1、Book 8Unit 1 A land of diversity 基础自主检测阅读识记.英译汉1.strait n. 海峡2.immigration n. 移民；移居入境3.crossing n. 横渡；横越；十字路口；人行横道4.cattle n. 牛(总称)5.shave vt.& vi. 刮；剃6.mourn vt.& vi. 哀悼；悼念；表示悲痛7.insert vt. 插入；嵌入.汉译英1.percentage n. 百分比；百分率2.boom n. (人口、贸易的)繁荣vi. 处于经济迅速发展时期3.brake n. 闸；刹车；制动器vi.& vt. 刹(车)；用制动器减速4.ju
2、stice n. 正义；公平5.civil adj. 公民的；国内的；民间的6.authority n. 权威；权力pl. 当局；官方高频应用1.hardship n. 苦难；困苦2.vice n& adj. 代理；副职3.luggage n. 行李 4.fascinating adj. 迷人的；吸引人的5.nowhere adv. 无处；到处都无 6.grasp vt.& n. 抓住；抓紧；掌握；领会7.thankful adj. 感激的；感谢的拓展变形1.distinct (adj.) 清晰的；明显的；明确的distinction (n.) 差别；区分；卓著distinctive (adj
3、.) 独特的；特别的2.means (n.) 方法；手段meaning (n.) 意思mean (v.) 打算；意味meaningful (adj.) 有意义的3.majority (n.) 大多数；大半major (adj.) 主要的 (vi.) 主修minority (反义词) (n.) 少数；少数民族minor (adj.) 较小的；次要的4.elect (vt.) 选择；决定做某事；选举某人election (n.) 选举5.racial (adj.) 人种的；种族的race (n.) 种族；比赛racism (n.) 种族主义；种族歧视6.applicant (n.) 申请人appl
4、y (vi.) 申请application (n.) 申请书；申请7.customs (n.) 海关；关税；进口税custom (n.) 风俗；习惯 customer (n.) 顾客；主顾8.socialist (n.) 社会主义者；社会党人 (adj.) 社会主义者的social (adj.) 社会的socialism (n.) 社会主义society (n.) 社会9.occur (vi.) 发生；出现occurrence (n.) 事件；发生的事occurred (过去式/过去分词)10.indicate (vt.) 指出；标示；表明；暗示indication (n.) 象征；标示；表明
5、；暗示indicator (n.) 指示器；指示牌11.apparent (adj.) 显而易见的；显然的；表面上的apparently (adv.) 显然地；显而易见地12.conductor (n.) (公车)售票员；列车员；(乐队)指挥conduct (vt.) 组织，安排13.slip (vi.) 滑动；滑行；滑跤 (n.) 滑动；滑倒slipper (n.) 拖鞋slippery (adj.) 滑的；狡猾的14.hire (vt. & n) 租用；雇用fire (反义词) (vt.) 解雇15.punishment (n.) 惩罚；处罚punish (vt.) 惩罚1.单复数意义不同
6、的名词custom (风俗)customs (海关)manner (方式)manners (礼貌)paper (纸)papers (文件)art (艺术)arts (文科)arm (手臂)arms (武器)brain (脑袋)brains (智力)work (工作)works (作品)2.带后缀ing的名词crossing 十字路口training 训练feeling 感觉wedding 婚礼marketing 销售spending 花销engineering 工程wellbeing 幸福3.后缀“or”表示“人”的高频名词conductor 售票员；列车员administrator 管理者；
7、行政人员director 导演；主管educator 教育工作者editor 编辑inventor 发明家；发明者operator 操作员；接线员translator 翻译家；译者一 动词介/副词1live on 继续存在；继续生存2keep up 坚持；维持；沿袭(风俗、传统等)3team up with 与合作或一起工作4mark out 用线画出范围；标出界线5take in 包括；吸收6apply for 申请；请示得到二 动词/介词宾语7by means of . 用办法；借助8make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等三 其他9back to back 背靠背10a gre
8、at/good many 许多；很多1“v.out”结构短语小结mark out 标出界线turn out 结果是make out 理解；辨认出 work out 锻炼cut out 删去 come out 出版；开花2“v.in”结构短语小结turn in 上交 give in 屈服；投降break in 强行闯入 take in 吸收；欺骗succeed in 在上取得成功engage in 从事；参加3“名词to名词”短语小结back to back 背靠背heart to heart 心连心地face to face 面对面地mouth to mouth 口对口地knee to kne
9、e 促膝地shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地_1名词性从句作介词的宾语Exactly when the first people arrived in what_we_now_know_as (我们现在称之为) California, no one really knows.(教材P2)2it is likely that . “很可能”However, it_is_likely_that (很可能) Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.(教材P2)3why
10、引导的表语从句，表示“的原因”That_is_why (那就是为什么) today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.(教材P2)4过去分词短语作原因状语People from different parts of the world, attracted_by (被吸引) the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California.(教材P3)5借助于it作形式主语的主语从句It_is_believed_that (人们认为)
11、before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.(教材P3)单句语法填空1It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, _ (attract) people from all over the world.
12、答案：having attracted2The customs and languages of the immigrants live _ in their new home.答案：on3Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means _ a land bridge.答案：of4In addition, many died from the diseases _ (bring) by the Europeans.答案：brought5In th
13、e 18th century California _ (rule) by Spain.答案：was ruled6The dream of _ (become) rich quickly attracted people _ all over the world.答案：becoming; from7In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps _ their Danish culture.答案：up8_ the 1920s the film industry wa
14、s well established in Hollywood, California.答案：By9Its a 79 km roundtrip that takes _ all the famous tourist spots.答案：in10From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station _ many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA.答案：where考点步步冲关1 majorityn大多数；大半Of the first Spanish to go to
15、 California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. (P2)在首批移居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住居民传授天主教。(1)the majority of . most of . 大多数be a/the majority in 构成大多数/占多数(2)major adj. 主要的 vi. 专修；主攻major in 主修(3)minority n. 少数；少数派；少数民族名师点津(1)the major
16、ity单独用作主语时，若强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若强调个体，谓语动词则用复数形式。(2)“the majority of可数名词复数”用作主语时，其谓语动词一般用复数。即时练1单句语法填空What she has just said doesnt correspond with the views of the _ (major)An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members _ (be) against it.I graduated from Chongqing Norm
17、al University and majored _ information management.答案：majorityarein2 occurvi.发生；出现It didnt occur to me that . (P5)我没有想到(1)occurprep./adv. 发生；存在(2)sth. occurs to sb.sth. strikes sb.sth. comes to sb. 某人想起某事(3)It occurs to sb. to do sth. 某人想起做某事(4)It occurs to sb. that .It strikes/hits sb. that . 某人想起某
18、事(5)occurrence n. 发生；事件；出现即时练2单句语法填空Frequent _ (occur) of natural disasters in recent years have caused great losses in the AsianPacific region.It occurred to him _ he hadnt eaten anything since the night before.答案：occurrencethat一句多译我突然想到，自上封信以来，已经有太长时间没收到华莱士的信了。_ it had been too long since I heard
19、from Wallace. (strike)_ it had been too long since I heard from Wallace. (occur)答案：It (suddenly) struck me thatIt occurred to me that3 indicatevt.指出；标示；表明；暗示Try to use the expressions above to indicate that you are listening carefully to your partner.(P7)试着用以上表达来表明你在认真倾听你搭档的话。(1)indicate sth. to sb.
20、 向某人指出/暗示某物indicate that . 示意；表明(2)indication n. 指示；象征；预示There is no indication that . 无迹象表明There are some indications that . 有迹象表明即时练3单句语法填空With a nod of his head, he indicated _ me where I should sit.He gave no _ (indicate) that he was ready to compromise.The horse is a frequent theme in Chinese p
21、ainting, _ (indicate) a kind of advancement.The bell _ (indicate) the end of the period rang, interrupting our heated discussion.答案：toindicationindicatingindicating1by means of 通过；用；借助于教材原句Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land br
22、idge which existed in prehistoric times.(P2)科学家们认为这些迁居者通过一条史前时期曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。by this means 用这种方法by no meansin no wayin no caseon no accountat no time 决不；一点也不(放在句首时，句子用倒装语序)by all means (用于交际英语表示同意)当然可以；没问题名师点津means用作“方式；方法”讲时单复数同形。若all/some/several/many means作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。若every/each/one/a
23、 means作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。即时练1单句语法填空Every possible means _ (try), and we find only by this means is it possible to persuade him.All possible means _ (try), but we still cant work out the problem.Ive tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means _ (be) the teacher satisfied with my progress.答案：has
24、 been triedhave been triedis用means相关短语的适当形式填空She could not speak, but made her wishes known _ signs.This is _ the first time you have been late.The local army men helped the victims of the earthquake _ at their command.答案：by means ofby no meansby every means2make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等教材原句Some died or
25、 returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship.(P2)有些人死了或回家了，但是尽管条件十分艰苦，多数人仍然留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生。(1)come to life 变得更有趣(或使人兴奋)；变得活跃live/lead a . life 过着的生活come back to life 苏醒过来；恢复生气bring . back to life 使苏醒过来(2)make/earn a/ones living 谋生(3)make it 成功；到达某
26、地即时练2用life相关短语的适当形式填空They settled down in Canada and _ for themselves.To our great joy, he _ soon.On that night, it was believed that the spirits of the dead would try to _.答案：made a lifecame to lifecome back to life3team up with (cooperate with) 相称；合伙，合作，协作教材原句Teamed up with a couple from my hotel
27、(Peter and Terri) and hired a car.(P8)同饭店里的一对夫妻(彼得和泰莉)作伴，一起租了一辆小汽车。keep up with 跟上catch up with 赶上put up with 忍受；容忍end up with 以结束即时练3用team up with/keep up with/put up with/end up with的适当形式填空She always stays up late to study in order to _ the others.Its too delightful of you to be so nice to him, an
28、d _ all his tiresome stories.The party _ a song that everyone was familiar with.I need to _ your firm in a business project. Could you put me through to your boss?答案：keep up withput up withended up withteam up with4take in 包括；领会；理解；欺骗；收留；收养；吸收教材原句Its a 79 km roundtrip that takes in all the famous to
29、urist spots.(P8)这是一次往返79公里的旅行，它涵盖了所有著名的旅游景点。take apart 拆开；把打得一败涂地；抨击(论点等)take back 收回；带回；使回想起take care of 照料；保管take down 拿下；取下；拆卸；记下take it easy 别紧张；慢慢来take over 接收；接管take off 脱下(衣服等)；起飞take on 承担；呈现take ones place 代替某人的位置take ones time 不急；慢慢来take up 开始从事；占用(时间或空间)；着手处理；拿起；继续即时练4写出下列句中take in 的含义The
30、 price takes in the cost of all the accommodation and food._Bretts always taking in stray animals._Dont be taken in by products promising to make you lose weight quickly._I found it easy to take in what the professor had said._It is said that black takes in more heat than white. _答案：包括收养欺骗理解吸收用take相
31、关短语的适当形式填空Im sorry I was rude; I _ everything I said.We find it difficult to _ what he teaches.Ill _ the story where I finished yesterday.When the picture was _， the wall looked very bare.Would you like me to _ the driving for a while?Bill Gates is really a great man, whose career _ in his early thi
32、rties.答案：take backtake intake uptaken downtake overtook off5a great many 很多；许多(修饰可数名词)教材原句Saw some interesting temples here, a number of markets and a great many restaurants.(P8)参观了这里的一些有趣的寺庙，不少的集贸市场和许多餐馆。(1)(2)不可数名词单数谓语(3)a mass of可数名词的复数/不可数名词(谓语动词的单复数与of后的名词的数保持一致)(4)即时练5单句语法填空Our institute has o
33、rdered a great many _ (instrument) from the company.A good many new books _ (publish) by the Foreign Language Press last month.Large quantities of oil _ (discover) in a place near my hometown recently.答案：instrumentswere publishedhave been discovered1However, it_is_likely_that Native Americans were l
34、iving in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.(P2)翻译然而，美洲土著人很可能在至少15,000年前就住在加利福尼亚了。It is likely that . “很可能”。本句中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。句中likely为形容词，意为“可能的”。其近义词有possible, probable。即时练1单句语法填空The more stress you are under, the _ (likely) you are to catch a cold.They are likely _ (fire) b
35、y the company just because of their fault.答案：more likelyto be fired一句多译当你在山里旅行时，你很可能会遇到大型野生动物。You _ large wild animals while travelling in the mountain._ large wild animals while travelling in the mountain.答案：are very likely to come acrossIts very likely that you will come across2By_the_time Califor
36、nia elected to become the thirtyfirst federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.(P2)翻译到1850年加利福尼亚被选为美国第31个州的时候，它已经是一个有多种文化的社会了。by the time 意为“到的时候”，是一个介词短语，在句中起连接作用，引导时间状语从句。其用法如下：(1)如从句谓语是一般过去时，则主句用过去完成时；(2)如从句谓语是一般现在时或现在完成时，则主句用将来完成时；(3)如主句动作不强调已经完成，只是说明某个时候的状况，此时主句不
37、用完成时，而应根据实际需要选用适当的时态，此时by the time 相当于when。即时练2单句语法填空By the time they arrived, the famous astronaut _ (leave) the hall.By the time she gets home, her mother _ (leave) for London to attend a meeting.When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we _ (hang) up, her voic
38、e had been full of life.答案：had leftwill have lefthung名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)概念在句子中起名词作用的从句称为名词性从句，又根据其在复合句中具体充当的成分，可分为主语从句(Subject Clause)、宾语从句(Object Clause)、表语从句(Predicative Clause)和同位语从句(Appositive Clause)。名词性从句的引导词引导名词性从句的连接词分为三类：1连词：that (在从句中不充当成分，无语义); whether, if(在从句中不充当成分，语义为“是否”)Its good to
39、know that the dogs will be well cared for while were away.知道我们不在的时候狗会被精心照看真好。2连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which(在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语)“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is what my mother used to tell me.“每次吃甜点的时候，喝绿茶”。这是我妈妈过去常常告诉我的。3连接副词：when, where, how, why (在从句中充当
40、状语)Exactly when the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.土豆是什么时候被引进到欧洲的还不确定，但可能是1565年左右。主语从句主语从句一般位于谓语动词之前，但有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it 作形式主语，而把主语从句置于句末。It is strange that the children are so quiet.真奇怪，孩子们如此安静。宾语从句1形式宾语it动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语时
41、，有时需要用it作形式宾语而将宾语从句后置。Susan made it clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.苏姗明确向我表示，她希望自己过上新生活。2介词后的宾语从句连词 that 引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in等后；其他的介词后的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步作形式宾语。You may depend on it that Tom will help you with your English.你可以相信汤姆会帮助你学英语。3某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾
42、语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that 可省略。They are afraid (that) I will feel lonely.他们担心我会感觉孤独。4宾语从句中的时态与主句时态的呼应主句动词是现在时，从句应根据具体情况使用不同时态。当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外)时，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如：一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时等；但当从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象时，则从句仍用现在时态。We arrived at wo
43、rk in the morning and found that somebody had broken into the office during the night.我们早晨上班，发现有人夜间闯入了办公室。Our teacher told us that January is the first month of the year.我们的老师告诉我们一月是一年的第一个月。表语从句1引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但是有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语系动词从句。What a mess! Youre always so lazy
44、!Im not to blame, mum. I am what you have made me.太乱了！你总是这么懒！妈妈，不该责备我。是你造成我这个样子的。2when, where, why, how, because引导的从句作This is 或That is的表语时，表示具体的时间、地点、原因、方式等。That is why I dont finish the task in time.那是我没有及时完成任务的原因。3当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that而不是because引导。The reason why he was late was that he missed the
45、 train this morning.他迟到的原因是今天早晨他错过了火车。即时练.单句语法填空1The new book is about _ Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent into space.答案：how2Some people believe _ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.答案：whatever3Shes no longer _ she used to be.答案：what4I truly believe _ beauty
46、comes from within.答案：that5Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “Thats _ I was born.”答案：where.单句改错1It struck me most in the movie was the fathers deep love for his son._答案：ItWhat2The best moment for the football star was how he scored the winning goal._答案：howwhen3The customs office is that your
47、luggage is inspected when you enter or leave a country._答案：thatwhere基础达标演练.单句语法填空1By the time he got to the station, the train _ (leave)答案：had left2As the wages were low, there were few _ (apply) for the job.答案：applicants3In my opinion, it is not so helpful to give someone some bread as it is import
48、ant to teach him how to make _ life.答案：a4By the middle of the 21st century, the vast majority of the worlds population _ (live) in cities rather than in the country.答案：will be living5She had looked everywhere for her children, but they were nowhere _ (find), which made her very worried.答案：to be foun
49、d6Oil prices fell this week to their lowest level in fourteen months, _ (apparent) because of overproduction.答案：apparently7They have pledged to end _ (race) discrimination in areas such as employment.答案：racial8After the explosion, every means _ (use) to prevent the river from being polluted.答案：has b
50、een used9In some rural places of China, some people still prefer keeping _ their traditional lifestyle.答案：up10_ is believed that the wilder the animal or plant is, the better the effects are.答案：It.单句改错1It didnt occur him that his wife was having an affair._答案：occur后加to2Only a few of them thought hig
51、hly of the plan. The majority of people was against it._答案：waswere3That makes me think of Lagos, which may be the third large city on the planet by the end of the decade._答案：largelargest4Were dealing with probably the biggest missing link in that we know about human evolution._答案：thatwhat5A great ma
52、ny of people gain a great deal of information from the Internet._答案：去掉many后的of.教材微写作A根据提示完成句子1众所周知，自从1978年改革以来，中国经历了移民大潮。(immigration)_答案：As we all know, China has experienced immigration movements since the reform in 1978.2据报道成千上万的农民从农村涌向城市。(It is reported that .)_答案：It is reported that thousands o
53、f farmers from the countryside crowded into the cities.3尽管辛苦，他们中的多数人都能适应城市生活。(make a life)_答案：The majority of them can make a life in the cities despite the great hardship.4有些农民甚至申请了城市居住权，以享受和当地人一样的权利。(apply for)_答案：Some even have applied for the right to live in the city and enjoy the same rights a
54、s the local people.5并且他们通过努力工作为城市的繁荣做出了贡献，自己也过上了幸福的生活。(by means of; boom)_答案：In addition, they have made great contributions to the boom of the cities by means of working hard and live a happy life.B将以上句子连成一篇逻辑严密的短文，注意书写规范答案：As we all know, China has experienced immigration movements since the refor
55、m in 1978. It is reported that thousands of farmers from the countryside crowded into the cities. The majority of them can make a life in the cities despite the great hardship. Some even have applied for the right to live in the city and enjoy the same rights as the local people. In addition, they have made great contributions to the boom of the cities by means of working hard and live a happy life.