1、第8讲非谓语动词考点一 非谓语动词概述及非谓语动词作定语一、非谓语动词概述非谓语动词又叫非限定动词，它也是动词的一种，与谓语是相对的概念。非谓语动词是指在句中不是谓语的动词，包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，它除了不能独立作谓语外，是可以承担句子其他成分的。非谓语动词的形式、意义及句法功能注意(1)having been done与done作状语时没有明显区别，可以互换，但having been done不能作定语和宾补，强调时间先后，而done有时只强调被动关系。(2)不及物动词的过去分词，只表示完成，不表示被动，如：fallen leaves落叶。(3)有时过去分词只表示被动
2、而不强调时间性。The boy was running along the street, followed by a dog.这个男孩正沿着街道上跑，后面跟着一只狗。Having eaten at the Cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again.蒂娜以前在这个自助餐厅吃过以后，再也不想去那儿吃了。二、非谓语动词作定语1不定式作定语不定式作定语，通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾或同位关系。(1)表示将来的动作时，根据需要不定式可用主动或被动形式。His first book to be pu
3、blished next month is based on a true story.他下个月将要出版的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为依据写的。I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.我借了一些假期读的书。(2)常被不定式修饰的名词有：chance, need, promise, ability, way, opportunity, right, attempt, plan, evidence等，常表同位关系。He had no chance to go to school before 1949.在1949年前他没有上学的机会。Do y
4、ou have the ability to read and write in English?你有用英语读和写的能力吗？(3)名词或代词由序数词或最高级修饰，再被非谓语修饰时，一般用不定式作定语，表主谓关系。She likes to listen to Mr Lis lessons, so she is always the first student to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)她喜欢听李先生的课，所以她总是第一个来最后一个走的学生。(4)在表示有要做的事情时，通常用不定式作定语，不定式与被修饰词之间为被动关系。Do you have anyt
5、hing to be typed, sir?No, thanks.先生，你有东西要打印吗？没有，谢谢。There is a lot of work to do.有许多活要干。注意若不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则要在该动词后加适当的介词。I have no pen to write with.我没有写字用的钢笔。2现在分词作定语(1)现在分词形式的主动式(doing)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动或进行。Recently a survey comparing prices of the same goods in two different supermarket
6、s has caused a heated debate among citizens.近来，一个把两家不同超市里的相同商品的价格做比较的调查引发了市民的激烈讨论。(2)现在分词被动式(being done)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在被动关系，表示该动作的被动和进行。The houses being built are for the teachers.正在建的那些房子是给老师们的。(3)现在分词形式作定语相当于一个定语从句，强调经常性状态或动作的进行。单个词通常要前置，短语要后置。John has really got the job because he showed me the of
7、ficial letter offering him it.(定语从句John . the official letter which/that offers him it.)约翰的确得到了这份工作，因为他给我看了提供他工作的正式信函。3过去分词形式作定语过去分词形式(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词之间存在被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.建于1911年的清华大学是无数杰出人物的摇篮。The question discuss
8、ed(which was discussed) yesterday is important.昨天讨论的问题是重要的。注意作定语的不及物动词的分词形式：doing和done。doing表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。boiling water 正在沸腾的水boiled water 开水developing countries 发展中国家developed countries 发达国家4动名词作定语动名词作定语时常置于被修饰词之前，用于说明事物的用途或性能。a walking stick a stick (which is used) for walking拐杖a washing machi
9、nea machine (which is used) for washing 洗衣机a reading rooma room (which is used) for reading 阅览室注意现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别：(1)现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的动作，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途，二者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。(2)动名词作定语只能置于被修饰词的前面，而现在分词作定语有时可前置，有时可后置，尤其是现在分词短语作定语时要后置。a swimming boya boy who is swimming一个正在游泳的男孩(现在分词作定语)a swi
10、mming poola pool for swimming 游泳池(动名词作定语)即时练1单句语法填空There is no need (build) a dam across the small river.Her eagerness (work) will please the boss.I want to buy a brush to paint .He was reading a book (write) by Mark Twain.The man (talk) to Tim is his uncle.There are still many problems (solve) befo
11、re we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.Prices of daily goods (buy) through the Internet can be lower than store prices.Did you see the young man (question) by the police?答案：to buildto workwithwrittentalkingto be solvedboughtbeing questioned考点二 非谓语动词作宾补1常见的非谓语动词作宾补的结构：“动词宾语宾补”，而在考查过程中，经常见到的一种结构是
12、其被动结构“be done to do”My mother allowed me to watch TV after finishing my homework in the evening.(主动语态)I was allowed to watch TV after finishing my homework in the evening. (被动语态)我妈妈允许我晚上做完作业后看电视。因此，在熟练掌握主动语态结构的情况下，更要注意被动语态中补语的结构。常见的动词有：ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, w
13、arn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。2感官动词宾语宾补感官动词(短语)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel的宾语补足语主要有三种形式，试比较(以see为例)：I heard her sing an English song just now.(主动，完成)刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.(主动，
14、正在进行)昨天经过她房间时，我听见她正在唱一首英文歌。To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.(被动，无时间性)为了学好英语，我们应该找机会尽可能多地听英语。3使役动词宾语宾补注意(1)在以上省去to的不定式作宾补的结构中，若变为被动语态，需将省去的不定式符号to补出来。He made his workers work 12 hours a day.(主动)His workers were made to work 12 hours a day.
15、(被动)他让他的工人们每天工作12个小时。(2)have还可以用于“have sth. to do/to be done”结构中，其中have作“有”讲，用不定式作定语。I have something urgent to inform you.,我有很紧急的事要通知你们。He got me to post the letter for him.他让我替他寄信。Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.亚历山大努力使他的工作被医学界认可。The captain got the soldiers movin
16、g toward the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进。Ill get my bike repaired tomorrow.我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。 Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.对不起让你久等了。4表示“知道”或“认为”的动词believe, consider, feel, know, think, suppose, understand, imagine等的常用结构：动词宾语to do/to have done/to be doing。以及其被动结构：主语
17、be以上动词的过去分词to do/to have done/to be doing和主语besaid/reported . to do/to have done/to be doing。其中，to do表动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；to have done表动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前；to be doing表动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。The famous artist was said to have bought birds kept in the cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.据说
18、那个著名的艺术家为了体验/享受放飞鸟的快乐，买了被困在笼子里的鸟。5with复合结构(with宾语宾语补足语)作状语，是用现在分词、过去分词还是动词不定式作宾语补足语，关键是看宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系。With time passing by, he almost forgot everything in the past.(time和pass by之间为主动关系)随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。He sat on the chair, with his hands tied behind his back.他坐在椅子上，双手在背后捆着。(hands和tie之间为被动关系)注意“
19、with宾语to do”结构中，如with译为“有”的意思，不定式表将要发生的动作且与宾语之间存在被动关系，此时用不定式的主动形式表被动含义。With a lot of problems to solve, the newly elected president will have a hard time.有许多问题要解决，这个新选出的总统将有一段艰难的时期。即时练2单句语法填空The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see (carry) out the next year.The missing boy was las
20、t seen (play) near the lake.He tried to make himself (understand)I wont have you (speak) to your dad like that.The guests left most of the dishes (touch), because they didnt taste delicious.I found him (bury) in a novel.John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work (finish), he gladly acc
21、epted it.He is thought (act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.答案：carriedplayingunderstoodspeakinguntouchedburiedfinishedto have acted考点三 非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子主语。两者不一致时，则要补出其逻辑主语，即构成独立主格结构。1不定式作状语(1)作目的状语表示谓语动词所表示动作的目的，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用in or
22、der to/so as to动词原形，但so as to不用于句首。He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus.In order to catch the first bus, he got up early.为了赶上第一班公共汽车，他起床很早。(2)作结果状语a不定式作结果状语时多表示出乎意料的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。作结果状语的不定式通常用一般式，为了表示强调可在不定式前加上only。I rushed to the station, only to find the train had already gon
23、e.我匆忙赶到火车站，却发现火车已经开走了。b不定式作结果状语还常用于so . as to ., such . as to ., enough to ., too . to .等结构中。She was so late as to miss half of the lecture.她来得如此晚以至于错过了一半的演讲。She is such a good teacher as to be respected by all her students.她是个如此好的老师，以至于受到她所有学生的尊敬。The house is large enough to hold two hundred people
24、.这座房子足够大，可以容纳两百人。(3)作原因状语不定式与情感类形容词连用时，大多表示原因，用来作原因状语。这类形容词主要有：happy, kind, surprised, frightened, shocked, glad, delighted, disappointed等。They were surprised to be informed of the news.被告知这一消息他们感到吃惊。She was very happy to hear that her son had been promoted.得知儿子升职了，她很高兴。(4)动词不定式也可以跟在一些作表语的形容词easy, h
25、ard, difficult, pleasant, good, fit, comfortable等后面作状语，构成“主语be形容词不定式”结构，在该结构中构成不定式的动词和句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式通常用主动形式表示被动含义。另外需注意的是在该结构中，不定式中的动词必须是及物动词，若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难懂。The picture is pleasant to look at.这张画很好看。2现在分词作状语现在分词的一般式，即doing表示动作和谓语动词的动作
26、同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。现在分词的完成式即having done表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.(主动意义，非谓语动词的动作与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生)看到没人在家，她决定给他们留个便条。Having waited for an hour, he realized he had left his wallet at home.(主动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前)等了一个小时后，他意识到他把钱包落在了家中。Having been asked t
27、o work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前)我那天晚上因为被要求加班而错过了一场精彩的电影。3过去分词作状语(1)过去分词短语作状语时可表示时间、原因、条件、伴随和结果等，也可以改为相应的从句或并列句。Given enough money, Id buy that car at once.If I am given enough money, Id buy that car at once.如果有足够的钱，我会马上买下那辆车。(2)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示
28、被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated (坐着的), hidden (躲着的), stationed (驻扎的), lost/absorbed in (沉溺于), born in (出身于), dressed in (穿着), tired of (厌烦了), faced with (面对)以及表示心理状态的动词。如：interested, surprised, satisfied, moved等。Absorbed in his book，he didnt notice me enter the room.专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。Faced with
29、a gradual rise of seawater, some nations in the Pacific are considering moving in the near future.面对海水不断上涨(的情况)，有些位于太平洋的国家正考虑在不久的将来搬迁。注意(1)以上这类的过去分词，从汉语理解方面，逻辑主语与该动词之间为主动关系，但应使用过去分词。此类词后往往紧跟一个介词，故在不能理解其用法时，若空格后紧跟一个介词，且填非谓语动词，则可填过去分词。(2)选择分词作状语时，主要分辨该动词与句子主语之间的关系：如果两者间存在主动关系则用现在分词；如果两者间存在被动关系则用过去分词；兼
30、顾注意动作的先后关系。区别下面的句子：Seen from the top of the hill， the park looks even more beautiful.(see与主语the park之间存在被动关系)从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。,Seeing from the top of the hill， we find the park even more beautiful.(see与主语we之间存在主动关系)从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。4独立主格结构作状语“独立主格结构”又称“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。它在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结
31、构上与主句不发生关系。其作用相当于状语从句。有时也用with复合结构(with宾语宾语补足语)作状语。(1)名词/主格代词现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。The girl staring at him(As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say.那个女孩两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。(2)名词/主格代词过去分词。过去分词与名词/主格代词之间存在被动关系。The problems solved(As the problems were solved), the quality of the products
32、 has improved a lot.随着问题的解决，产品质量已经提高了许多。(3)名词/主格代词不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，且不定式表示将要发生的动作。He is going to make a plane model, some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。即时练3单句语法填空Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only (find) it didnt fit.Clearly and thoughtfully (write
33、), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.Group activities will be organized after class (help) children develop team spirit. (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.The lecture (give), a lively q
34、uestionandanswer session followed.答案：to findwrittento helpHaving spent(having been) given考点四 非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语1动词不定式和动名词(短语)作主语 不定式(短语)作主语，表示某一具体的，尤其是未发生的动作；动名词(短语)作主语，表示抽象的、泛指的动作，尤其是一般行为倾向。两者可位于句首，也可用it作形式主语，而把不定式或动名词(短语)置于后面。动名词(短语)用it作形式主语代替时，常用于“It is no use/good doing sth.”结构中。不定式和动名词(短语)作主语时，谓语动词
35、用单数。Its not easy to learn English well.Reading as much as possible is necessary.学好英语不容易，广泛阅读是有必要的。It is no good learning without practice.只学习不实践没有好处。Its important for the figures to be updated regularly.对数字进行定期更新很重要。2动词不定式和动名词可用作宾语(1)afford, agree, ask, decide, desire, expect, fail, hope, manage, pr
36、omise, pretend, plan, intend, refuse, wish等动词后要接不定式作宾语。The small boy wanted to own a computer of his own.这个小男孩想拥有一台属于自己的电脑。(2)come, get, grow后接不定式作宾语时，意为“逐渐地”。She has a hot temper, but you will grow to like her.她脾气很急，但你会渐渐喜欢她的。(3)admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, exc
37、use, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, risk, resist, suggest等动词后要接动名词作宾语。Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the Expo during the vacation.比尔建议召开一个关于在假期为世博会做些什么的会议。(4)give up, feel like, keep on, insist on, look forward to, put off, devote . to, object to, be busy (in), get
38、down to, have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), have fun等短语后要接动名词作宾语。I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.在那个餐馆，我很难从菜单上找到合适的食物。(5)动词like, love, prefer, hate等后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。但表示经常性的动作要用动名词，表示具体的行为要用不定式。I like swimming, but I
39、dont like to swim this afternoon.我喜欢游泳，但今天下午不想去。(6)动词need, require, want作“需要”讲时，其后要用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。且句子的主语通常为表示事物的名词。与此有相同用法的动词还有deserve “值得”。The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.窗户需要擦了。(7)介词后一般要接动名词作宾语。但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时，如前面有实义动词do，不定式就要省略to。Upon arriving at the airport, he delivered an
40、 important speech.一到机场，他就发表了重要演讲。He has nothing to do but lie down and sleep.无事可做，他只能躺下睡觉。(8)动词，如：find, feel, think, expect, consider, make等常用于“. itadj./n.to do”结构中，it为形式宾语，to do为真正的宾语，形容词或名词作宾语补足语。He found it difficult to work out the problem.他发现很难解决这一问题。(9)既可用动名词，又可用不定式作宾语，但意义区别明显的动词：例词后接动名词后接不定式r
41、emember/forget/regretremember/forget/regret doing表示动作已发生remember/forget/regret to do表示动作未发生trytry doing 试着做try to do 努力做stopstop doing停止正在干的事stop to do停下来做别的事I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺，并记得在那里所看到的事物。I regret to inform you that your application
42、has not been successful.Not successful? I performed pretty well in my interview!我很遗憾地通知你，你的申请没有成功。没成功？在面试中我表现得很出色呀！3动词不定式、动词ing形式和过去分词可用作表语(1)当动词ing形式或过去分词作表语时，它们大多数是已经形容词化的，而且大多数是与心理状态有联系的词。The story sounds interesting.这个故事听起来有趣。She is interested in the story.她对那个故事感兴趣。(2)表示一般的概念时，不定式、动词ing形式可以互换，而
43、表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式。What she likes is watching/to watch children play.她喜欢的事情就是看孩子们玩耍。My wish is to become a good teacher.我的愿望就是要当个好老师。注意下列情况下不定式作表语通常省略to：(1)主语是all(其后有that引导的定语从句)或what引导的从句，且从句中含有do的某种形式时。(2)主语是the only， the first， the last，形容词最高级或被这些词修饰，主语后有定语(从句)，且定语(从句)中含有do的某种形式时。All you n
44、eed to do now is complete the form.你现在要做的是把这张表填好。What I want to do most in senior high school is improve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。The only thing to do now is go on.前进是现在唯一的出路。(3)“特殊疑问词/whether不定式”结构。该结构是对不定式用法的一个扩展。其用法为：The teacher taught the students how to do the experiment.(作宾语)老师教学生们如何做这个实
45、验。When to start (When we shall start) has not been decided.(作主语)何时动身尚未决定。The problem is where to put this computer.(作表语)问题是该把这台计算机放在哪儿。注意(1)“特殊疑问词/whether不定式”通常用在tell，show， understand， explain， teach， learn， discuss等词后作宾语。(2)“特殊疑问词/whether不定式”作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。(3)“特殊疑问词/whether不定式”中，用特殊疑问副词和whether时，不定式
46、用主动形式；用疑问代词，且构成不定式的动词与疑问代词为动宾关系时，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义，且不定式后一般不能再加宾语。即时练4单句语法填空Its for you (decide) what we should do next.The man insisted on (find) a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.Isnt it the time you got down to (mark) the papers?I wonder how (solve) this problem.What can we do but (
47、sit) and wait?Its standard practice for a company like this one (employ) a security officer.As we joined the big crowd I got (separate) from my friends.The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain (seat) as the plane was making a landing.答案：to decidefindingmarkingto solvesitto employseparat
48、edseated误区一谓语动词与非谓语动词的误用(1)【误】The lady walked around the shops, kept an eye out for bargains.【正】The lady walked around the shops, keeping an eye out for bargains.分析句子主语lady和keep之间存在主动关系，而且walk和keep所表示的动作同时发生，故用现在分词作伴随状语。(2)【误】Today there are more airplanes carry more people than ever before in the s
49、kies.【正】Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.【正】Today there are more airplanes which/that carry more people than ever before in the skies.分析此句是there be结构，故carry应用非谓语形式或定语从句。因airplanes和carry之间存在主动关系，故用现在分词carrying作后置定语，相当于which/that carry。注意造成此错误主要是因为对非谓语动
50、词的功能和作用认识不清，此类错误也是考生在写作时常犯的错误之一，应加强对考点一第“一”点的学习，另外还应加强基础知识的练习，如基本句型，词法、句法的功能等。误区二非谓语动词形式的误用(1)【误】Seeing from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.【正】Seen from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.分析此处是非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语the south foot of
51、the mountain与see之间存在被动关系，故用过去分词。(2)【误】I am awfully tiring, but I know Ill never fall asleep.【正】I am awfully tired, but I know Ill never fall asleep.分析描述人的心理状态，应用过去分词，tired表示“劳累的，疲劳的”。(3)【误】We dont allow to smoke in the lecture hall.【正】We dont allow smoking in the lecture hall.分析allow要接v.ing形式作宾语；用不定
52、式作宾语补足语，要用allow sb. to do sth.结构。(4)【误】Passengers are permitted carrying only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.【正】Passengers are permitted to carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.分析permit要接v.ing形式作宾语；接主语补足语时，要用be permitted to do sth.结构。(5)【误】Ive been looking forward to hear fr
53、om you.【正】Ive been looking forward to hearing from you.分析短语look forward to中的to为介词，故接动名词作宾语。(6)【误】This boy was seen come late this morning.【正】This boy was seen to come late this morning.分析感官动词see, watch, notice等动词转换为被动结构时，其后不定式需要带to。(7)【误】I looked up and noticed a snake wind its way up the tree to ca
54、tch its breakfast.【正】I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.分析根据语境可知，wind its way与snake之间为主动关系且此动作正在进行，故用现在分词作宾补。注意造成以上错误一方面是因为弄不清非谓语动词要修饰谁，例如，作定语时，应对前后的名词进行修饰；作宾补时，对宾语进行修饰。另一方面则是由于对特殊动词掌握不牢，如哪些动词后只能跟动名词，哪些只能跟不定式，哪些两种均可但意义又有区别，建议一方面加强对考点二、三、四的学习，一方面自己要多总结，
55、如，自己可将特殊词汇(词组)编写一个口诀，这远比书本上已有的口诀更实用，更便于记忆。误区三非谓语动词结构的误用或与其他句式(结构)的误用(1)【误】Before handing in your test paper, it is necessary to go over the whole paper.【正】Before handing in your test paper, you should go over the whole paper.【正】Before you hand in your test paper, you should go over the whole paper.分
56、析非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须要与句子的主语一致。(2)【误】Time permits, Ill talk for another hour.【正】Time permitting, Ill talk for another hour.分析此处为独立主格结构，逗号前后如无连词，不可为两个句子，又因permit有自己的逻辑主语time(注意不是I)，且两者之间存在主动关系，故应用v.ing形式。(3)【误】Having not been in the city long, I was still a stranger there.【正】Not having been in the city
57、long, I was still a stranger there.分析not用于否定非谓语动词时，必须位于其前，此为固定语法知识。(4)【误】Unless speaking to, she wont say a word.【正】Unless spoken to, she wont say a word.分析当从句的主语和主句主语一致，且从句谓语动词中含有be动词的某种形式时，可省略主语和be动词，本句中省略了相同的主语she和be动词is。(5)【误】Follow the road round to the right, she found his house.【正】Following t
58、he road round to the right, she found his house.分析分析句子结构可知，此句是分词作状语，由于逻辑主语she与follow之间是主动关系，且follow和句子谓语动词found所表示的动作(几乎)同时发生，故用现在分词的一般式following。注意造成以上错误主要是因对句子结构认识不清而致，在做非谓语动词的题时，要遵循以下步骤：(1)判断是否应用非谓语动词。(2)修饰谁，该用何种非谓语动词形式。(3)是否为特殊情况，有了这种思路，可以让我们少犯很多错误。另外，我们也建议平时在训练时，自己制订一个错题本，自己整理思路，这才是最实用的提分宝典。1(2
59、019全国卷)A 90yearold has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for (be) Britains oldest fulltime employeestill working 40 hours a week.答案：being2(2019全国卷)When we got a call (say) she was shortlisted, we thought it was a joke.答案：saying3(2019天津高考) (learn) to think critically is an important skill todays child
60、ren will need for the future.答案：Learning4(2019天津高考)Most colleges now offer firstyear students a course specially (design) to help them succeed academically and personally.答案：designed在做语法填空题时，一般可通过以下几步来减少或避免错误：1利用“有无连词”判断是谓语还是非谓语，即要找出句子的主干主语和谓语，再判断有没有连词的存在来连接两个句子。2根据句意和非谓语动词在句子中的作用来确定逻辑主语。(1)非谓语动词作状语
61、时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语；(2)非谓语动词作定语时，其逻辑主语是修饰的名词或代词；(3)非谓语动词作宾补时，其逻辑主语是作宾语的名词或代词；(4)非谓语动词作主语或宾语时，其逻辑主语通过句意来判断。3根据与逻辑主语之间的关系确定主被动形式。4根据非谓语动词与谓语动词所表动作发生的先后关系确定时态(一般式或完成式等)。5.(2019浙江高考)But some students didnt want (wear) the uniform. 答案：to wear6(2019江苏高考) (enjoy) the convenience of digital payment, many senior c
62、itizens started to use smart phones.答案：To enjoy7(2019江苏高考)Chinas image is improving steadily, with more countries (recognize) its role in international affairs.答案：recognizing8(2018北京高考)Ordinary soap, (use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.答案：used1(2019全国卷)All the football players on the
63、 playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football. 答案：saysaying2(2019全国卷)If I succeed in manage one, I will open more. 答案：managemanaging3(2018全国卷)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. 答案：sellselling4(2018全国卷)As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no m
64、atter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not let me. 答案：watchingwatch5(2018全国卷)Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud. 答案：waitwaiting6(2017全国卷)In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden, . 答案：interestinginterested在做短文改错题时，可使用“五查”来识别错误：(1)检查是否该有不定式符号to；(2)检查介词后的非谓语动词是否正确；(3)检查并列结构中非谓语动词形式是否一致；(4)检查作主语和宾语的非谓语动词形式是否合适；(5)检查分词作状语是主动还是被动。注意在本专题的考点剖析中，讲过的特殊情况要专门去积累和运用，否则也会出现错误。如：汉语理解与英语结构不一致的情况。主动形式表被动含义的情况。