1、 【名词-知识要点】一、名词的种类名词是所有事物的名称，包括人、物及抽象概念。名词分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。1.普通名词普通名词是某类人、事件、物体和抽象概念的名称。根据其所指代物体 的特征，普通名词又可分为以下四类：（1）个体名词表示人或物体中可以数清的单个体。如：student（学生），pen（钢笔），bird（鸟）等。（2）集体名词（即集合名词）表示由个体组成的集合体。如：people（人民），police（警察），family（家庭）等。（3）物质名词表示构成物体物质的不可数名词，或表示无法分为个体的物质的名词。如：water（水），air（空气），wood（木头）等。（4）抽象名
2、词表示动作、状态、品质、情感等非具体化的抽象概念。如：work（工作），peace（和平），love（爱）等。2.专有名词专有名词是某些人、事物、机构、组织等特有的名称。主要包括：人名、地名、国名、党派名称等。如：Churchill（丘吉尔）、Tokyo（东京）、China（中国）、the Communist Party of China（中国共产党）等。二、名词的性名词按其所表达的物体的自然性别可以分为四类。1.阴性名词表示女性或雌性动物的名词。如：woman（女人），hostess（女主人），cow（母牛）等。2.阳性名词表示男性或雄性动物的名词。如：man（男人），host（男主人），b
3、ull（公牛）等。3.中性名词表示物体和抽象概念的名词。如：radio（收音机），love（爱），tree（树），friend（朋友）等。4.通性名词多数英语名词不分性，这类名词特指人类、适用于男性和女性组成的小群体或男性、女性个体。如：parents（父母），couple（夫妇），children（孩子们），child（孩子），person（一个人）等。三、名词的数名词分可数名词和不可数名词1.可数名词个体名词都是可数名词。每个可数名词都有其单数和复数形式。单数：表示“一个”的概念。用名词的单数时，名词前需加a或an。如： a book（一本书）、a river（一条河）、an apple（
4、一个苹果）、an orange（一个橘子）等。复数：表示两个或两个以上的物体。如：two pens（两枝钢笔）、three days（三天）、three cities（三个城市）等。复数形式的构成有两种：规则名词复数形式的构成和不规则名词复数形式的构成。 （1）规则名词复数形式的构成大多数名词在词尾加s。（在清辅音后读，在浊辅音及元音后读。catcatsbagbagsdaydays以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词在词尾加es,读作。classclassesmatchmatches以辅音字母+y结尾的名词把y变成i,加es,作citycities但专有名词例外，直接在y后加s,读作 Germany
5、Germanys以辅音字母+o结尾的名词一般直接加es,读作;某些外来词例外，加s（如zero,kilo,tobacco等）tomatotomatoesphotophotospianopianos以元音字母+o结尾的名词直接加s,但读作zoozoosradioradios（2）不规则名词复数形式的构成：通过改变词内元音字母manmenfootfeettoothteethmousemice通过在词尾加enoxoxenchildchildren单复数形式相同a sheeptwo sheepa deertwo deera Chinesetwo Chinese外来词保持其原有的复数形式crisiscr
6、isesbasisbasesphenomenonphenomena（3）复合名词复数形式的构成将中心词变为复数形式Son-in-law（女婿）sons-in-lawgrandchild（孙子）grandchildrenlooker-on（旁观者）lookers-on组成部分均为表示人的主体词，各组成部分都要变为复数形式woman doctor（女医生）women doctorsman servant（男仆）men servants 组成部分没有中心词最后一个组成词上加sgrown-up（成年人）grown-upsgo-between（中间人）go-betweens（4）只有复数形式的名词由相同
7、两部分组成的物体的名称scissorstrousersglasses以-ing结尾的名词化的动名词savingsearningsbelongingssurroundings已约定俗成的名词形式armsstairsthanks只有单数形式的名词advice，labor，information，furniture，traffic抽象名词和物质名词的具体化表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，表示变化了的词义，这一抽象名词已完全变为可数名词。常见的词有surprise，cold，pleasure，pity，failure，success，worry，honor，experience，mu
8、st，difficulty，youth，beauty，wonder，danger，interest等。That was an unpleasant experience.那是一段不愉快的经历。2.不可数名词不可数名词指无法分清个体的名词。一般没有复数形式，不能同不定冠词连用，也不能直接用数词修饰，要表示物质名词的量，需要用：“a/数词+单位词+of+不可数名词”来表示。如：a piece of paper一张纸;a block of ice一块冰;a drop of water一滴水;two cups of tea两杯茶;some boxes of chalk很多盒子粉笔;a flash of
9、 lighting(一道闪电)等。 英语中有些不可数名词无论在什么情况下都不可能充当可数名词使用，常见的类似词有fun,weather,health,furniture。典题解析：1. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science.A.an art much as B.much an art asC.as an art much as D.as much an art as2. The police are offering a _to anyone who can give information about the l
10、ost key.A.price B.prize C.reward D.money3.Youll find this map of great _in helping you to get round London.（NMET 1998）A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness4.If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off .A. a price B. price C. the price D. price5.The journey around the world took the old sailor ni
11、ne moths, the sailing time was 226 days.A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which6.I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the childrens .A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place【考点诠释】考点一、对同义词、近义词的考查 1、 At the meeting they discussed three different_to the study of mathematics。 Aapproaches Bm
12、eans Cmethods Dways 考点二、易错的新版教材名词固定搭配 作为对新版教材的体现，新版教材里的一些新出现的名词固定搭配得到了较多的一种考查。 2、_achievement，last weeks ministerial meeting of the WTO here earned a low,though not failing，grade AIn terms of BIn case of CAs a result of DIn face of 3、You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of_。 Adate
13、 Bshape Corder Dbalance 考点三、考察单词基本义的引申和拓展 近年来，常见单词的陌生义项在高考试题中不时出现，给部分考生造成了不小的障碍。 4、To make members of a team perform better,the trainer first of all has to know their _ and weaknesses Astrengths Bbenefits Ctechniques Dvalues 名词考点典型陷阱题分析1. I found her sitting in the corner, reading _ newspaper, with
14、_ in her eyes.A. a, tearB. a piece of, tearsC. a, tearsD. a piece of, tearHer eyes filled with tears. 她热泪盈眶。She dried her tears with a handkerchief. 她用手帕擦干了眼泪。The newspapers were full of lies. 报纸上一片谎言。A newspaper is a publication. 报纸是一种出版物。顺便说一句，若不是将 newspaper 当作是供阅读或传递信息的一种东西，而只是把它当成一种“纸”来看待，也可用作不可
15、数名词，如：Wrap it in (a sheet of) newspaper. 把它用张报纸包起来。2. Her father works as a _ in a hotel and her mother a _ in a private company. A. cooker, typewriterB. cook, typistC. cooker, typistD. cook, typewriter3. “Why couldnt they meet us at five oclock?” “Because they were delayed by _.”A. heavy trafficB.
16、heavy trafficsC. crowded trafficD. crowded traffics如下面一题She is not a competent driver and cant cope with driving in _.A. heavy trafficB. heavy trafficsC. crowded trafficD. crowded traffics4. In fact, _ one cause that leads to the problem. A. cattle isB. cattle areC. cattles areD. the cattles are又如：F
17、or this many cattle were killed. 为此宰了不少牲畜。The prisoners were herded like cattle. 囚犯像牲口一样被赶到一起。类似地，police(警察)，people(人)，police(警察)，poultry(家禽)等也具有同样用法，即只有单数形式，但却表示复数意义；用作主语时谓语通常也用复数；不与 a(n) 连用，但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。如：The poultry have been fed. 家禽已经喂过饲料了。In Britain police do not usually carry guns. 在英国警
18、察通常不带枪。It annoys me when people forget to say “thank you”. 遇到有人忘记道谢的时候，我就不痛快。5. By all _, you must try every _ to help him.A. mean, meanB. means, meansC. means, meanD. mean, means比较：All possible means have been tried. 所有可能的办法都已经试过了。Every possible means has been tried. 每种可能的办法都已经试过了。若句意不能明确地表明主语的单复数，
19、其谓语则用单数或复数均可。如：Is there any other means of getting more money? 还有其他什么办法可弄到更多钱吗?6. Jim is _ person, and everyone is willing to be _ with him.A. so kind a, friendsB. so a kind, friends C. so kind a, friendD. so a kind, friend如：He is friends with me. 他与我是朋友。He has made friends with everyone here. 他与这儿的
20、每个人交上了朋友。7. We already have _ pencils, but we need two _ pens.A. dozen of, dozenB. dozens of, dozens C. dozens of, dozenD. dozens of, dozen of关于dozen的复数是否加词尾-s的问题比较复杂，大致原则是：(1) 当它与具体数字连用时，既不加复数词尾-s，也不后接介词of。尽管有的词书也有 two dozen of 这样的用例，但这已属过时用法，在考试中应避免，如1992年全国高考有一道单项选择题就认为two dozen of为错误选项：Shortly a
21、fter the accident, _ police were sent to the spot to keep order. A. dozens ofB. dozensC. dozen ofD. dozen(2) 当它不与具体数字连用，而是表示不确定的泛指数时，则不仅要加复数词尾-s，而且要后接介词 of，此时可将dozens of(许多，几十)视为习语。如：Ive been there dozens of times. 我去过那儿几十次。Shes got dozens of boy-friends. 她的男朋友很多。下面一例中的dozens加了复数词尾-s也属为似情况：Pack them
22、 in dozens. 按打装袋吧。 (3) 当与 a few, several 等数目不很具体的词连用时，加不加复数词尾-s均可，但需注意：不加复数词尾-s时，其后的介词of可以省略；加词尾-s时，其后介词 of不能省略。如：several dozen (of) pencils=several dozens of pencils几打铅笔注：英语较少使用many dozen的说法，要表示类似意思可用dozens of。(4) 当它后面的名词受 the, these, those 等特指限定词修饰时，或其后的接的是us, them这样的人称代词时，则此时必须用介词 of。如：two dozen
23、of these eggs 两打这种鸡蛋three dozen of them 它们中的3打注：score, hundred, thousand, million等也具有以上类似用法。8. She raised her finger to her lips as _ for silence. A. an ideaB. a markC. a signD. a word类似地，(1) Those black clouds are a sure _ that its going to rain. A. thingB. markC. signD. one(2) Just as a famous Chi
24、nese saying goes, a timely heavy snow is a _ of good harvest next year.A. markB. trackC. signD. appearance但是，下面一题The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. exampleB. signC. markD. symbol顺便说一句，在近几年的高考中像这类结合词义区别以及语境和生活常识进行考查的试题经常出现，同学们需引起注意。9. “May I take yo
25、ur order now?” “Wed like three black _ and two green _.”A. coffee, cups of teasB. coffees, teasC. cups of coffee, teaD. cup of coffees, teas10. _ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. WalkB. WalkingC. The walkD. To walk分析如下：(1) 首先，选项D不如选项B佳，因为，不定式通常表示特定的动作，而动名词才表示习惯性的动作。(2) 尽管walk用作名词
26、时可以表示“散步”，但它是可数名词，指的是一次一次的具体的散步，而不表示抽象意义或泛指意义的“散步”，要表示此义，要用动名词 walking。比较：How about going for a walk? 出去散散步如何?Walking does good to your health. 散步对你的健康有益。类似地，dance 和 dancing 以及 swim 和 swimming 的区别也是一样：(1) 名词的 dance表示“跳舞”，是可数名词，指的是一次一次的具体的跳舞，而不表示抽象意义或泛指意义的“跳舞”，要表示后者的意思，要用动名词转化来的名词 dancing。比较：Lets hav
27、e a dance. 我们跳曲舞吧。He is interested in dancing. 他对跳舞感兴趣。(2) 名词的 swim表示“游泳”，是可数名词，指的是一次一次的具体的游泳，而不表示抽象意义或泛指意义的“游泳”，要表示后者的意思，要用动名词转化来的名词 swimming。比较：She had a swim every day. 她每天游一会儿泳。She loves swimming. 她喜欢游泳。精编陷阱题训练1. Ten years had passed. I found she had _. A. a few white hairsB. a little white hair
28、C. some white hairD. more fifty hair2.Hi, this way, please.OK.I sometimes have no sense of _ when I arrive at the crossroad.A. positionB. directionC. situationD. condition3. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _. A. intention
29、B. attemptC. purposeD. desire 4. I didnt have to work all weekend I did it by _. A. chanceB. choiceC. accidentD. myself5. “Did you get _ to the party?” “Yes, I replied to it this morning.” A. an answerB. an invitationC. a questionD. a letter6. I paid him 50 for the painting, but its true _ must be a
30、t least 500. A. priceB. moneyC. valueD. importance7. His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any _ of it.A. explanationB. meaningC. senseD. guess8. Youve just missed your _, and you will have to wait for the next round.A. chanceB. turnC. timeD. part9. Li Lin is very bright and studies h
31、ard as well.It s no _ he always gets the first place in any examination.A. questionB. doubtC. problemD. wonder10. How can I use this washing machine?Well, just refer to the _.A. explanationsB. expressionsC. introductionsD. directions11. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forg
32、ot both of the _.A. rooms numberB. room numberC. rooms numbersD. room numbers12. Hello, Id like to speak to Henry. Oh, which _? There are two _ in our office.A. Henrys, Henrys B. Henries, HenriesC. Henry, Henrys D. Henrys, Henries13. Electricity, like other forms of _, has greatly increased in price
33、 in recent years. A. pressureB. forceC. strengthD. energy 14. In order to learn the _ of the family business, Bill took a job as messenger boy in one of the offices.A. ins and outsB. dos and dontsC. heads and tailsD. ts and is15. Ive got an “A” in the examination. Thats a good _. You will surely win
34、 a second.A. resultB. newsC. startD. idea高考试题放送10安徽I havent seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond_A. hearing B strength C. recognition D. measure10江西Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000, a (n) _ of 40,000 per year.A average
35、 B number C amount D quantity10山东Those who suffer from headache will find they get _ from this medicine. A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter10天津James took the magazines off the little table to make for the television.A. room B. area C. field D. position10江苏The doctor is skilled at treating hea
36、rt trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_.A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization10湖北This restaurant has become popular for its wide of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.A. division B. area C. range D. circleAfter the earthquake, the fi
37、rst thing the local government did was to provide for the homeless families.A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furniture.10浙江The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they dont give you any direct _.A. solution B. target C. measure D. function【2011江苏卷,27】Teachers have to
38、 constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _.AconsequenceBindependenceCcompetenceDintelligence【2011福建卷,26】The lack of ecofriendly habits among the public is thought to be a major of global climate change.A.result B.cause C.warning D.reflection【2011浙江卷,18】Anyway, I can
39、t cheat himits against all my _.A. emotions B. principles C. regulations D. opinions【2011四川卷,13】Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of childrens . A.touch B.sight C.reach D.distance【2011湖北卷,21】“Tommy, run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted, with_ clearly in h
40、er voice.A . anger B. rudeness C. regret D. panic【2011湖北卷,22】Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big_, but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.A. project B. commitment C. competition D. ambition【2011湖北卷,30】When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many
41、teachers would prefer to see him step aside _ younger men.A. in terms of B. in need of C. in favor of D. in praise of【2011江西卷31】Whats the_, in your opinion, of helping him if he doesnt make an effort to help himself?A.sympathy B.theme C.object D.point【2011山东卷,34】Theres a _ in our office that when it
42、s somebodys birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share.A. tradition B. balance C. concern D. relationship【2011江苏卷,32】Wed better discuss everything _ before we work out the plan.Ain detail Bin general Con purpose Don time【举一反三】【2012届牡丹江一中高三上学期期中考试】To play better, all the players have to know
43、their _ and weaknesses.A. techniques B. strengths C. benefits D. values【2012浙江卷】7.Youras a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn.A. operationB. growthC. performanceD. character【2012湖北卷】29. It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any
44、 sign of eye disease that may not have any _.A. symptom B. similarity C. sample D. shadow【2012湖北卷】30. The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct _ in applying for a visa. A. pattern B. procedure C. program D. perspective【2012江苏卷】21. Can I help you with it? I appreciate your, but I
45、can manage it myself.A. adviceB. questionC. offer D. idea【2012江西卷】29Youd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future .ApurposeB referenceCprogressDmemory【2012四川卷】15. He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later. Its just a matter of _.A. luck B. value C. time D. fact【
46、2012全国II】19. The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great _ in this city.A. quantity B. progress C. production D. demand3【2012天津卷】You were working too hard. Youd better keep a _between work and relaxation. A. promiseB. leadC. balanceD. diary1. (2013年高考英语湖北卷) 21. Poetry written from th
47、e _ of the urban youth tends to reveal their anxiety over a lack of sense of belonging.A. perspective B. priority C. participation D. privilege2. (2013年高考英语湖北卷) 22. Carbon dioxide, which makes a _ between us and the sun, prevents heat from getting out of the atmosphere easily, so the earth is becomi
48、ng warmer.A. difference B. comparison C. connection D. barrier3. (2013年高考英语湖北卷) 30. An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered _ a long lost antique Greek vase.A. at random B. by chance C. in turn D. on occasion4. (2013年高考英语江苏卷) 33. With inspiration from other
49、food cultures, American food culture can take a _ for the better. A. share B. chance C. turn D. lead5. (2013年高考英语江西卷) 22.Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with _.A. curiosityB. satisfactionC. envyD. patience6. (2013年高考英语辽宁卷) 23. The accident caused some_ to my car, but it s noth
50、ing serious.A. harm B. injury C. ruin D. damage7. (2013年高考英语天津卷) 7. While she was in Paris, she developed a _ for fine art.A. way B. relation C. taste D. habit8. (2013年高考英语浙江卷) 4. As the worlds population continues to grow, the _ of food becomes more and more of a concern.A. worth B. supply C. package D. list