1、Module 6 Unexplained Mysteries of the Natural WorldGrammar语法精讲探究学习情态动词+have done【情境探究】观察上面对话,推断下列句中黑体部分的含义:1.She suddenly fell down on her way to school;she must have been ill.(_)2.They ought to have prepared the work for the meeting more carefully.(_)3.There was plenty of time;she neednt have hurri
2、ed.(_)4.I could have gone there but my sister was ill.I had to stay at home and take care of her.(_)一定是生病了本应该做好准备工作本不必这么匆忙本能够去那里【要义详析】一、情态动词的完成时的常见形式1.对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测must have done“(过去)一定做了某事”;语气比较肯定;用于肯定句may(might)have done“(过去)可能/也许做了某事”;语气不确定;用于肯定句和否定句can(could)have done“本来能够/可以做某事”;用于否定句和疑问句,表示对
3、过去发生的行为的怀疑或不确定2.表示“与过去事实相反”could have done过去本可以做某事但实际上没做neednt have done过去本不必做某事但实际上做了ought to/should have done过去本应该做某事但实际上没做oughtnt to/shouldnthave done过去本不应该做某事但实际上做了might have done过去可能做某事但实际上没做二、表示对过去事情的推测1.must have done表示对过去发生的事情的肯定推测,意为“一定做了”,该结构只用于肯定句中。*(2019天津高考)I must have always known read
4、ing was very important because the first memories I have as a child deal with books.我一定一直都知道读书很重要,因为我小时候的第一印象就是读书。*It must have been a rough copy there were so many corrections.那一定是一份草稿,修改的地方太多了。*He reasoned that since she had not answered his letter she must have left here.他推断,由于她没有给他回信,她一定是已经离开这里了
5、。【名师点津】表示推测时must的否定形式是cant;同样must have done的否定形式是cant have done“一定没做过”。2.may have done与might have done表示对过去发生的事情的可能性的推测,意为“可能已经做了,也许已经做了”,多用于肯定句中,没有must have done那样确定。might have done的可能性比may have done的还要小。*(2020江苏高考)But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most signifi
6、cant,the researchers found.但研究人员发现,对脂肪细胞深层的影响可能是最显著的。*What has happened to George?I dont know.He may/might have got lost.乔治发生了什么事?我不知道。他可能迷路了。(此句中的推测的可能性不确定,用may/might have done)3.can/could have done表示对过去行为动作的怀疑,常用于疑问句中,意为“可能做过吗?”。*There is nowhere to find them.Where can they have gone?到处找不到他们。他们可能到
7、什么地方去了呢?*We couldnt have helped you,but we once owed you.我们本不能帮助你的,但我们曾欠你人情。4.cant have done表示对过去发生事情的否定推测,意为“不可能做过某事”。*Mr Smith cant have gone to Beijing,for I saw him in the library just now.史密斯先生不可能去北京了,因为我刚才还在图书馆见过他。*Mary cant have stolen your money.She has gone home.玛丽不可能偷你的钱。她已经回家去了。【名师点津】表示对过
8、去事情的否定推测还可以用couldnt have done,但它也可用于与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中。【即学活用】动词填空。(1)I _(enjoy)myself moreit was a perfect day.(2)Since nobody gave him any help,he _(do)the research on his own.(3)Youve made lots of mistakes in the exam,many of which _(avoid).(4)With the increasing popularity of online voting,people _(vo
9、te)for someone in a competition more or less.cant have enjoyedmust have donecould have beenavoidedmay/might have voted三、表示本来应该或本来不必1.ought to/should have done表示过去本来应该做某事(而实际上并没有做),意为“理应做,本来应该做”,常表示遗憾;ought not to/shouldnt have done表示过去本来不应该做某事(而实际上做了),含有指责对方或自责的意味。*The flowers have died.I should hav
10、e watered them often.这些花儿都死了。我本来应该常给它们浇水的。(其实没浇水,表示遗憾)*You ought not to have told them the truth.你本不应该告诉他们真相的。(其实你告诉他们了,含有责备的意味)2.need have done表示过去本来需要做某事(而实际上没有做);neednt have done表示过去本来没有必要做某事(而实际上做了)。*Its only five minutes walk.We neednt have taken a taxi.只有5分钟的步行路程。我们本不必乘出租车的。*He need have hurri
11、ed to the station.In that case,he wouldnt have missed the train.他本来需要快点去车站。那样的话,他就不会误了火车。3.could have done表示本来能够做某事而实际上并没有做。*You could have come here a little earlier.你本来应该早点来到这儿的。*She could have earned a lot of money.她本来可以挣一大笔钱的。【即学活用】(1)You _a taxi,for it was so near.你本没有必要坐出租车的,因为离得太近了。(2)I cant
12、find my purse.I _it in the supermarket yesterday,but Im not sure.我找不到我的钱包了。我可能昨天把它落在超市了,但我不确定。neednt have takenmight have left(3)I _before I came to the new school,for my classmates here are very friendly to me.在我来到新学校之前,我没有必要担心,因为这里的同学对我很友好。(4)You _this exercise more carefully.你本应该更仔细地做这个练习。neednt
13、have worriedought to have done课时检测素养达标.选词填空1.He was not in the office.I thought he _home.(may go,might have gone)2.Most students in my class failed in the math test.It _have been easy.(mustnt,couldnt)3.I was really anxious about you.You _home without a word.(shouldnt have left,shouldnt leave)4.Cathe
14、rine,I have cleaned the room for you.Thanks.You _it.I could manage it myself.(neednt do,neednt have done)might have gonecouldntshouldnt have leftneednt have done5.I _have turned on the air conditioner at such a low temperature.(neednt,couldnt)No wonder youve got a cold.6.The driver _have drunk a lot
15、 before the accident,but I am not quite sure of that.(must,might)7.Dont go any closerit _be dangerous.(might,need)8.Even experienced teachers _make mistakes.(can,must)【知识延伸】can表示推断用于肯定句can有时也用于肯定句中表示推测,主要用于表示理论上的可能性(即从理论上看是可能的,但实际未必会发生),或表示“有时”之意。needntmightmightcan9.They _have come here by train bu
16、t the tickets for the train had been sold out.(could,must)10.They _be stupid because they always make mistakes.(must,will)couldmust.完成句子1.I _,for the weather is fine.天气这么好,我本没必要带雨伞的。2.It _,for the road is quite muddy.昨晚一定下雨了,因为路很泥泞。3.The boy _,but I am not quite sure.那个男孩也许知道了真相,但我不是很确定。4.I didnt se
17、e her in the meeting room this morning.She _at the meeting.我今天上午没在会议室看见她,她不可能在会议上讲话。neednt have taken the umbrellamust have rained last nightmight have known the truthcant/couldnt havespoken5.You _,but you didnt try your best.你本可以做得更好,但是你没有尽力而为。6.You _,though you were busy.你本可以给他更多帮助,虽然你当时很忙。7.We _n
18、ow that Suzie wont be with us for dinner.既然苏茜不跟我们一起吃晚饭了,我们本没有必要买那么多食物。could have done betterought to/should have given him more helpneednt have bought so much food8._there yesterday?They havent called me up to now.他们昨天会到达那里吗?他们到现在也没有给我打电话。9.You _here alone at such a late hour.这么晚的时候你本不应该一个人来这里的。10.I
19、snt that Anns husband standing over there?No,it _.Im sure he doesnt wear glasses.站在那儿的难道不是安的丈夫吗?不,一定不是他。我确定他不戴眼镜。Can/Could they have arrivedshouldnt/oughtnt to have comecant be him【语法主题应用】综合运用所学情态动词的用法,根据语境及提示补全下面对话A:Hi,Marry.1._you give me a hand?B:Of course.Whats the matter with you?A:I 2._clean t
20、he room up for my classmates,but time is running out.B:Oh,you 3._(do)it by yourself.A:Thats what I promised.I 4._(clean)it yesterday afternoon,but I had a lecture to attend at that time.Canmustneednt have doneought to/should have cleanedB:I think you 5._(be)very busy yesterday afternoon.A:Yes,very b
21、usy.B:Dont worry.Ill help you.But.look,the room is so neat.A:I guess Mr Smith 6._(be)in the classroom last night.B:He 7._(do)it,for I saw him in the library last night.A:Who else 8._it be?must have beenmight have beencant have donecould课时素养评价十七 Module 6 Grammar【语用训练】.用“情态动词+have done”的形式填空1.You _(he
22、lp)him;he could do it by himself.2.Wang Lin came out.He _(finish)his work.3.Mike _(find)his bike,for he came to school by bus this morning.4.The dust cloud _(cut)off the sunlight.5.Today is Sunday.You _(come)to school.6.He _(be)to Beijing,for he knows it very well.shouldnt/oughtnt to have helpedmust
23、 have finishedcouldnt have foundmay have cutneednt have comemust have been7.He _(be)to the city.8.We _(review)lessons last night,but we went to the concert instead.9.There was a time when people _(feel)awkward about ordering one dish in a restaurant.10.I saw Professor Li in the supermarket the day b
24、efore yesterday.No,you _(see)him.I heard that he is still abroad.cannot have beenought to/should have reviewedmay have feltcouldnt have seen.单句改错1.What do you suppose has happened to him?I dont know.He should have got lost.()2.Jerry doesnt mind lending you his bike.He couldnt.I have borrowed Marys.(
25、)3.I didnt hear the phone.I should have been asleep.()4.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared.Who would have taken it?()shouldmay/mightcouldntneedntshouldmustwouldcould5.Great changes must have taken place in the village in the past few years,mustnt they?()6.He mustnt have watched TV yesterd
26、ay for I saw him in the lab.()7.Jane didnt come to school yesterday,so she neednt have been ill.()8.Who would have taken away the book I put here yesterday?()9.She is two hours late.What should have happened?()mustnthaventmustntcouldntneedntmustwouldcouldshouldcan10.There is no sound in the bedroom.
27、Would the two kids have gone to bed?()WouldCan【主题阅读】.阅读理解 Biologist Robert Pitman and his colleagues tracked orcas,or killer whales,and humpback whales off the coast of Western Australia.To research further,the scientists attached a tracker to a female orca,which allowed them to use satellites to mo
28、nitor her movements.They followed her for six days.During that time,the orca attacked eight young humpback whales.During the seven attacks,the orca killed the humpback whale calf(幼兽)on three occasions.But the story doesnt end there.Humpback whales themselves are popularly thought to be large but gen
29、erally,passive creatures.Pitmans study findings may let people think otherwise.When chased by orcas,humpback whales are known to try to outswim orcas.They are thought to do this at high speed so that the orcas cant keep up.On some occasions,the humpback whales sought out protection.They swam to shal
30、low water,nearby reefs,or even under the researchers boats.These ways often reduced the attack.But at other times,the humpback whales decided to stay and fight.As the orcas approached,the mother humpback would sometimes move her calf to her side,or lift it out of the water using her head or flippers
31、.She also blew huge breaths of air to disturb the orcas,and lunged or charged at them,slashing(劈)and slapping her tail and flippers.Perhaps most surprisingly,humpback whales also have adult“escorts(护卫队)”that try to protect calves that are not their own,joining the mother in defending the smaller wha
32、le.These escort whales either charged at the orcas,or placed themselves between the attackers and calves,slashing their tails and flippers.Despite the efforts of the mother whales and escorts,the orcas were more often than not successful in their attacks.But the presence of the escorts did reduce ho
33、w many times a whale calf was killed.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文,主要讲的是科学家使用科学仪器来观察杀人鲸是如何追杀驼背鲸及后者是如何反击和保护幼小的驼背鲸的。1.Whats the purpose of the scientists further research?A.To keep a record of whales living habits.B.To observe orcas hunting humpback whales.C.To see what life-or-death battles whales may face.D.To fin
34、d out the techniques orcas use when hunting.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“To research further.to use satellites to monitor her movements.They followed her for six days.During that time,the orca attacked eight young humpback whales.”可知,科学家进行进一步研究的目的是观察杀人鲸追杀驼背鲸的活动。2.Why did the humpback whales swim to shallo
35、w water?A.To avoid being attacked.B.To hunt for food.C.To protect their young.D.To trick the chasers.【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“On some occasions,the humpback whales sought out protection.They swam to shallow water,nearby reefs,or even under the researchers boats.”可知,驼背鲸游至浅水区是出于自身的安全考虑,为了避免被攻击。3.What is
36、 mainly talked about in Paragraph 4?A.Why humpback whales fall victim to orcas.B.How humpback whales protect their calves.C.The great mother love of humpback whales.D.Smaller humpback whales ways of surviving.【解析】选B。段落大意题。根据第四段的内容可知,本段主要讲的是在面对杀人鲸的攻击时,驼背鲸是如何进行反击来保护自己的幼崽的。4.What does Pitmans study fin
37、d?A.Orcas are successful in their attacks.B.Its not easy for orcas to obtain food.C.Humpback whales swim faster than orcas.D.Humpback whales could be active animals.【解析】选D。推理判断题。第二段提到“Humpback whales themselves are popularly thought to be large but generally,passive creatures.Pitmans study findings
38、may let people think otherwise.”驼背鲸普遍被认为是大型的但是通常被动的生物,Pitman的研究发现可能会让人不这么认为。下文接着讲了面对杀人鲸的攻击时,驼背鲸所采取的一些应对方式,其中包含积极迎击。.完形填空(2020邯郸高一检测)On March 10,2019,eight-year-old Tanitoluwa“Tani”Adewumi beat 73 young competitors to win the New York State Chess Championship in his age categorykindergarten to third
39、grade.While the 1 is great,what is even more amazing is that the boy 2 learning the game less than a year ago.Tani and his family 3 in New York City from Nigeria in 2017.Soon after,Tani started to study at the 4 elementary school,P.S.116,which is near his home.It was here that the young boy was firs
40、t 5 to the chess.6 by the game,the boy begged his mother,Oluwatoyin,to allow him to 7 the schools chess club.Considering that the family would be unable to afford the 8,Oluwatoyin emailed chess 9 Russel Makofsky,who ran the club.To her surprise and 10,Makofsky agreed to charge young Tani nothing.The
41、 young boy made up his mind to practice harder in return for his 11.He has won seven important prizes in less than a year,and 12 27 in America in his age category.13 the chess club certainly helps,Tanis success can be largely owed to(归功于)his 14 to the game.The chess player 15 the game for several ho
42、urs a day.Every Saturday,Tani and his mother 16 to Harlem for a free 3-hour class to help further sharpen his game skills.He is now busy 17 the National Elementary Championships,which will be held in Nashville,TN.Winning the 18 will bring the chess player closer to his dream of becoming the worlds 1
43、9 chess grand master(大师).The record is now held by Russian chess player Sergey Alexandrovich Karjakin,who won the title in 2002 at the age of 12.We have no 20 that the determined boy will achieve his goal soon!【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了一个极具国际象棋天赋的8岁男孩的故事。1.A.agreement B.achievementC.treatmentD.argument【解析
44、】选B。agreement同意,协议;achievement成就;treatment治疗;argument争论。此处是指虽然他的成就(achievement)很突出,但更加令人惊奇的是这个男孩开始学习下棋才不到一年。2.A.began B.enjoyed C.missed D.minded【解析】选A。句意:虽然他的成就很突出,但更加令人惊奇的是这个男孩开始学习下棋才不到一年。began开始;enjoyed享受;missed错过;minded在意。根据下文的内容可知,这个男孩开始(began)下棋不到一年。3.A.stayedB.workedC.layD.arrived【解析】选D。句意:Ta
45、ni和他的家人在2017年从尼日利亚到达纽约。stayed待着;worked工作;lay位于;arrived到达。4.A.religiousB.localC.strictD.distant【解析】选B。句意:不久之后Tani开始在当地的一所小学上学。religious宗教的;local当地的;strict严格的;distant遥远的。根据语境可知,此处是指“很快,Tani开始在当地的(local)一所小学上学”。5.A.introducedB.comparedC.invitedD.directed【解析】选A。句意:正是在这所学校,这个男孩第一次接触到了国际象棋。introduced介绍,使初
46、次了解/接触;compared比较;invited邀请;directed指导。根据下文可知,正是在这所学校,这个男孩第一次接触(introduced)到了国际象棋。6.A.ConfusedB.EncouragedC.AttractedD.Beaten【解析】选C。句意:由于被这项游戏所吸引,他恳求他的母亲让他加入学校的象棋俱乐部。Confused使迷惑;Encouraged鼓励;Attracted吸引;Beaten击打。根据第一段提到Tani在象棋方面取得的成绩,以及下文“他加入学校的象棋俱乐部”可知,他被这项游戏所吸引(attract)。7.A.foundB.runC.joinD.visit
47、【解析】选C。found建立;run经营;join参加;visit参观。上文说非常喜欢象棋,因此男孩恳求母亲让他加入(join)象棋俱乐部。8.A.billsB.tripsC.mealsD.fees【解析】选D。句意:考虑到家庭负担不起这些费用。9.A.teacherB.customerC.learnerD.farmer【解析】选A。句意:此处是指他的母亲给象棋俱乐部的老师Russel Makofsky发了一封邮件。teacher老师;customer顾客;learner学习者;farmer农民。根据下文“who ran the club”以及“Makofsky agreed to charg
48、e young Tani nothing.”可知Russel Makofsky是俱乐部的老师(teacher)。10.A.sadnessB.happinessC.puzzlementD.anger【解析】选B。句意:令她感到吃惊并高兴的是,Makofsky同意减免了她儿子的所有费用。sadness悲伤;happiness快乐;puzzlement迷惑;anger生气。11.A.rescueB.wishC.helpD.service【解析】选C。句意:这个小男孩下决心更加努力训练来报答他的帮助。rescue拯救;wish希望;help帮助;service服务。根据前一句可知“俱乐部减免了男孩的费
49、用”,可知,小男孩努力训练来报答他的帮助(help)。12.A.losesB.setsC.hasD.ranks【解析】选D。句意:目前男孩在他所在的年龄组排名全美第27位。loses损失,丢失;sets布置;has有;ranks排名。根据语境可知,在年龄组排名(ranks)全美第27位。13.A.IfB.UnlessC.ThoughD.Because【解析】选C。句意:尽管有象棋俱乐部的帮助。If如果;Unless除非;Though尽管;Because因为。分析前后两句,可知,此处是转折关系。指的是“尽管(though)有象棋俱乐部的帮助,但是Tani的成功很大程度上是归功于他对这项比赛的挚爱
50、”。14.A.devotionB.actionC.receptionD.return【解析】选A。句意:Tani的成功很大程度上归功于他对比赛的挚爱。devotion投入,奉献,挚爱;action行动;reception接待;return返回。根据上文的内容可知,男孩恳求妈妈让他参加象棋俱乐部,可知 Tani的成功很大程度上归功于他对象棋比赛的挚爱。15.A.appreciatesB.practicesC.watchesD.creates【解析】选B。句意:他每天都要练习好几个小时。appreciates欣赏;practices练习;watches观察;creates创造。根据语境可知,他每天
51、都要练习(practices)好几个小时。16.A.returnB.leadC.pointD.head【解析】选D。句意:每个星期六,Tani和他母亲都会去Harlem免费上3个小时的课。return返回;lead引导;point指出;head前往。根据上文的语境可知,妈妈和Tani前去Harlem那儿免费上3个小时的课。head在此用作动词,意为“前往,去”,符合句意。17.A.preparing forB.waiting forC.caring forD.searching for【解析】选A。句意:他现在忙于为National Elementary Championships做准备。pr
52、eparing for为作准备;waiting for等候;caring for关心;searching for寻找。根据下文“which will be held in Nashville,TN.”可知,比赛还没有举行,因此他现在忙于为National Elementary Championships做准备(preparing for)。18.A.friendshipB.warC.praiseD.competition【解析】选D。friendship友谊;war战争;praise表扬;competition比赛。根据文章可知,赢得这场比赛(competition)将会使他距离成为世界上最年
53、轻的象棋大师的梦想更近一步。19.A.smallestB.strongestC.youngestD.tallest【解析】选C。句意:赢得这场比赛将会使他更接近成为世界上最年轻的象棋大师的梦想。smallest最小的;strongest最强的;youngest最年轻的;tallest最高的。根据下一句“The record is now held by Russian chess player Sergey Alexandrovich Karjakin,who won the title in 2002 at the age of 12”以及第一段第一句可知,与Sergey Alexandro
54、vich Karjakin相比,如果他赢了,他就是最年轻的象棋大师。20.A.doubtB.wonderC.problemD.sign【解析】选A。句意:毫无疑问,不久之后这个坚定的男孩一定会实现自己的目标。doubt怀疑;wonder奇迹;problem问题;sign标志。“no doubt”为固定搭配,意为“毫无疑问”。.语法填空 Why dont birds get lost on their long flights from one place to another?Not long ago,experiments showed that birds rely 1.the sun t
55、o guide them during daylight hours.But what about birds 2.fly at night?Tests with artificial stars have proved that certain night flying birds are able to follow the stars in their long distance flights.A dove had spent its lifetime in a cage and never flown under a 3._(nature)sky.Yet 4._ showed an
56、inborn ability to use the stars for guidance.The birds cage 5._(place)under an artificial star-filled sky.The bird tried to fly in the same direction as that 6.(take)by his outdoor cousin.Any change in the position of the stars caused 7.change in the direction of his flight.Scientists think that dov
57、es,when 8.(fly)in daylight,use the sun for guidance.But the stars are apparently their principal means of navigation(领航).What do they do 9._ the stars are hidden by clouds?Apparently,they find their way by such land marks as mountain ranges,coastlines,and river courses.But when its too dark to see t
58、hese,the doves circle 10._(help),unable to get their bearings(方位).【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文中科学家们用实验证实了鸟类在从一个地方到另一个地方的长途飞行中不会迷路的奥秘。1.【解析】on。考查介词。rely on为固定短语,意为“依靠”。句意:实验表明,白天鸟类依靠太阳来引导它们。2.【解析】that/which。考查定语从句。birds为先行词,在从句中作主语,应用关系代词that或which引导该定语从句。句意:但是那些在晚上飞行的鸟呢?3.【解析】natural。考查形容词。修饰名词sky应用形容词。句意:一只鸽子在笼
59、子里度过了它的一生,从来没有在自然的天空下飞过。4.【解析】it。考查代词。it指代上文中的a dove。句意:然而,它显示出一种天生的能力,利用星星来引导。5.【解析】was placed。考查时态和语态。此处place用作动词,意为“放置”,与主语cage之间为被动关系;且结合上下文语境可知应用一般过去时。句意:鸟笼被放置在布满星星的人造天空下。6.【解析】taken。考查过去分词。过去分词taken作后置定语修饰that,与其逻辑主语之间为被动关系。句意:这只鸟试图向他的户外堂兄飞的方向飞去。7.【解析】a。考查冠词。change用作名词,表示“变化”时为可数名词,应用不定冠词a修饰。句意:星星位置的任何变化都会引起他飞行方向的变化。8.【解析】flying。考查现在分词。此处fly用作状语,与句子的主语doves之间为主动关系。句意:科学家认为,鸽子在白天飞行时,利用太阳作为导航。9.【解析】when/if。考查状语从句。此处引导时间状语从句用when或用if引导条件状语从句。句意:当(如果)星星被云遮住时,他们会做什么?10.【解析】helplessly。考查副词。结合句意,此处需要表达的意思为“无助”,且修饰动词,故用helpless的副词形式。句意:但当天太黑看不见这些时,鸽子就会无助地转圈,无法辨别方向。