1、第二编语法突破 专题一动词的时态和语态1.(2019全国卷，65)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut _ (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing. 答案：have reported根据句中的时间状语“in recent years”可判断用现在完成时。2(2019全国卷，65)Our hosts shared many of their experien
2、ces and _ (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit. 答案：recommended根据“shared”可知，此处讲述过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。3(2018天津高考，13)My washing machine _ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.答案：is being repaired句意：我的洗衣机本周正在被维修，所以我必须用手洗衣服。is being repaired “正在被维修”。4(2019全国卷，69)On the last
3、 day of our weeklong stay, we _ (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.答案：were invited事情发生在过去，且主语we与动词invite之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。5(2018北京高考，4)Susan had quit her wellpaid job and _ (work) as a
4、volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.答案：was working句意：苏珊辞去了她的高薪工作，我去年拜访她的时候，她正在社区担任志愿者。由下文“when I visited her last year”可知，此处表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作，故用过去进行时。6(2019天津高考，2)I _ (hope) to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldnt manage it.答案：had hoped由couldnt ma
5、nage用的是一般过去时可知，动词hope发生在couldnt manage之前，表示过去本打算做某事而没有做成，故用过去完成时。7(2018北京高考，9)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _ (trap) in the mountains for two days.答案：had been trapped句意：一位救援工作者冒着生命危险救出在山里被围困两天的游客。空格处的动作发生在“冒着生命危险救出”这一动作之前，表示“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时。8(2019江苏高考，33)They are trying to
6、make sure that 5G terminals _ (install) by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.答案：will have been installed句意：他们正努力确保在2022年北京冬奥会之前安装完5G终端。根据时间状语by 2022可知，句子要用将来完成时；5G terminals与install (安装)之间是被动关系，故用将来完成时的被动语态。9(2018全国卷，短文改错)I didnt realize how right my parents are until I entered high school._答案：ar
7、ewere由句中的“didnt realize”以及“entered”可知，用一般过去时。故将are改为were。10(2018全国卷，短文改错)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there._答案：findfound由上句提到的“During my last winter holiday”可知，事情发生在过去，故用一般过去时。故将find改为found。动词的时态1一般现在时形式：do/doe
8、s; is/am/are用法：表示经常或习惯性的动作；表示人、事物现在的状况和特点；表示客观规律和永恒真理。在时间、条件和让步状语从句中，以及表示按时间表拟定或安排好要发生的动作，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例句：On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.If we dont act now to protect the environment, well live to regret it.Class begins
9、at eight in the morning.2现在进行时形式：is/am/are doing用法：表示说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的动作。计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等)。与always, constantly等副词连用，带有一种赞美、厌恶等感情色彩。例句：Hurry up, kids! The school bus is waiting for us!A foreigner is coming to visit our school.He is always he
10、lping others.3一般将来时形式：be going to do; will/shall do; be to do; be about to do用法：表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作、存在的状态或已经计划或安排好的事情。表示一种常规性的活动或注定要做的事情。be about to动词原形，表示就要做或正好要做的事情。例句：Ann is in hospital.Oh, really? I didnt know. I will go and visit her.When are you to return your library book?Be quiet. The concert i
11、s about to start.4一般过去时形式：was/were; did用法：表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。Its time that后的从句用虚拟语气。例句：Scientists have many theories about how the universe came into being. He often had lunch at school last month.Its time that we watered the flowers.5现在完成时形式：has/have done用法：某些表示时间的词或短语常与现在完成时连用：since, r
12、ecently, lately, so far, in/over/during the last/past时间段，until now, many times, these days, up to now, by now等。This/It/That is the first time that从句中用现在完成时。例句：Ive heard nothing from him up to now.This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family. 6过去进行时形式：was/were doing用法
13、：表示过去某时刻正在进行的动作。过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等)。was doing sth. when . 表示“某人正在做某事，这时突然发生了另一件事”。例句：I was playing table tennis at four this afternoon.We were leaving very early so we packed the night before.I was thinking of this when I heard my name cal
14、led. 7过去完成时形式：had done用法：表示“过去的过去”(句中必须有一个表示过去的时间状语或者过去的动词，而且该动作发生在过去的那个动作之前)。hardly/scarcely . when .; no sooner . than . “一就”。hardly/scarcely和no sooner分句中用过去完成时，when及than引导的从句中用一般过去时。例句：He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he had had it for a very long time.Hardly had I arrived at th
15、e classroom when it began to rain.8过去将来时形式：would do用法：表示从过去看将要发生的事情。表示过去习惯性的动作。例句：She was sure that she would succeed.When he was young, he would sit in front of the TV set for hours every day.9现在完成进行时形式：have/has been doing用法：过去的动作一直持续到现在，有可能还会持续下去。例句：The girl has a great interest in sport and has b
16、een taking badminton classes twice a week over the last three years. 10过去完成进行时形式：had been doing用法：表示过去某一时间之前一直进行着的动作。例句：When Alice came to life, she did not know how long she had been lying there.11将来进行时形式：will be doing用法：表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作。例句：Could I use your car tomorrow morning?Sure. I will be writin
17、g a report at home.12将来完成时形式：will have done用法：表示将来某时已完成的动作。标志性短语：by the end of将来时间， by将来时间。例句：By the time he is 14 years old, he will have finished advanced maths.动词被动语态的构成语态时态主动语态被动语态例句一般现在时do/doesis/am/are doneIf nothing is done, the oceans will turn into fish deserts. 一般过去时didwas/were doneHe was
18、praised by the headteacher because of his good deeds.现在进行时is/am/are doingis/am/are being doneI have to go to work on foot because my bicycle is being mended.过去进行时was/were doingwas/were being doneWhen we arrived at the garage, our car was being repaired.现在完成时has/have donehas/have been doneShakespeare
19、s play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years.过去完成时had donehad been doneThe man sent his son to school because he had been offered a large sum of money. 一般将来时will/shall dowill/shall be doneWe are confident that the environment will be improved by our further effor
20、ts to reduce pollution. 过去将来时would/should dowould/should be doneHe said that the plan would be carried out ahead of time.被动语态的特殊用法用法例句常用句型，不提出动作的执行者的被动语态Its not known that . 不得而知Its said that . 据说Its reported that . 据报道Its not decided that . 尚未决定Its believed that . 据认为Its announced that . 据宣布Its sai
21、d that their team won the first place last year.It was reported that several people had been arrested.被动语态的句型主语(承受者)be过去分词(by执行者)He was scolded by the headteacher.主语get过去分词其他成分，使用这种结构不能带有“by执行者”。 get及物动词的过去分词：get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wou
22、nd等动词的ed形式连用，构成被动语态She got fired because of her faults.The man got hurt on his way home from work. 主动表示被动的几种情况不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词有：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等These books sell well.The pen writes smoothly.The cloth washes well.一些系动词的主动式形容词。常见动词有：look, smell,
23、taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等The apples taste good.Cotton feels soft.单句语法填空1I _ (write) a letter once a week to my family when I was in my first college year.答案：wrote句意：我上大学一年级时，每周给家里写一封信。这里表示发生在“when I was in my first college year”期间的事，用一般过去时。2Chinese kites in ancient times _ (design) in the
24、 shape of birds.答案：were designed句意：中国古代的风筝设计成鸟的形状。由“in ancient times”可知，用一般过去时，且这里表示被设计，故要用被动语态。3Have you moved into the new house?Not yet. It _ (build)答案：is being built句意：你搬到新房子了吗？还没有，它正在建造中。根据句意可知，这里表示正在进行的被动的动作，用现在进行时的被动语态。4The 24 solar terms (二十四节气) _ (have) a great effect on Chinese peoples liv
25、es for thousands of years.答案：have had句意：二十四节气在千百年来对中国人的生活有很大影响。由“for thousands of years”可知，用现在完成时。5I think the paper is taking you a long time to write.I _ (work) on it for almost a month now.答案：have been working表示过去的动作一直持续到现在，有可能还会持续下去，所以用现在完成进行时。6Dear friend, I _ (sit) on a train to Fudan Universi
26、ty when you read this letter.答案：will be sitting句意：亲爱的朋友，当你看到这封信时，我将坐在开往复旦大学的列车上。表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，所以用将来进行时。7(2020湖南师大附中高三摸底考试)But during the time of the Zhou Dynasty about 500 BC, music _ (have) an important role in making society stable.答案：had根据“during the time of the Zhou Dynasty about 500 BC”可知，空格处
27、应该用一般过去时，故填had。8(2019乌鲁木齐市一中高三第一次月考)Bob! How is your project? I heard you started it last Friday, right?Oh! I _ (prepare) for it. But I havent decided when to do it.答案：have been preparing句意：Bob，你的项目怎么样了？我听说你上周五就开始了，是吗？哦！我已经在做准备了，但还没有决定好什么时候开始做。根据句意可知，“我”已经开始做准备了，不知道什么时候开始，说明还在准备中，用现在完成进行时最合适，即have b
28、een doing。9The notice says that anyone _ (request) not to take anything into the reading room.答案：is requested句意：布告上写到，要求任何人不能带任何东西进阅览室。表示“规定”用一般现在时，且anyone与request之间为被动关系。10Did you have to do much for the dinner party?No, Tina _ (finish) everything by the time I got home.答案：had finished由“by the time
29、 I got home”可知，该动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。.单句改错1(2019山东省济宁一中高三第一次调研考试)If you want to convince the boss you deserve a pay rise or promotion, the solution could be simpleeat the same food as they did._答案：diddo根据前面的eat可知，此处as引导的方式状语从句的时态与主句保持一致，使用一般现在时。2The man was fired because he promised to be punctual but
30、was late again this morning._答案：promised前加had由“but was late again”可知，从句中所表示的“保证准时”的承诺是发生在“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。3Im afraid by the time you arrive this afternoon I will be have a lesson then._答案：havehaving句意：恐怕你今天下午到达的时候，我正在上课。根据语境可知，应用将来进行时。4To my delight, I was choosing from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony._答案：choosingchosen主语I与动词choose之间为被动关系，故应该用被动语态。5Marty has been worked really hard on his book and he thinks hell have finished it by Friday._答案：workedworking根据题干中“he thinks hell have finished it by Friday”可知，Marty一直忙于写他的书，所以动作从过去开始持续到现在，并将一直持续到周五，此处强调动作的持续性，故用现在完成进行时。