1、Astronomy：the science of the stars Unit 4 牵 手 课 堂 People have always watched the beautiful night sky.Many ancient people of the world closely studied the stars for signs from their gods.The Mayan and Mexico built special tall buildings to observe the stars.The ancient people of Egypt，Greece，Italy，an
2、d China also studied the stars.The people who lived on the islands of the Pacific used the stars to find their way across huge areas of ocean.The people of Earth today still look to the stars for informationnot about ancient gods，but about the universe.Modern technology has made it possible to see o
3、bjects in space that are thousands of millions of kilometers away.However，without technology you can see all of the same objects in the night sky that ancient people saw.There is a lot to see and study.It takes a little work and a little knowledge，but it is really very easy.Ancient people who watche
4、d the night sky considered five great mysteries.These mysteries were objects that moved from place to place.Some of these objects seemed to move straight ahead.Others seemed to move in one direction for a while and then move back in the opposite direction.Some could be seen for a few months and then
5、 disappeared.But they did not seem to shine like other stars.Almost every ancient culture knew of these five mysteries.The ancient Greeks called them“planetes”.The word means wandererone who moves from place to place with no home.On a dark，clear night，away from the lights of a city，you can still fin
6、d the five wanderers using only your eyes.However they are no longer mysteries.Today we know them as Saturn，Jupiter，Venus，Mercury and the closest planet to Earth，the red planet，Mars.Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and the next planet beyond the Earth.Mars is the only planet whose surface can
7、be seen from Earth.It is about half the size of our planet.The ancient Romans named it after their god of war because of its red color.The surface of Mars is more like Earth than any other planet.However，because it is further from the sun than Earth，temperatures on Mars are much lower.Most of the ti
8、me the temperatures are far below freezing.Plants and animals could not live now on Mars.However many scientists believe that such life may have existed long ago.Notes：1.Mayan n玛雅人，adj.玛雅人的 2.object n天体 3.Saturn n土星 4.Jupiter n木星 5.Venus n金星 6.Mercury n水星Section Warming Up and Reading 栏目导航 课前教材预案课堂深
9、度拓展课后限时作业课末随堂演练.Scan the text and choose the best answer according to the text.1Why was life able to develop on the earth but not on other planets?AThe earth had a solid shape.BThe earth did not have harmful gases in its atmosphere.CWater stayed on the earth but not on other planets.DThe earth was n
10、ot too hot and not too cold.答案：C课前教材预案 2Why are plants important on the earth?AThey produce oxygen for animals.BThey provide shade for animals.CThey provide a beautiful scene.DThey protect the soil from being destroyed.答案：A 3What is the correct order according to the passage?The clever animals with
11、hands and feet appeared and spread all over the earth.The“Big Bang”Small plants began to appear on the surface of the water.65 million years ago，the age of the dinosaurs ended.A B C D 答案：D 4Early humans appeared after dinosaurs died out _ million years later.A67.6 B62.4 C65 D140 答案：B 5What is the ma
12、in idea of the passage?AThe formation of the earth.BThe arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.CThe development of plants and animals on the earth.DThe origin of life on the earth.答案：D.Fill in the blanks in the following passage according to the text.The earth is 1._ special planet in the s
13、olar system.The 2._(explode)of the earth produced carbon dioxide，nitrogen，water vapour and other gases,3._(make)the earths atmosphere.As the earth cooled down，water，which was fundamental 4._ the development of life，appeared and stayed on the surface.The continued presence of water allowed the earth
14、to dissolve 5._(harm)gases and acids into the oceans and seas，and this produced a chain reaction，which made 6._ possible for life to develop.aexplosionmakingtoharmfulit Many millions of years later，the 7._(arrive)of small plants encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.The
15、n，with the green plants appearing on land，land animals appeared and dinosaurs developed and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.Then dinosaurs sudden disappearance made the rise of mammals possible on the earth.They were different from all life forms 8._ ever existed in the past bec
16、ause they produced young from within their bodies.arrivalthat Finally，some small clever animals with hands and feet 9._(appear)and spread all over the earth.Thus they have，in their turn，become the most important animals on the earth.However，they are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmospher
17、e.So for millions of years to come,10._ life will continue on the earth will depend on whether the problem can be solved.appearedwhether课堂深度拓展考点一 单词点击Point violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.(教材 P25)地球变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去
18、。(1)violence n.暴力，暴行with violence猛烈地；强有力地takeby violence强夺(2)violently adv.强烈地；激烈地；凶猛地Whatever happens，we will never use violence.无论发生什么，我们决不会使用暴力。She trembled violently with fear.她因为害怕颤抖得厉害。单句语法填空。(1)The ground shook _(violent)and some of the adults saw huge rockslides on the mountains，as if the mo
19、untains themselves were moving.解析：句意：地面猛烈地摇晃起来，人们看到巨大的岩石从山顶崩裂坍塌，仿佛山峰自己正移动似的。副词修饰动词shook。(2)We know that far too many children are behaving badly at school，even to the point of _(violent)to staff.解析：句意：我们知道有非常多的孩子在学校表现恶劣，甚至到对学校员工暴力相向的程度。因其后还有to staff，因此不宜用violence。violentlybeing violentPoint unlike(1
20、)prep.与不同；不像Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but，unlike the earth，it had disappeared later.(教材 P26)水也曾经出现在其他的行星上，比如火星上，但与地球不同的是，后来又消失了。This book is quite unlike anything Ive ever read before.这本书与我以前读过的书大不一样。Its unlike Mary to be late;shes usually on time.玛丽可不像是迟到的人，她经常是准时准点的。(2)adj
21、.不同的，不相似的They are so unlike that nobody will believe they are sisters.她们毫无相似之处，谁也不相信她们是姐妹。(1)like prep.像；类似(2)likely adj.可能的It is likely that很可能sb.be likely to do sth.某人很可能做某事(3)unlikely adj.不大可能发生的；未必会发生的It is unlikely that不大可能sb.be unlikely to do sth.某人不大可能做某事She looks nothing like her mother.她长得一
22、点也不像她的妈妈。It is unlikely to rain/that it will rain.不太可能下雨。单句语法填空。(1)(2016全国卷)If you find something you love doing outside of the office，youll be less likely _(bring)your work home.to bring单句改错。(2)Probably he noticed that I was a bookish boy，likely to sympathize him，and perhaps he was trying to warn m
23、e to avoid being unlike others.But it was too late for that.解析：句意：他很可能已经觉察到，我是个喜欢念书的孩子，兴许会与他发生共识，或者想提醒我，不要与众不同，但这为时已晚。unlike 可以用作介词或形容词，而 avoid 后应跟名词或动名词作宾语，因此，应在 unlike 前加 being，构成动名词短语。Point harmful adj.有害的 be harmful to对有害What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowe
24、d the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.(教材 P26)很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，这使得地球得以把曾经存在于大气层中的有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。Reading in the sun is harmful to your eyes.在阳光下看书对你的眼睛有害。harm(1)n.伤害，损害do harm to/doharm 对有害mean no harm没有恶意do more harm than good弊大于利There is no harm in doing sth.I
25、t does no harm for sb.to do sth.某人做某事无害处(2)vt.伤害；危害；损害There is no harm in trying.不妨试试。As we all know，environmental pollution does great harm to living things and human beings.正如我们所知，环境污染严重危害生物和人类。Criticizing other peoples work often does more harm than good.批评别人的工作常常弊大于利。Some officials fear this wou
26、ld harm the national economy.一些官员担心这会损害国家的经济。单句语法填空。(1)It has been claimed that computer keyboards can harbor _(harm)bacteria than lavatory seat(抽水马桶座板)解析：句意：已经证实，计算机键盘比马桶座更容易成为有害细菌的温床。名词bacteria 前应用形容词来修饰，而从下文than 来看，应用形容词的比较级形式。(2)Recent research done at the University of Texas shown that staying
27、indoors may actually be more harmful _ ones health than being outdoors even in smoggy cities.解析：句意：最近德州大学所做的研究显示，即使是在烟雾弥漫的城市里，待在室内仍可能比待在户外对人健康的危害更大。be harmful to 是固定搭配，意为“对有害”。more harmfulto Point puzzle(1)n.谜；难题 be in a puzzle about sth.对某事迷惑不解How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles t
28、hat scientists found hard to solve.(教材 P27)地球上的生命是如何起源的是科学家们最难解答的问题之一。I am in a puzzle about what he said.我对他说的话迷惑不解。(2)vt.&vi.(使)困惑；(使)为难 puzzle about/over冥思苦想，苦苦思考What puzzled me was why they didnt take her advice.他们为何不接受她的忠告，这使我大惑不解。I have been puzzling about this question for weeks.我对这个问题已冥思苦想了好
29、几个星期。(1)puzzled adj.困惑的，迷惑不解的(2)puzzling adj.令人迷惑不解的(3)puzzlement n迷惑Her puzzled look on her face suggested she didnt understand what I said.她脸上迷惑的表情表明她不明白我说的话。The source of a new or dreaded disease is often puzzling.新的或可怕的疾病，其来由往往是令人不解的。单句语法填空。(1)An Australian man asked his Chinese friend to do him
30、 a favor.But he _(puzzle)by his friends response.单句改错。(2)But one day，a child saw the coin and was curious，who took it out of the box and looked at it，with a puzzling look on his face.puzzledwas puzzled考点二 短语诠释Point in time 及时；终于；迟早They were in time to produce carbon，nitrogen，water vapour and other g
31、ases，which were to make the earths atmosphere.(教材 P25)它们最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他气体，这些后来形成了地球的大气层。The driver clapped on his brakes when he saw the child，but he failed to stop in time.司机看到那个孩子就急忙刹车，可是没有及时刹住。Dont worryIm sure things will get better in time.不要担心我相信情况迟早会有所好转的。all the time一直 at no time决不；从不；在任何时候
32、都不 at one time一度，曾经 at times有时，偶尔 for the time being暂时 in no time极快；立即；马上 on time按时，准时The city at one time must have been prosperous，for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.这座古城肯定一度很繁荣，因为它曾享有高度的文明。Youll have your own room soon but for the time being youll have to share one.你很快就有自己的房间，不过暂时还得和别人合用
33、一间。单句语法填空。(1)If you want much more information，get in touch with them _ time.(2)Ill leave my bicycle behind.Ill not need it _the time being.单句改错。(3)In no time and under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.解析：句意：无论什么时候及任何情况下，中国都不会首先使用核武器。AtinforPoint in ones turn 轮到某人；接着Th
34、us they have，in their turn，become the most important animals on the planet.(教材 P26)这样就轮到他们成为地球上最重要的动物。I will，in my turn，clean the window next week.下周轮到我擦窗户了。in turn依次，轮流，逐个；相应地，转而 take turns in sth./to do sth./at/in doing sth.轮流做 Its ones turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事In their household of more than twenty
35、members，all women would take turns to do the cooking for one year.全家二十口人，妇女轮班煮饭，轮到就煮一年。The doctors take turns at/in participating in the mobile medical team.医生们轮流参加巡回医疗队。单句语法填空。(1)When the economy develops，workers income should increase，which _ turn promotes economic development.单句改错。(2)We made an a
36、greement that we would take turns to do the dishes.Now its our turns to do them.turninPoint give birth to 生孩子；产生，造成These animals are different from all life forms in the past，because they gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.(教材 P26)这些动物与过去所有的生命形式是不同的，因为他们生下了年轻的动物宝宝并产奶来喂它们
37、。After five hours of labor，Mrs.Thompson gave birth to a beautiful baby girl.五个小时的阵痛之后，汤普森太太生了一个漂亮的女婴。(1)give birth to产生；分娩by birth出生；血统；天生地(2)以下短语和词汇都可以表示“产生，造成，引起”：give rise to/lead to/result in/make for/contribute to/cause/bring aboutWhen you do something with faith，it will result in success.当你有信心
38、地去做某事，结果就会成功。The supplies of sugar have been running low，causing a rise in the price.糖的供应日渐短缺，从而引起价格的上涨。单句语法填空。(1)It is said that James Watts observation of steam issuing from a kettle gave birth _ the idea of the steam engine.解析：句意：据说，詹姆斯瓦特对水壶蒸气的观察使他产生了发明蒸汽机的想法。(2)During the thousands of years of r
39、ecorded history，the Chinese nation _(give)birth to many national heroes and revolutionary leaders.解析：句意：在中华民族几千年的历史中，产生了很多的民族英雄和革命领袖。tohas givenPoint preventfrom阻止/制止做They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere，which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.(教材 P26)他们把过
40、多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。Generally，parents dont permit their kids to do dangerous things，so they always prevent the kids from taking chances.一般来说，父母不允许孩子做危险的事情，因此他们总是阻止孩子们去冒险。prevent/stop/keepfrom 与 protectfrom(1)prevent/stop/keep sb./sth.from doing sth.表示“制止/阻止/防止某人或某物做某事”的意思，它们常可以互换。但要注意：在被
41、动语态中 from 不能省略。The rain prevented us(from)coming in time.下雨使我们没能及时赶到。Nothing will keep us from coming here.什么也阻止不了我们到这里来。(2)protectfrom保护不受侵袭(from 后接能带来伤害或损害之物)He put on his sunglasses to protect his eyes from the strong sunlight.他戴上太阳镜保护眼睛不受强光的伤害。单句语法填空。(1)Without doubt，something must be done to pr
42、event this famous river from _(pollute)by the waste water piped from cities.解析：句意：毫无疑问，必须做些事情来阻止这条著名的河流被从城市里排出来的污水污染。(2)In reality，she was simply frustrated that her“wide and ugly feet”prevented her from _(wear)the latest fashions.解析：句意：实际上，她沮丧仅仅是因为“又宽又丑”的脚塞不进时髦的高跟鞋里。from是介词，其后应跟v.ing形式。being pollut
43、edwearing单句改错。(3)Every day，I wipe and clean my hut，tirelessly，to keep it from being filled with dusts;and I would have a delightful feeling whenever I return home.解析：句意：每天不厌其烦地擦拭、清洁着我的小屋，不使它被尘埃埋没，回家时，便总有一份欢欣的感觉。keepfrom doing sth.中的 from 不可省略。考点三 句型归纳Point 1what引导的主语从句2be to do的用法What it was to beco
44、me was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.(教材 P25)地球将成为什么样子一直是不确定的，直到 38 至 45 亿年前，这些灰尘慢慢地凝聚成一个固体的球状物。点拨：(1)在 What it was to become was这个句型中，what 引导的主语从句，what在从句中作 become 的宾语。what 还可以在从句中充当主语。What surprised everybody was that he didnt come t
45、o the meeting.使大家惊奇的是他竟没有参加会议。(2)be to do 这一结构表示“将要”，“注定会”。We are to attend the meeting tomorrow morning.明天上午我们将要去参加一个非常重要的会议。单句语法填空。(1)_ is strange is that the China Writers Association，which brings together nearly all of the countrys best wordsmiths(舞文弄墨者)，knows only how to speak this dead languag
46、e.解析：句意：奇怪的是我们偌大中国集中了几乎全体最善文字者的“作家协会”，怎么就会说这种僵尸般的语言？what 在句中引导一个主语从句，本身有词义，即：的事情是。What(2)Criminals are never born evil，and in the case of corruption，it is quite clear _ social factors play an important role.解析：句意：罪犯并非生来就是罪恶的，在很多腐败的案例中，很明显，社会因素占了很大成分。句中it 是形式主语，用that引导主语从句时，引导词本身无词义。werethat单句改错。(3)T
47、he students were told that they are to meet at the school gate at 2：00 the following afternoon.Point 1so/suchthat2it作形式主语The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.(教材 P25)地球变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。点拨：(1)此句运用了“sothat(如此以至于)”结构，that 从句为结果状语从句；so形容词/副词的同义结构
48、为：suchthat，但是 such 要跟名词短语。He runs so fast that almost no one can follow him.他跑得如此快，几乎没人能跟上他。Mary is such a clever girl that everyone loves her.Mary is so clever a girl that everyone loves her.玛丽是如此聪明的一个女孩儿，每个人都喜欢她。(2)在that从句中，it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的从句whether the shape would last or not，这是一个主语从句。It was a
49、problem whether they would support us.他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。Its a pity that he didnt come.很遗憾他没来。It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.显然这个司机无法控制他的车。单句语法填空。(1)Last week I lost one of my best friends.It broke my heart because he was _ a musical genius and so young and has two wonderful c
50、hildren.解析：句意：上周，我失去了我最好的朋友之一，这让我心碎，他是个音乐天才，这么年轻，留下两个优秀的孩子。such后跟名词；so后跟形容词或副词。(2)Sir，_ so happened that I was on my way home and noticed who were around and what they were doing.解析：句意：警官，事情是这样的，在回家的路上我注意到了周围的人和他们的活动情况。句中it是形式主语，happen是谓语，that引导的从句是真正的主语。suchit 单句改错。(3)Similarly，the sufferings and happiness in life is nothing but a series of illusions，it will not last long，only the one in it is being trapped and thinks it is such big a deal.解析：句意：同样的，生命中之苦与乐也不过只是一系列的变幻景况，维持不了太久，只是当事人困在局中，才感到是天大的事情而已。so课末随堂演练课后限时作业制作者：状元桥适用对象：高一学生制作软件：Powerpoint2003、Photoshop cs3运行环境：WindowsXP以上操作系统
