读多写）五个基本句型+各类从句 以写促写【书写规范+写作技能】多写 多改（同一篇文章要反复修改）应试：字写得好比文章写得好更重要！3 新高考写作题:应用文写作 应用文写作：根据所给情景，写一篇80词左右的短文。情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等；提供情景的方式有提纲、图画、图表等。【书信
11、、电子邮件、便条、通知、寻物启事、失物招领、新闻报道、日记、演讲稿、请柬】*教育部考试中心.2015.普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明（高考综合改革试验省份试用）（第一版）M.北京：高等教育出版社.6-7.“一手三要领”一、审题立意“三基点”1 把握内容要点；2 确定时态人称；3 理清写作思路二、写作过程“三步曲”1 起草初稿；2 修改润色；3 定稿誊抄三、表现手法“三股文”1 描述信息；2 分析原因；3 简短评论四、质量保证“三禁忌”1 一忌“卷面邋遢”；2 二忌“汉式英语”；3 三忌“表达不清”五、提升档次“三要素”1“高级”词汇；2 多样句型；3 关联词语年份点数段数句数单+复
12、词数用词/实词关联词*2004未列29 5+411266/446 6+02005226 4+211578/5910 8+220063310 5+513671/539 5+420073311 8+311778/577 4+3310 8+211964/425 2+32008338 5+311871/477 3+42009338 4+412281/555 4+12010227 5+210775/543 1+22011318 5+311783/594 3+12012228 6+211680/557 4+32013238 4+412083/558 6+22014未列49 5+411285/637 6+1
13、2015229 5+411370/436 6+027 3+411968/465 5+0平均by 20158.45.1+3.311775/526.44.5+1.92018.11.03 浙江卷应用文写作 假定你是李华，乘坐FL753航班抵达伦敦后发现钱包遗失。请给航空公司写一封邮件说明情况并寻求帮助。内容包括：1.行程信息；2.钱包特征；3.联系方式。注意：1.词数80左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。a possible version:(revised)Dear Sir/Madam,I am writing to report the loss of my wallet on your
14、 FL753 from Shanghai to London yesterday.I clearly remember it was with me when I boarded the plane.However,on arrival at Heathrow,I found it gone.It is a leather one,black,with my ID card,2 credit cards,and some cash in it.As you can imagine,these matter a lot to me.Please email me at if anyone hap
15、pened to find it.Thanks!Yours sincerely,Li Hua【86】3 新高考写作题:读后续写/概要写作 读后续写：提供一段350词以内的语言材料，要求考生依据该材料内容、所给段落开头语和所提示关键词进行续写（150词左右），将其发展成一篇与所给材料有逻辑衔接、情节和结构完整的短文。概要写作：提供一篇350以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。【要点】*教育部考试中心.2015.普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明（高考综合改革试验省份试用）（第一版）M.北京：高等教育出版社.22-23.3.1 读后续写：读后续写题与其他写作题的最大
16、不同之处在于，其答题形式是根据所给阅读材料和两个段落首句（也即主题句）进行续写。因此，续写部分必须与阅读部分保持高度的“协同性”。协同性：续写的内容要与阅读短文及所给段落首句高度衔接，续写内容想象丰富，在语言表达上恰当应用较多（5个以上）短文中标有下划线的关键词语，模仿使用阅读材料中的词语和句型较多且使用得当，语言表达准确流畅，上下文思路连贯。One weekend in July,Jane and her husband,Tom,had driven three hours to camp overnight by a lake in the forest.Unfortunately,on
17、the way an unpleasant subject came up and they started to quarrel.By the time they reached the lake,Jane was so angry that she said to Tom.“Im going to find a better spot for us to camp and walked away.With no path to follow,Jane just walked on for quite a long time.After she had climbed to a high p
18、lace,she turned around,hoping to see the lake.To her surprise,she saw nothing but forest and,far beyond,a snowcapped mountain top.She suddenly realized that she was lost.“Tom!”she cried.Help!No reply.If only she had not left her mobile phone in that bag with Tom.Jane kept moving,but the farther she
19、walked,the more confused she became.As night was beginning to fall,Jane was so tired that she had to stop for the night.Lying awake in the dark,Jane wanted very much to be with Tom and her family.She wanted to hold him and tell him how much she loved him.Jane rose at the break of day,hungry and thir
20、sty.She could hear water trickling(滴落）somewhere at a distance.Quickly she followed the sound to a stream.To her great joy,she also saw some berry bushes.She drank and ate a few berries.Never in her life had she tasted anything better.Feeling stronger now,Jane began to walk along the stream and hope
21、it would lead her to the lake.As she picked her way carefully along the stream,Jane heard a helicopter.Is that for me?Unfortunately,the trees made it impossible for people to see her from above.A few minutes later,another helicopter flew overhead.Jane took off her yellow blouse,thinking that she sho
22、uld go to an open area and flag them if they came back again.1.But no more helicopters came and it was getting dark again.2.It was daybreak when Jane woke up.*2016年10月浙江高考英语真题 续写步骤：第一步：审题（读）1.把握内容要点 划线词语：Jane,Tom,lake,walked,climbed,at a distance,stream,to her great joy,helicopter,yellow blouse（摘抄在草
23、稿纸上）所给首句：1.But no more helicopters came and it was getting dark again.（又一个夜晚）2.It was daybreak when Jane woke up.（昨晚得睡着）续写步骤：第一步：审题（读）2.理清写作思路（“顺藤摸瓜”）吵架出走迷路失联自救思念寻路直升机获救/？段1首句dark again：Jane又得在荒野度过黑夜。可考虑描写环境及Jane的心理活动，如后悔？想念？期待？坚持？夜里会不会遇到野兽？这一夜又是怎么度过的？段2首句woke up：上段应有Jane入睡的情节。醒来后发生什么？自救成功还是被人所救？抑或遇
24、难？直升机有无再回来并发现她？续写步骤：第一步：审题（读）3.根据要点回想备用词汇：环境：forest,rock,valley,cave,waterfall 困难：hungry,thirsty,injure,broken,blood,panic,suffer,cold 活动：fall,crawl,taste,attempt,make ones way to,pick up 情绪：break down,depress 救援：rescue team,doctor,search for,spot 品质：calm,courage,will 评价：amazing,make it续写步骤：第二步：起草（写
25、）列出每段要续写的要点（可先写出一些关键词，尽量包括阅读短文中划线的词语），然后拓展成几个支撑句。拟写时，注意句子结构的多样性，语言的丰富性，并通过正确使用句与句之间过渡词语使文句连贯。（鼓励使用短文中句式）续写步骤：第二步：起草/段落写作 一个完整的段落通常由三部分组成：主题句、拓展句和总结句。每个段落的这三部分内容只为同一个主题服务，不同的主题应放在不同的段落中表达。tip:把10个划线词语抄录在草稿旁边段落的拓展：（1）举例/列举法：按重要性递增的顺序排列 （2）时空顺序法：清楚、连贯 （3）因果分析法：现象，原因，结果 （4）比较对照法：相同；不同 （5）分类陈述法：阐述“概念”确保语
26、言连贯流畅的手段：启 用于引出主题句或扩展句 表“首先”：first，at first，first of all，firstly，in the first place，in the beginning，to begin with，to start with 表“最近、现在”：at present，currently，lately，recently，presently 表“总说”：generally，generally speaking 其他：it is clear that ，it is self-evident that，there is no doubt that，there is som
27、e evidence that 确保语言连贯流畅的手段：承 用于承接主题句或扩展句 表“递进”：also，besides，furthermore，in addition，in addition to，moreover，the most important，whats more 表“事实、无疑、肯定”：as a matter of fact，in effect，in fact，indeed，no doubt，certainly，truly 表“举例”：for example，for instance，such as，takefor example，especially，in particular
28、“同义复述”：or，namely，in other words，that is to say,，likewise，in the same way，similarly 其他：at the same time，consequently，from now on，so，soon，second/secondly，there are many reasons why确保语言连贯流畅的手段：转 用于表达语气的转折 表“让步”：although，despite，in spite of，nevertheless，regardless of 表“转折”：but，however，yet，whereas，while
29、表“相反、相对”：as opposed to，conversely，in opposition to，instead of，on the contrary，on the other hand 表“不同、区别”：otherwise，unlike，the differences are as follows 其他：luckily，fortunately，unfortunately确保语言连贯流畅的手段：合 用于总结、归纳，表示段落的结束 表“总括”：in all，in conclusion，in sum，in summary，to sum up，to summarize 表“简而言之”：in br
30、ief，briefly，in a word，in short，shortly 表“结果”：as a result，as a consequence，in consequence，consequently，so，hence，therefore，thus，accordingly 表“最后陈词”：at last，at length，finally，last，lastly，in the last place续写步骤：第三步：修改（写）A CHECKLIST:要点有无遗漏，时态是否一致，主谓是否一致，文理是否连贯，句型有无变化，词数是否符合要求，（少于130扣2分）拼写、标点符号是否有误等。要敢于创新，
31、用更精彩的词、句替换平淡的词、句，特别注意开头、结尾的精彩度，创造亮点。O.Henry式的结尾最佳续写步骤：第四步：誊抄（写）务必做到书写规范，保持卷面整洁。用下划线标出所用短文中标下划线的词语。One possible version:Paragraph 1:But no more helicopters came and it was getting dark again.Janehad to stay alone in the forest for another cold night.Although she felt a little sad,she didnt get fearfu
32、l.She thought about Tom.“He must have called for those helicopters.Maybe he was in one of them and will come back again!I have to guide him tomorrow.”She fell asleep and dreamed of seeing Tom.Paragraph 2:It was day break when Jane woke up.She ate some berries and then walked along the stream,hoping
33、to find a suitable place to guide the helicopter.Fortunately,she saw a huge flat rock in an open area at a distance.She rushed to the rock,climbed onto it and waited.To her great joy,the helicopter appeared again.The nearer it got,the more she flagged the yellow blouse.Luckily,the helicopter didnt m
34、iss Jane this time and it landed near the big rock slowly.Tom jumped off the helicopter and ran towards Jane.She broke down and burst into tears.(173词，8划线)阅读部分：续写部分：introductionplot 1paragraph 1:plot n+1paragraph 2:plot n+2+conclusionplot nplot 读后续写路线图：It had been a year since Susan,thirty-four,beca
35、me blind.As the result of a medical accident she was sightless,suddenly thrown into a world of darkness,anger,frustration and self-pity.Once an independent woman,Susan now became a powerless,helpless burden on everyone around her.No matter how much she cried or prayed,she knew the painful truth that
36、 her sight was never going to return.All she had to cling to was her husband Mark.Mark was an Air Force officer and he loved Susan with all his heart.When she first lost her sight,he watched her sink into despair and he became determined to use every means possible to help his wife.Finally,Susan fel
37、t ready to return to her job,but how would she get there?She used to take the bus,but she was now too frightened to get around the city by herself.Mark volunteered to ride the bus with Susan each morning and evening until she got the hang of it.And that is exactly what happened.For two weeks,Mark,mi
38、litary uniform and all,accompanied Susan to and from work each day.He taught her how to rely on her other senses,specifically her hearing,to determine where she was and how to adapt to her new environment.He helped her befriend the bus drivers who could watch out for her,and save her a seat.Each mor
39、ning they made the journey together,and Mark would take a taxi back to his office.Although that meant he had to travel through the city and the routine was costly and exhausting,Mark knew it was only a matter of time before Susan would be able to ride the bus on her own.He believed in her.Finally,Su
40、san decided that she was ready to try the trip on her own.Mondaymorning arrived.Before she left,she embraced her husband tightly,her eyes filled with tears of gratitude for his loyalty,his patience,and his love.She felt she was so lucky for he had given her a gift more powerful than sight.1.She said
41、 goodbye and,for the first time,they went their separate ways.2.On Friday morning,as Susan was stepping onto the bus as usual,the driver said,“Miss,I sure envy you.”Curious,Susan asked the driver why.Paragraph 1:She said goodbye and,for the first time,they went their separate ways.She made her way c
42、arefully up the steps with the white cane.She paid the driver and then,using her hands to feel the location of the seats,settled into one.She placed her briefcase on her lap and rested her cane against her leg.Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday.,each day everything on her own went perfectly.She was d
43、oing it!Paragraph 2:On Friday morning,as Susan was stepping onto the bus as usual,the driver said,“Miss,I sure envy you.”Curious,Susan asked the driver why.“You know,every morning for the past week,a fine looking gentleman in a military uniform has been standing across the corner watching you when y
44、ou get off the bus.He makes sure you cross the street safely and he watches you until you enter your office building.You are one lucky lady,”the bus driver said.When she knew the fact,tears poured down Susans cheeks,tears full of gratitude and happiness as well.Susan knew that she wouldnt have made
45、such great progress without Marks help.Its Marks love that brought light into darkness.A funny thing happened to Arthur when he was on the way to work one day.As he walked along Park Avenue near the First National Bank,he heard the sound of someone trying to start a car.He tried again and again but
46、couldnt get the car moving.Arthur turned and looked inside at the face of a young man who looked worried.Arthur stopped and asked,“It looks like youve got a problem,”Arthur said.“Im afraid so.Im in a big hurry and I cant start my car.”“Is there something I can do to help?”Arthur asked.The young man
47、looked at the two suitcases in the back seat and then said,“Thanks.If youre sure it wouldnt be too much trouble,you could help me get these suitcases into a taxi.”“No trouble at all.Id be glad to help.”The young man got out and took one of the suitcases from the back seat.After placing it on the gro
48、und,he turned to get the other one.Just as Arthur picked up the first suitcase and started walking,he heard the long loud noise of an alarm.It was from the bank.There had been a robbery(抢劫)!Park Avenue had been quiet a moment before.Now the air was filled with the sound of the alarm and the shouts o
49、f people running from all directions.Cars stopped and the passengers joined the crowd in front of the bank.People asked each other,“What happened?”But everyone had a different answer.Arthur,still carrying the suitcase,turned to look at the bank and walked right into the young woman in front of him.S
50、he looked at the suitcase and then at him.Arthur was surprised.“Why is she looking at me like that?”He thought.“The suitcase!She thinks Im the bank thief!”Arthur looked around at the crowd of people.He became frightened,and without another thought,he started to run.329 words1.As he was running,Arthu
51、r heard the young man shouting behind,“Stop,stop!”2.The taxi stopped in front of the Police Station and Arthur.One possible version：As he was running,Arthur heard the young man shouting behind,“Stop,stop!”And also at the moment,Arthur suddenly realized that the young man might be the bank robber.So
52、Arthur didnt stop,but continued to run until he saw a taxi.He stopped it,jumped in with the suitcase and said to the driver,“Go to the police station,please.The man shouting behind is the bank thief!The taxi raced away like the wind.The taxi stopped in front of the police station and Arthurtold the
53、police what had happened.Obviously,the police had already learned about the robbery.They opened the suitcaseand there was a large sum of money inside,as Arthur had expected.Then the police asked Arthur to describe the young man and the other suitcase.Later,with the information,the police caught the
54、robber.The police and the bank both thanked Arthur a lot.(153 word)3.2 概要写作 提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。20 考查要求：对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；上下文的连贯性；对各要点表达的独立性情况。*教育部考试中心.2015.普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明（高考综合改革试验省份试用）（第一版）M.北京：高等教育出版社.22-23.第二节：概要写作（满分25分）*阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Getting rid of
55、 dirt,in the opinion of most people,is a good thing.However,there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century,people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease,as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ill
56、s in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538,the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry IV,King of France,was famously dirty.Up
57、on learning that a nobleman had taken a bath,the king ordered that,to avoid the attack of disease,the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit(好处)of dirt was long-lived,dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking,cleaning a
58、way dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet,it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea;clothes need to be whiter than white,cloths ever softer,surfaces to
59、 shine.Has the hate for dirt,however,gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt,which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary,Mary Ruebush,an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages
60、children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter(后者)position is gaining some ground.308 words*教育部考试中心.2015.普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明（高考综合改革试验省份试用）（第一版）M.北京：高等教育出版社.24.One possible version:People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(点1)For a long time in history,peo
61、ple of some European countries,such as France,believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(点2)However,people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(点3)However,some scientists believe that exposure
62、 to some dirt may help our immune system.(点4）【72词，5句】概要写作原则：1.要点齐全 2.准确简洁 3.独立有效（避免抄原句！）摘要应具有独立性和自明性，拥有与文章等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。摘要不容赘言，故需逐字推敲。内容必须完整、一目了然。概要写作过程：【读+写】细心阅读，提取要点（理解主旨和要义）概括整合，表达要点 替代转换，体现独立（避免抄原句！）样例 如何确保要点齐全？【诀窍】如何确保要点齐全？【诀窍】划分段落【不以自然段为单位】段落数=要点数说明文的段落划分 1.描述某事物的性质功用等:性质/定义功用/功能应用/
63、利好 2.针对某问题提出解决办法或措施:问题成因解决方法/措施 3.介绍某现象及其原因结果:现象原因结果 These days a green building means more than just the color of the paint.Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses,factories,and offices.definition Green building means“reducing the impact of the building on the land”,Taryn H
64、olowka of the U.S.Green Building Council in Washington,D.C.said.According to Holowka,building account for 65 percent of total U.S.electricity use.But green building can reduce energy and water use.Also,the buildings are often located near public transportation such as buses and subways,so that peopl
65、e can drive their cars less.That could be good for the environment,because cars use lots of gas and give off pollution.Green buildings are often built on developed land,so that the buildings dont destroy forests.function Marty Dettling is project manger for a building that put these ideas into actio
66、n.The Solaire has been called the countrys first green high-rise building.According to Dettling,“Weve reduced our energy use by one-third and our water by 50 percent,”The Solaire cuts energy in part by using solar power.“On the face of the building we have solar panels which change the suns energy i
67、nto electricity,”Dettling explained.The Solaire also has lights that automatically turn off when people leave the room.In addition,the building has lots of windows,allowing people to use the sun for light during the day.The Solaire cuts water by reusing it.application Not everyone is eager to move i
68、nto a green building,however.Some people think that things like solar panels cost more money than more traditional energy sources.Anyhow,Holowka said,“Its going to be big.”outlookOne possible version:Environmentally friendly structures are called green buildings.They can reduce energy and water use
69、by a considerable percentage,thus lessen pollution and avoid destroying forests as well.For example,the green building Solaire has substantially reduced its energy and water use partly by applying solar power and reusing water.Although not all people like green building yet,it is expected to be popu
70、lar in the near future.【67词，4句】议论文的段落划分 三要素：论点、论据和结论：论点论据1论据n结论 We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor.Because of this,most people think that craft no longer exists.One of the ways these people wrongly support their view is by pointing to 100-year-ol
71、d homes which are still solid,and arguing that it is the craftsmanship that is responsible for their durability.“Homes in those days were well-built,”they say.No doubt these homes were well-built,but what these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of
72、the craftsmanship.Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price.For example,more people can no longer afford solid oak stairways,although they were once fairly common in older homes.Nor can they afford the high labor cost of employ
73、ing a carpenter to build the stairway.Yet if someone can pay the high cost,there are still plenty of carpenters around able to make those stairways.And not only would these carpenters know how to build them,they would probably do a better job than carpenters of old.One thing the modern carpenter has
74、 which enables him to do a better job is much more advanced tools.Such tools as laser beams and powerplanes help them lay out a house better and make more precision cuts on the wood.Also,it is not uncommon any more to find carpenters with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of math
75、ematics,which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs.The problem of modern quality,then,really boils down to the problem of material,for the modern carpenter is just as able to produce craftsmanship as the carpenter of fifty years ago,but only if given proper material.One possib
76、le version:Nowadays a majority of people think that craft is dead,because they see century-old homes soundly stand.They believe that it is the craftsmanship that contributes to the durability of the buildings,but they mistake the quality of material for that of the craftsmanship.Actually,good carpen
77、ters,who are more learned and equipped with advanced tools,still exist.So the problem of modern buildings lies in the quality of the material.【71词，4句】记叙文的段落划分 人物、情节(who did what)、时间、地点：夹叙夹议者：+观点/哲理性推论：情节1情节2情节n启示 That cold January night,I was growing sick of my life in San Francisco.There I was,walk
78、ing home at one in the morning after a tiring practice at the theatre.With opening night only a week away,I was still learning my lines.I was having trouble dealing with my part-time job at the bank and my acting at night at the same time.As I walked,I thought seriously about giving up both acting a
79、nd San Francisco.City life had become too much for me.As I walked down empty streets under tall buildings,I felt very small and cold.I began running,both to keep warm and to keep away from any possible robbers.Very few people were still out except a few sad-looking homeless people under blankets.Abo
80、ut a block from my apartment,I heard a sound behind me.I turned quickly,half expecting to see someone with a knife or a gun.The street was empty.All I saw was a shining streetlight.Still,the noise had made me nervous,so I started to run faster.Not until I reached my apartment building and unlocked t
81、he door did I realize what the noise had been.It had been my wallet falling to the sidewalk.Suddenly I wasnt cold or tired anymore.I ran out of the door and back to where Id heard the noise.Although I searched the sidewalk anxiously for fifteen minutes,my wallet was nowhere to be found.Just as I was
82、 about to give up the search,I heard the garbage truck pull up to the sidewalk next to me.When a voice called from the inside,“Alisa Camacho?”I thought I was dreaming.How could this man know my name?The door opened,and out jumped a small red-haired man with an amused look in his eye.“Is this what yo
83、ure looking for?”he asked,holding up a small square shape.It was nearly 3 A.M.by the time I got into bed.I wouldnt get much sleep that night,but I had gotten my wallet back.I also had gotten back some enjoyment of city life.I realized that the city couldnt be a bad place as long as people were willi
84、ng to help each other.One possible version:Dismayed by doing two jobs at a time,the author thought of quitting her city life in San Francisco.One early morning in January,she ran her way home after work,to keep warm and avoid possible robbery.She lost her wallet on the way and failed to find it.Unex
85、pectedly,a driver had picked it up and returned it to her.Moved by this,she regained faith in city life and would probably stay on.【76词，5句】read through the passage and divide it into sections comprehend and summarizesection 1paraphrase概要写作路线图：combine,and make it clear and coherentcomprehend and summ
86、arizesection 2paraphrasecomprehend and summarizesection nparaphrase2018.11.03浙江卷概要写作题【350】Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same.Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college ca
87、mpus(校园)like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms,classrooms and athletic equipment and,of course,the students.It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses,and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride
88、 away.But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life,and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.In fact,a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campu
89、s,and obviously,if you live across the country that wont be as much of a possibility,but if you live nearby,go check it out!If campus visits arent going to happen before you apply,at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools yo
90、ud like to attend.It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you dont like about certain campuses,things that you wouldnt know unless you actually visit.Now,if time and money are making it impossible,then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.Its a chance
91、to chat online with admissions officers,students,and college counselors(倾问)，and it wont cost you a penny!You can register for its online college fair at .While visiting an online college fair cant take the place of an actual campus visit,it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other re
92、search will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities youd like to attend.prcis 1(for reference only)To make a right decision of what college to attend,students need to visit colleges personally before applying.Also,it is necessary for them to visit nearby colleges,whic
93、h may be included in applications.Anyhow,they should visit their desired ones to see the real campuses before their acceptance.For those who can not afford a personal visit,registering online college fairs is a good choice to help themselves make an informed decision.【73】prcis 2(for reference only)I
94、ts really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying.Undoubtedly,students should visit their local colleges,which may be included in applications.At least,they should visit the school and figure out its real conditions in advance.For students who are short of mone
95、y and time,registering online is a good alternative to help them better understand schools.【63】To make a right decision of what college to attend,students need to visit colleges personally before applying.Also,it is necessary for them to visit nearby colleges,which may be included in applications.An
96、yhow,they should visit their desired ones to see the real campuses before their acceptance.For those who can not afford a personal visit,registering online college fairs is a good choice to help themselves make an informed decision.【73】Its really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges p
97、ersonally before applying.Undoubtedly,students should visit their local colleges,which may be included in applications.At least,they should visit the school and figure out its real conditions in advance.For students who are short of money and time,registering online is a good alternative to help them better understand schools.【63】【Which is better?】THANK YOU!