1、Section_ Grammar_&_Writing 定语从句()：关系代词引导的限制性定语从句一、定语从句的概述英语中用来修饰名词或代词，起定语作用的句子叫做定语从句。定语从句通常放在被修饰词之后，且常常由引导词引导。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句的引导词叫做关系词。二、定语从句的分类定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。本节主要学习限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句对先行词起到限制的作用，限制性定语从句通常与主句紧密相连，译为汉语时，通常以“的”来体现定语从句。三、定语从句的引导词(一)引导定语从句的词叫关系词，按其性质分为关系代词和关系副词：关系代词who, whom, whi
2、ch, that, whose, as关系副词when, where, why(二)限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法1that的用法that既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中通常作主语、宾语或表语，而且作宾语时可以省略。This is the book. I want to read it.This is the book (that) I want to read.这就是我想读的那本书。(that 指代the book，在定语从句中作宾语。)Tom is one of the guests. They come from the USA.Tom is one of the guests that
3、come from the USA.汤姆是从美国来的客人中的一位。(that指代the guests，在定语从句中作主语。)(1)在who, which引导的一般疑问句中，为避免重复，定语从句的关系代词用that。Who is the man that is sweeping the leaves?正在打扫落叶的那个人是谁？(2)先行词是everything, anything, nothing, all, little等不定代词或由不定代词、序数词、形容词最高级及the very, the only等修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词、形容词最高级时，定语从句的关系代词用that。I like e
4、verything that you have bought for me.我喜欢你为我买的一切。The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.他们在伦敦参观的第一个地方是大本钟。(3)先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词用that。At the party, we talked about the persons and things that we had seen in America.晚会上，我们谈论了我们在美国所见到的人和物。考题印证111(2011山东高考)The old town has narrow stree
5、ts and small houses_are built close to each other.AtheyBwhereCwhat Dthat解析：考查定语从句。关系代词that代替先行词small houses，在从句中作主语。句意：这座古老的城镇街道狭窄，小房子之间挨得很近。答案：D12(2010全国卷)I refuse to accept the blame for something _ was someone elses fault.Awho BthatCas Dwhat解析：考查定语从句。“that was someone elses fault”是定语从句，修饰先行词somet
6、hing，that在从句中作主语。答案：B2which的用法which指物，在定语从句中通常作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。His film was about the life of Gandhi. It won several awards.His film which won several awards was about the life of Gandhi.他的荣获好几项奖的影片是关于甘地生平的。(which指代his film，在定语从句中作主语。)David had just bought a car.The car was destroyed in the hurricane
7、.The car (which) David had just bought was destroyed in the hurricane.戴维刚买的汽车在飓风中被毁坏了。(which指代the car，在定语从句中作宾语。)点津(1)which在从句中作宾语时常可省略，但在介词后不能省略。(2)当先行词本身是that时，关系代词用which而不用that。Whats that which is flying in the sky?在空中飞的那个东西是什么？(3)先行词后有插入语时关系代词用which而不用that。Heres the book which, I think, you have
8、 been looking for.我想这就是你一直在找的书。考题印证2(2011福建高考)She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students _ allows them to communicate freely with each other.Awhich BwhereCwhat Dwho解析：考查定语从句。分析句子成分可知，an atmosphere 与修饰它的定语从句被 for her students 隔开，该从句缺少主语，所以用 which引导。 答案：A3who的用法who指人，在定语从句中通常作主语或宾语，作宾语
9、时可以省略。Here comes the girl. She wants to see you.Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。(who指代the girl，在定语从句中作主语。)The person has just returned from Italy. Susan is talking to him.The person (who) Susan is talking to has just returned from Italy.苏珊正在与之交谈的那个人刚从意大利回来。(who指代the person，在定语从句
10、中作宾语。)考题印证3(2010湖南高考)Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year.Awho BwhereCwhen Dwhich解析：考查定语从句。根据语境和句子结构可知，此处应用who引导定语从句，修饰先行词students。答案：A4whom的用法whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略。The student is the best player in our school. We saw him j
11、ust now.The student (whom) we saw just now is the best player in our school.我们刚才见到的那个学生是我们学校最好的运动员。(whom指代the student，在定语从句中作宾语。)点津(1)在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词whom常可以省略，但介词提前时不能省略。The man to whom my father is talking is my teacher.我父亲正在与其谈话的那个人是我的老师。(2)who也可以代替whom在从句中作宾语，但who不能用于介词之后。The person who/whom you j
12、ust met is Mr. Li.刚才你遇到的那个人是李先生。5whose的用法whose既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，指人时，相当于of whom；指物时，相当于of which。You took her umbrella. The woman is very angry about that.The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about that.你拿了她的伞的那位女士为此很生气。(whose指代her，在定语从句中作定语。)This is the house. Its door has been painted re
13、d.This is the house whose door has been painted red.这就是那座门被刷成了红色的房子。(whose指代its，在定语从句中作定语。)考题印证441(2011新课标全国卷)The prize will go to the writer _story shows the most imagination. Athat BwhichCwhose Dwhat解析：考查定语从句。 先行词the writer 与定语从句的主语story之间有所属关系， 因此用关系代词whose 引导定语从句。 答案：C42(2010北京高考)Children who ar
14、e not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.Awhat BwhoseCwhich Dthat解析：考查定语从句。关系词修饰从句中主语diet，作diet的定语，故选B。答案：B.把下列句子合并成含有定语从句的复合句1The man lives in the room next to me. He made a speech yesterday.The_man_who/that_made_a_speech_yesterday_lives_in_the_room_next_to_me.2The camera is o
15、n the desk. You want it.The_camera_(which/that)_you_want_is_on_the_desk.3Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009. His music is still very popular.Michael_Jackson_whose_music_is_still_very_popular_died_on_June_25,_2009.4The woman is a movie star. You met with her just now.The_woman_(who/that)_you_met_w
16、ith_just_now_is_a_movie_star.5Every year Rio De Janeiro holds a Carnival. The 2016 Olympic Games will be held there.Every_year_Rio_De_Janeiro_that/which_will_host_the_2016_Olympic_Games_holds_a_Carnival.单项填空1Is this the hospital _ your mother once worked in when she was young?Awhere BwhatCthat Dthe
17、one解析：句意：这就是你母亲年轻时曾经工作过的医院吗？先行词为hospital，定语从句中介词in后缺少宾语，故选关系代词。where在定语从句中作地点状语；what不能引导定语从句；the one可用来充当定语从句的先行词，而不是关系词。答案：C2His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor.Aof whom BwhomCof whose Dwhose解析：句意：他的父母不允许他和任何家庭贫困的人结婚。anyone之后为定语从句，关系词在从句中作定语，修饰family，要用whose。故选D。答案：D3Its time
18、 to say goodbye to my school. Ill always remember the people _have helped me.Awho BwhatCwhich Dwhere解析：句意：到了和我的学校说再见的时候了。我将永远记住那些帮助过我的人。people之后为定语从句，先行词是人，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用who。what不能引导定语从句；which的先行词是物；where在从句中作状语，故选A。答案：A4The professors talked with us about the beautiful schools and the experienced t
19、eachers _ they had seen.Athat BwhoCwhich Dwhat解析：分析句子结构可知，所填词引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词the beautiful schools and the experienced teachers，并在从句中作宾语，先行词既有人又有物，故选项A正确。答案：A5If you want to find some information about a foreign country, you can ask your friends _ have been to that country.Awhom BwhichCwho Dwhose解析：分析
20、句子结构可知，所填词引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词friends，并在从句中作主语，故选项C正确。答案：C6Is that the exhibition _ the secondyear students visited last Sunday?Awhere BwhichCin which Dthe one解析：分析句子结构可知，所填词引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词the exhibition，并在从句中作宾语，故选项B正确。答案：B7This is the only bus _ goes to the village school.A不填 BthatCwhere Dit解析：分析句子结构可知，所
21、填词引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词the only bus，并在从句中作主语，故选项B正确。答案：B8 What do you think of the film Schindlers List? This is the best film _ I have ever seen.Athat BwhatCwho Dwhom解析：分析句子结构可知，所填词引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词the best film，并在从句中作宾语，故选项A正确。答案：A9He will never forget the day _ he spent with his students.Awhen BwhichCdurin
22、g which Don which解析：分析句子结构可知，所填词引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词the day，并在从句中作spent的宾语，故选项B正确。答案：B10He was so pleased with all _ we had done for him _ he wrote us a letter to praise us for it.Awhat; what Bwhat; thatCthat; what Dthat; that解析：all作先行词时用that引导定语从句，what不可以引导定语从句。what相当于一个名词加that。第二个空的that与so构成句式：so . that
23、 .“如此以至于”。答案：D通知请以体育办公室(Office of Physical Education)的名义发布一个书面通知。内容包括：1因连日下雨，本周六的运动会不得不延期举行。星期六上午照常上课，下午不上课。如果天气良好，运动会将于下星期六上午举行。2校乒乓球队队员请于本周六下午4点半来乒乓球馆集训。南京来的乒乓球明星将给予辅导。3通知发布日期是2012年11月11日。NoticeAs it has been raining all these days, the sports meet of this Saturday has to be put off. All students
24、are required to come to school on Saturday morning as usual, but there will be no class that afternoon. If weather permits, the sports meet will be held next Saturday morning.Players of the school PingPong team are to be trained at the PingPong hall at 4：30 pm. this Saturday. Some famous PingPong st
25、ars from Nanjing will coach you in your training.Office of Physical EducationNov. 11th, 2012第一段：通知事件周六运动会延期。第二段：通知事件乒乓球队员集训。句中as引导原因状语从句，且时态运用恰当；has to表示“不得不”，生动地传达了因为下雨运动会被迫推迟的无奈心情，更容易让读者产生共鸣；句中用be required to do sth.来表示对学生的要求，比起直接用should显得更有礼貌，而且语气更坚定；句中使用了if引导的条件状语从句，语言地道，运用恰当。通知是上级对下级、组织对成员或平行单位
26、之间部署工作、传达事项或召开会议等所使用的应用文。英语通知通常可分为两类：书面通知和口头通知。书面通知的写法有两种：一种是以布告形式贴出，把事情通知有关人员，如学生、观众等，通常不用称呼；另一种是以书信的形式传达给有关人员，这种通知写作形式同普通书信，只要写明通知的具体内容即可。通知的整体要求是言简意赅、措辞得当、时间及时。书面通知的写作格式及要求如下：(1)通知的标志书面通知是书面的正式公告或布告，常常是张贴在显眼的位置，多用notice作标志。为了醒目起见，标志可以用大写NOTICE(但如果发通知的单位以首字母大写形式出现在通知的标志之上，则标志也要首字母大写，即Notice)，并常写在正
27、文上方的正中位置。标志后可以编号，也可以不编号。口头通知用Announcement作标志，但通常省略不说。书面通知按照书信的格式写就可以。(2)发通知的人或单位及时间发通知的人或单位的名称，一般写在标志的上方或在正文后面的左下角；发通知的时间要写在正文的左下角，也可按书信格式写在正文的右上角。不过，这两项有时可以省略。口头通知一般不说这两项。(3)通知的正文正文要写明所做事情的具体时间、地点、概括性内容(多为书面通知的首句)、出席对象及有关注意事项。部署工作的通知要把工作内容和要求写清楚。正文一般可采用文章式，为了醒目也可采用广告式。广告式要求简明扼要，一个句子可以写成几行，且尽量写在中间，各
28、行的第一个字母一般都大写。(4)通知的对象被通知的单位或人一般用第三人称，但如果带有称呼语，则用第二人称表示被通知的对象，口头通知就常用第二人称表示被通知的对象。涉及要求或注意事项时，也常用第二人称表示被通知的对象(祈使句中常常省略)。1Everyone is required/expected to be present on time.2All teachers and students are required to .3Notice is here by given that . (兹通知)4Our school/The Students Union will/is going to
29、hold .5A lecture will be given at 7：00 this evening in .为了丰富同学们的课外活动，校学生会决定组建自行车俱乐部(cycling club)。假如你是学生会主席，请根据以下提示，用英语准备一份书面通知。1俱乐部的主要活动内容：每周一次的基础训练，有教师辅导，安排在课外体育活动时间；每月一次的户外活动，安排在月末双休日；如有可能，同其他团体进行比赛；2参加俱乐部的好处(内容自拟，至少两点)；3注意事项：器材自备，活动免费；4如何加入俱乐部：9月20号前到5号大楼6层602房间报名。注意：1.通知应包括以上所有信息，可适当发挥。2词数：120左
30、右。参考词汇：基础训练basic training辅导instruct v.安排arrange v. 器材equipment n._参考范文NoticeIn order to make our school life more colorful, Students Union has decided to set up a cycling club.Our cycling club will have a lot of activities for members. We have basic training once a week, which will be instructed by
31、teachers. It will be arranged during the time of afterclass physical activities. There will also be an outdoor cycling trip at the last weekend of each month. And we will have some races with other teams if possible. We are sure it will be an ideal place for you to make more friends and to keep fit.
32、 Besides, if you are suffering the stress from study, it will be a great chance to relax yourself.So, if you are interested in our club, you can come to our club in Room 602, on the sixth floor, Building 5 before Sep. 20. By the way, you have to get the equipment ready by yourself, but the charge is free.Have great fun!Students UnionSeptember 12