1、Section 2 Background informationI. Some strategies to complete a persuasive writing assignmentWrite out the questions in your own words. Think of the questions posed in the assignmentwhile you are reading and researching. Determine o facts o any sources that will help you determine their reliability
2、 (as well as for further reference) o what prejudices lie in the argumentor values that color the facts or the issue o what you think of the authors argument List out facts; consider their importance:prioritize, edit, sequence, discard, etc.Ask yourself Whats missing? What are the hot buttons of the
3、 issue?List possible emotions/emotional reactions and recognize them for later useStart writing a draft!Start as close as possible to your reading/researchDo not concern yourself with grammar or spelling Write your first paragraph o Introduce the topic o Inform the reader of your point of view! o En
4、tice the reader to continue with the rest of the paper! o Focus on three main points to develop Establish flow from paragraph to paragraph Keep your voice active Quote sources to establish authority Stay focused on your point of view throughout the essay Focus on logical arguments Dont lapse into su
5、mmaryin the development-wait for the conclusion Conclusion o Summarize, then conclude, your argument o Refer to the first paragraph/opening statement as well as the main points does the conclusion restate the main ideas? reflect the succession and importance of the arguments logically conclude their
6、 development? Edit/rewrite to better telegraph your development and conclusion. II无否定意义的否定句英语中的否定句一般都含有否定意义，但有些句型、词组和句子虽然带有否定词却表示肯定含义，这是学生掌握否定句时的难点，下面笔者针对这一难点进行简要的分析。表示肯定意义的否定句有以下几种情况：一、含有肯定意义的某些否定句型：cannot help/choose but （必须，不得不，只能），cannot help doing sth.（忍不住做某事），cannot.too.（再也不为过，越越好）, hardly/sca
7、rcely.when.（刚就），no sooner.than.（刚就）等。例如：I cannot help but admit the truth of your remarks, although they go against my interests. 虽然你的言论违反我的利益，但我不得不承认你说的对。You cannot be too careful with your work. 工作越仔细越好。Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop. 我们刚开始就被叫停。No sooner had we sat down than we foun
8、d it was time to go. 我们刚刚坐下就发现该走了。二、某些带有否定词的词组表示肯定意义：in no time（立刻，马上，一下子），none other than（正是，除之外无其它）， nothing but (只不过是，仅仅）等。He ate the cake in no time. 他一下子就把蛋糕吃掉了。The man was none other than my husband. 那个人（不是别人）正是我的丈夫。We could see nothing but water. 我们只看见一大片水。三、双重否定句中两个否定成分相互抵消，通常最终表达肯定的意思。常见的有以
9、下几种:1. 由not 加上含有否定意思的词或句子构成。例如：We were not unprepared for the disappointment. 我们对失望也不是没有思想准备。2. 否定词加上without 短语。例如：He wouldnt attend the lecture without being invited. 要是不邀请他的话，他是不会参加这个讲座的。3. 否定词后跟关系词引导的含否定意义的从句。例如：There is nobody who takes no care of football matches in this city. 在这座城市，人人都关心足球比赛。4
10、. 否定词no, not, never, seldom 等后面跟until / till 或unless 引导的状语。例如：She didnt arrive until 6 oclock. 她六点才到。四、含有形容词或副词比较级的否定句表示更强烈的肯定。Nothing is more valuable than health. 没有什么比健康更宝贵了。（实际意义：健康是最宝贵的。）五、某些修饰性疑问句（如否定疑问句）表达肯定的意思。Who doesnt know the earth is round? 谁不知道地球是圆的呢？（实际意义：人人都知道地球是圆的。）III. Biography of
11、 John KeatsBackground and awakening to literature (1795-1817)John Keats was born in Finsbury Pavement near London on October 31st, 1795. The first son of a stable-keeper, he had a sister and three brothers, one of whom died in infancy. When John was eight years old, his father was killed in an accid
12、ent. In the same year his mother married again, but little later separated from her husband and took her family to live with her mother. John attended a good school where he became well acquainted with ancient and contemporary literature. In 1810 his mother died of consumption (= a serious disease o
13、f the lungs), leaving the children to their grandmother. The old lady put them under the care of two guardians, to whom she made over a respectable amount of money for the benefit of the orphans. Under the authority of the guardians, he was taken from school to be an apprentice （学徒）to a surgeon. In
14、1814, before completion of his apprenticeship, John left his master after a quarrel, becoming a hospital student in London. Under the guidance of his friend Cowden Clarke he devoted himself increasingly to literature. In 1814 Keats finally sacrificed his medical ambitions to a literary life. He soon
15、 got acquainted with celebrated artists of his time, like Leigh Hunt, Percy B. Shelley and Benjamin Robert Haydon. In May 1816, Hunt helped him publish his first poem in a magazine. A year later Keats published about thirty poems and sonnets printed in the volume Poems.Productive Years (1817-1821)Af
16、ter receiving scarce, negative feedback, Keats travelled to the Isle of Wight on his own in spring of 1817. In the late summer he went to Oxford together with a newly-made friend, Benjamin Bailey. In the following winter, George Keats married and emigrated to America, leaving the brother Tom to the
17、Johns care. Apart from helping Tom against consumption, Keats worked on his poem Endymion. Just before its publication, he went on a hiking tour to Scotland and Ireland with his friend Charles Brown. First signs of his own fatal disease forced him to return prematurely, where he found his brother se
18、riously ill and his poem harshly criticized. In December 1818 Tom Keats died. John moved to Hampstead Heath, were he lived in the house of Charles Brown. While in Scotland with Keats, Brown had lent his house to a Mrs Brawne and her sixteen-year-old daughter Fanny. Since the ladies where still livin
19、g in London, Keats soon made their acquaintance and fell in love with the beautiful, fashionable girl. Absorbed in love and poetry, he exhausted himself mentally, and in autumn of 1819, he tried to gain some distance to literature through an ordinary occupation.Illness and Death (1820-1821)An unmist
20、akable sign of consumption in February 1820 however broke all his plans for the future, marking the beginning of what he called his posthumous life. He could not enjoy the positive resonance （共鸣） on the publication of the volume Lamia, Isabella &c., including his most celebrated odes. Keats died in
21、Rome on the 23rd of February, 1821. He was buried on the Protestant Cemetery, near the grave of Caius Cestius. On his desire, the following lines were engraved on his tombstone: Here lies one whose name was writ in water.” IV. Chapter I of Great ExpectationsMy fathers family name being Pirrip, and m
22、y Christian name Philip, my infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip. So, I called myself Pip, and came to be called Pip. I give Pirrip as my fathers family name, on the authority of his and my sister, -Mrs. Joe Gargery, who married the blacksmith. As I never s
23、aw my father or my mother, and never saw any likeness of either of them (for their days were long before the days of photographs), my first fancies regarding what they were like were unreasonably derived from their tombstones. The shape of the letters on my fathers, gave me an odd idea that he was a
24、 square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair. From the character and turn of the inscription, Also Georgiana Wife of the Above, I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly. To five little stone lozenges （菱形）, each about a foot and a half long, which were arranged in a neat
25、 row beside their grave, and were sacred to the memory of five little brothers of mine,-who gave up trying to get a living, exceedingly early in that universal struggle, -I am indebted for a belief I religiously entertained that they had all been born on their backs with their hands in their trouser
26、s-pockets, and had never taken them out in this state of existence. Ours was the marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river wound, twenty miles of the sea. My first most vivid and broad impression of the identity of things seems to me to have been gained on a memorable raw afternoon towa
27、rds evening. At such a time I found out for certain that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard; and that Philip Pirrip, late of this parish, and also Georgiana wife of the above, were dead and buried; and that Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias, and Roger, infant children o
28、f the aforesaid, were also dead and buried; and that the dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard, intersected with dikes and mounds and gates, with scattered cattle feeding on it, was the marshes; and that the low leaden line beyond was the river; and that the distant savage lair from which the w
29、ind was rushing was the sea; and that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip. Hold your noise! cried a terrible voice, as a man started up from among the graves at the side of the church porch. Keep still, you little devil, or Ill cut your throat! A fearfu
30、l man, all in coarse gray, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped, and shiv
31、ered, and glared, and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin. Oh! Dont cut my throat, sir, I pleaded in terror. Pray dont do it, sir. Tell us your name! said the man. Quick! Pip, sir. Once more, said the man, staring at me. Give it mouth! Pip. Pip, sir.V. How To R
32、ead a Poem Out LoudWe know that a poem will live or die depending on how it is read. Here are a few basic tips:Read the poem slowly. Reading a poem slowly is the best way to ensure that the poem will be read clearly and understood by its listeners. Learning to read a poem slowly will not just make t
33、he poem easier to hear; it will underscore (强调) the importance in poetry of each and every word. A poem cannot be read too slowly, and a good way for a reader to set an easy pace is to pause for a few seconds between the title and the poems first line.Read in a normal, relaxed tone of voice. It is n
34、ot necessary to give the poems a dramatic reading as if from a stage. The poems are mostly written in a natural, colloquial style and should be read that way. Let the words of the poem do the work. Just speak clearly and slowly.Obviously, poems come in lines, but pausing at the end of every line wil
35、l create a choppy (波浪起伏的) effect and interrupt the flow of the poems sense. Readers should pause only where there is punctuation, just as you would when reading prose, only more slowly.Use a dictionary to look up unfamiliar words and hard-to-pronounce words. To read with conviction, a reader needs t
36、o know at least the dictionary sense of every word. In some cases, a reader might want to write out a word phonetically as a reminder of how it should sound. It should be emphasized that learning to read a poem out loud is a way of coming to a full understanding of that poem, perhaps a better way th
37、an writing a paper on the subject.VI. Ode To A Nightingale （节选）Ode To A Nightingale 夜莺颂by John KeatsMy heart aches and a drowsy numbness pains My sense as though of hemlock I had drunk Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains One minute past and Lethe-wards had sunk 我的心痛，困顿和麻木 毒害了感官，犹如饮过毒鸩， 又似刚把鸦片吞
38、服， 一分钟的时间，字句在忘川中沉没Tis not through envy of thy happy lot But being too happy in thine happiness - That thou light-winged Dryad of the trees In some melodious plot Of beechen green and shadows numberless Singest of summer in full-throated ease. 并不是在嫉妒你的幸运， 是为着你的幸运而大感快乐， 你，林间轻翅的精灵， 在山毛榉绿影下的情结中， 放开了歌喉，歌
39、唱夏季。 O for a draught of vintage! that hath been Coold a long age in the deep-delved earth Tasting of Flora and the country green Dance and Provencal song and sunburnt mirth! O for a beaker full of the warm South Full of the true the blushful Hippocrene With beaded bubbles winking at the brim And pur
40、ple-stained mouth That I might drink and leave the world unseen And with thee fade away into the forest dim 哎，一口酒！那冷藏 在地下多年的甘醇， 味如花神、绿土、 舞蹈、恋歌和灼热的欢乐！ 哎，满满一杯南方的温暖， 充满了鲜红的灵感之泉， 杯沿闪动着珍珠的泡沫， 和唇边退去的紫色； 我要一饮以不见尘世， 与你循入森林幽暗的深处Fade far away dissolve and quite forget What thou among the leaves hast never kno
41、wn The weariness the fever and the fret Here where men sit and hear each other groan; Where palsy shakes a few sad last gray hairs Where youth grows pale and spectre-thin and dies; Where but to think is to be full of sorrow And leaden-eyed despairs Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes Or new L
42、ove pine at them beyond to-morrow. 远远的离开，消失，彻底忘记 林中的你从不知道的， 疲惫、热病和急躁 这里，人们坐下并听着彼此的呻吟； 瘫痪摇动了一会儿，悲伤了，最后的几丝白发， 青春苍白，古怪的消瘦下去，后来死亡； 铅色的眼睛绝望着； 美人守不住明眸， 新的恋情过不完明天。 Away! away! for I will fly to thee Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards But on the viewless wings of Poesy Though the dull brain perplexes an
43、d retards Already with thee! tender is the night And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne Clusterd around by all her starry Fays; But here there is no light Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways. 去吧！去吧！我要飞向你， 不用酒神的车辗和他的随从， 乘着诗歌无形的翅膀， 尽管这混沌的头
44、脑早已跟随你， 夜色温柔，而月后 正登上她的宝座， 周围是她所有的星星仙子， 但这处那处都没有光， 一些天光被微风吹入幽绿， 和青苔的曲径。 I cannot see what flowers are at my feet Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs But in embalmed darkness guess each sweet Wherewith the seasonable month endows The grass the thicket and the fruit-tree wild; White hawthorn an
45、d the pastoral eglantine; Fast fading violets coverd up in leaves; And mid-Mays eldest child The coming musk-rose full of dewy wine The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves. 我不能看清是哪些花在我的脚旁， 何种软香悬于高枝， 但在温馨的暗处，猜测每一种甜蜜 以其时令的赠与 青草地、灌木丛、野果树 白山楂和田园玫瑰； 叶堆中易谢的紫罗兰； 还有五与中旬的首出， 这啜满了露酒的麝香蔷薇， 夏夜蝇子嗡嗡的出没其中。 Dar
46、kling I listen; and for many a time I have been half in love with easeful Death Calld him soft names in many a mused rhyme To take into the air my quiet breath; Now more than ever seems it rich to die To cease upon the midnight with no pain While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad In such an ecs
47、tasy! Still wouldst thou sing and I have ears in vain- To thy high requiem become a sod. 我倾听黑夜，多少次 我几乎爱上了逸谧的死亡， 在如此多的沉思之韵中呼唤她轻柔的名， 编织成歌，我无声的呼吸； 现在她更加华丽的死去， 在午夜不带悲伤的飞升， 当你正向外倾泻灵魂 这般的迷狂！ 你仍唱着，而我听不见， 你那高昂的安魂曲对着一搓泥土。 VII. Translation of reading文学欣赏什么是经典文学？经典文学作品是文学世界的珍贵遗产。它们是很久以前创作的小说、戏剧和诗歌，写得很好，很受欢迎，直至
48、今日人们仍然在阅读这些作品。经典文学是杰出的创作及智慧的典范，即使是几百年前写的那些作品，现在仍然可以在书店和图书馆里找到。因为许多经典文学作品是在很久以前创作的，它们使用的语言与今天所使用的语言有相当大的区别。这使一些人阅读起来有困难，经典文学作品常常被遗忘在书架上尘封。许多人不读经典文学作品是因为觉得它们过时了，枯燥乏味，与今天的生活没有任何关系。但是，如果这是真的，为什么我们今天仍然可以在书店里和图书馆里找到经典文学作品呢？它们其实并没有消失，在当今世界仍占有一席之地，要不然为什么许多根据经典文学作品改编的电影可以成功呢？1995年，无影无踪公映，这部获奖影片就是根据简奥斯丁的小说爱玛改
49、编的。三年后的1998年，根据查尔斯狄更斯的小说远大前程改编的现代版影片在电影院上映。我想这些经典小说如果与现代生活没有任何关系的话，是不会被改编成电影的。查尔斯狄更斯：“英国最伟大的作家”查尔斯狄更斯于1812年出生在英国的朴次茅斯。他创作了多部小说，雾都孤儿、大卫科波菲尔、远大前程可能是他最广为人知的作品。狄更斯的许多小说起先是在报纸上连载，每次一章，有一些作品后来被搬上了舞台。对于那时侯的人来说，他的故事就如同我们今天在电视上看到的肥皂剧。狄更斯于1870年去世，墓碑上这样写着：“他的去世令世界失去了一位最伟大的英国作家。”远大前程远大前程以19世纪初的英格兰为背景。狄更斯通过小说的主角
50、皮普来讲述整个故事。皮普不仅是一个角色，而且讲述了远大前程的整个故事。皮普与姐姐及姐夫乔一起生活。皮普的姐姐几乎没有什么善言好语，但乔却是一个淳朴善良的人，他宁愿死也不愿意皮普受到任何伤害。故事开始时，七岁的皮普正在薄雾笼罩的坟场上，这时一个人冒了出来，把他吓坏了。在远大前程中雾是危险和不确定性的象征。经典小说中往往有一些象征，这些象征为原文增添了趣味、紧张的气氛或者更深层次的含义。读者可能看不到危险，因此需要一些象征，例如雾，使危险更清楚地展示在读者面前。当一位非常慷慨的陌生人给了皮普一大笔钱的时候，故事情节发生了曲折变化。当时皮普大约18岁，这笔钱使他不用为经济问题担忧。皮普做了一个突然决
51、定，要离开肯特，前往伦敦。肯特总是让他想到自己的贫寒出身，而伦敦则华灯耀眼。搬到伦敦让皮普兴奋不已，他迫不及待地开始了他的新生活。金钱和教育改变了他，不久他养成了浅薄、偏见的缺点，甚至歧视昔日的同伴。当乔来伦敦看他时，皮普并不喜欢。他对文明和绅士有着刻板的观念，而乔让他尴尬，因为乔与这些观念不匹配。皮普一心要成为一名绅士，赢得埃斯特拉的芳心。埃斯特拉是一个漂亮的女孩，对皮普而言，她就是教育和金钱的象征。远大前程一个重要的主题是：做一名绅士真正意味着什么？一个受过教育、有很多钱的人是不是就是一名绅士？或者绅士就是那种对朋友很善良、很友好的人？小说结尾时，皮普有了很大的变化。他认识到财富买不到幸福
52、，朋友比华而不实的教育更重要。皮普的这一转变被称为人物的性格发展，是任何一部小说的重要部分。乔有没有原谅皮普呢？皮普有没有得到他的梦中女孩呢？你还得自己读小说，去书中找到答案！VIII. Translation of project罗伯特彭斯的诗歌罗伯特彭斯是苏格兰的文学巨匠，1759年出生在苏格兰的阿洛韦。彭斯是一名典型的苏格兰人，以有趣和有魅力而闻名。不幸的是，他出生在一个负债累累的贫困家庭，而且他从来没有挣到过很多钱。人们说彭斯的第一位恋人内莉柯克帕特里克鼓励他开始写作诗歌。在他最受欢迎的诗歌中，致小鼠和圣集这两首发表在他的第一本诗集中。在他的第一本诗集出版后，他的生活发生了改变，一夜之
53、间全国闻名。然后，他搬到了苏格兰首府和最大的城市爱丁堡。彭斯是当时有名的诗人，但他并没有比以前富裕多少，继续靠做农活维持生计。艰辛的生活和虚弱的体质缩短了彭斯的生命。1796年他37岁的时候就去世了。整个苏格兰都哀悼他的去世，随后许多人捐款资助他的妻子和孩子们。在苏格兰格拉斯哥的乔治广场有一尊彭斯塑像。这座纪念塑像于1877年首次对公众展出。据说大约有三万人参加了揭幕展，从中可以看出苏格兰人民多么爱他，他对苏格兰人民是多么重要。彭斯在阿洛韦的房子是他出生的地方，现在是他生平和工作的纪念馆。彭斯属于被称为浪漫主义诗人（包括约翰济慈、威廉华兹华斯）的诗人运动。浪漫主义运动开始于大约1750年，持续
54、到1870年左右。尽管浪漫主义的主题趋向于更加情感化，但这一时期的诗歌并不仅仅是关于爱情。浪漫主义诗歌常常用梦来作为主题。著名诗人塞缪尔柯尔律治说自己的一首诗实际上是在熟睡时创作出来的。另一位诗人济慈用梦境般的特色创作了夜莺颂，而这一特色正是浪漫主义运动诗歌所特有的。浪漫主义诗人对自然非常感兴趣，经常用自然作为他们诗歌的主题。这可能就是彭斯在他的著名诗歌一朵红红的玫瑰里写了玫瑰的原因。他运用苏格兰方言，这也解释了为什么这首诗歌的拼写看起来有点不一样。注意 “love” 拼成了 “luve” ，“well” 拼成了 “weel”。一朵红红的玫瑰发表于1794年，如许多彭斯的诗歌，这首诗原是为歌咏
55、而作。彭斯创作的这首诗包括四节，每节四行。诗歌中的节就像文章里的段落。每一节的第一行和第三行有四个重读音节。采用这种格律并且用以吟唱的诗被称为民谣。爱情是民谣中常见的主题，另一个常见的主题是勇气。诗歌常常充满意象，一朵红红的玫瑰也是这样的。看看彭斯在这首诗中是如何运用意想的。“啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰”是一个比拟。“像”这个词是用来将爱人比作一朵红玫瑰。诗中另一个类似的比拟是将爱人比作一首歌曲，“啊，我的爱人像一首乐曲，演奏得甜蜜而合拍”。彭斯在第三节里提到了“生命的流沙”，他是在告诉我们爱情是伟大的，但它也有其极限；玫瑰，如同自然中的任何事物，并不能永远活着。世上万物都会改变，这常常是浪漫主义运动诗歌的一个主题。诗歌最后一节中的 “Fare thee weel” 意思是“别了”或者是“再见”。这首诗可以说是对某一种生活方式的再见，与变化这一主题有关。或者，彭斯写这首诗也可能仅仅是向一位恋人说再见。一朵红红的玫瑰罗伯特彭斯啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰在六月里含苞绽开；啊，我的爱人像一首乐曲演奏得甜蜜而合拍！你是那么美丽，我的好姑娘，我爱你那么深切：我会永远爱你，亲爱的，直到四海枯竭：直到四海枯竭，亲爱的，岩石被太阳溶解；亲爱的，我会永远爱你，只要生命永不停歇。再见吧，我唯一的爱人，我和你暂时别离！我会回来的，我的爱人，即使相隔万里。（王守仁 译）