1、Module 8Unit 22Environmental Protection1means n方式,方法,途径【精讲拓展】an effective means of communication有效的通讯手段mean v打算,意欲,意思是,意味着mean doing意味着做mean to do打算做某事beyond the means of most people大多数人无法支付的(超出 大多数人的财力)by any means(口)用一切可能的方法或手段by all means可以,当然行,没问题by means of依靠方法,借助手段by no means/not by any meansn
2、ot at all 一点也不,绝不警示误区:(1)当means作主语,前面有every,each,one等修饰语时,谓语动词用单数;前面有several,some,many,few等修饰语时,谓语动词用复数。(2)表示用“某一方法时”,可表示为:by this means,in this way,with this method等。【典型例句】The load was lifted by means of a crane.重物是用起重机吊起来的。 朗文当代She is by no means an inexperienced teacher.她绝不是个毫无经验的教师。 朗文当代“Do you
3、mind if I have a look?”“ By all means.”“我看一眼行吗?”“当然可以。” 朗文当代We must fix this problem by any means.我们无论如何要解决这个问题。 美国传统【词语辨析】means/manner/way/method(1)means“方法,手段”一般指采用整套的方法或使用某些工具,材料等,常与end连用。Do you think that the end justifies the means?你认为结果证明了这个方法是正确的吗?(2)manner“方式”可指使用某一方法过程中所表现的好或坏的方法。Its not th
4、e method itself,but the manner you make use of the method that is responsible for the failure.不是方法本身,而是你使用这方法的方式,造成了这次失败。可指某人具有典型特色的行为方式。He lived and entertained in the French manner.他的生活与娱乐方式都是法国式的。(3)way“方式,方法” 比较正式的用词,指某人对待问题具有典型特色的方式。 He likes taking his own way.他喜欢采用自己的方式行事。 也可以指整个的生活方式或风格。 Ame
5、rican way of life美国生活方式 表示“方法”时,比method通用的多,可以指一个单项的技术方 法,也可指一套复杂的操作方法。 To scare a bird is not the way to catch it.吓唬鸟不是捕鸟的方法。 Is this the way you do it?这是你做这件事的方法吗?(4)method“方法”表示一组相当精心安排的技术、技巧所构成的方法,强调 以效率与精确为其目标。I do like to see more scientific methods used.我愿看到有一些更科学的方法得到使用。I have a new method o
6、f working out the problem.我有一个解决这个问题的新方法。(5)使用不同的介词in this mannerby this meansin this waywith this method即学即用They hand down the custom from generation to generation to keep their _ of life alive. Away Bmethod Cmeans Dform 解析:本题考查近义词辨析。way of life为固定词组, 表示生活方式的意思。method侧重于办法,措施;means 侧重于手段,途径;form意为类
7、型。均不符合题意。 答案:ACould I use your dictionary? Yes,_. Ayou could Bby all means Cyouve got it DIm using it myself 解析:by all means 用于交际用语中表示非常肯定的应 答,意思是:当然可以,没问题。 答案:B2.insignificant adj.无关紧要的,价值不大的,无意义的【精讲拓展】an insignificant difference 微不足道的差别feel insignificant and stupid 感到卑微和愚蠢have great significance f
8、or.对有重大意义be of great/little significance 重要的,无关紧要的be of significancebe significant 有重大意义警示误区:be of significance与be ofvalue/importance/use/help(bevaluable/important/useful/helpful)是类似的。【典型例句】Looking at the Earth from space makes you realize how small and insignificant we all are.从太空看地球,会使你发现我们都是那么渺小。
9、 朗文当代The difference between the two results was insignificant.两个结果之间的差别无足轻重。 剑桥高阶So far,research has not produced anything of very great significance.迄今为止,研究尚未产生任何具有重大意义的结果。 朗文当代即学即用完成句子这种新药对治疗这种疾病有重大的意义。The new drug has great the treatment of the disease.Significance for 3beyond prep.超出,出乎,为所不能及 【精
10、讲拓展】 be beyond sb.使人无法想象(或理解,做) It is beyond me why/what.我无法理解 beyond repair (坏的)无法修理beyond all recognition变得认不出来了beyond praise 令人赞叹不已beyond ones imagination 超乎想象警示误区:beyond既可以作介词,也可以作副词,作介词意为“在的那边”,作副词意为“在远处,向远方”。【典型例句】Im afraid physics is completely beyond me.恐怕我根本就学不会物理学。 剑桥高阶The town center had
11、changed beyond all recognition.镇中心已经变得完全认不出来了。 剑桥高阶He survived the accident,but his car was damaged beyond repair(damaged so badly it could not be repaired.)在车祸中他幸存了下来,但他的车却彻底报废了。 剑桥高阶即学即用My father decided to buy me a bicycle because my old one was _. Abeyond repairs Bbeyond the repair Cout of order
12、 Dout of the order 解析: beyond repair 无法修理,故排除A,B两项。out of order 出了故障。 答案:C4claim vt.要求(应得权利),声称,主张,vi.要求,声称;n.要 求,主张,断言 【精讲拓展】 claim for sth.要求,索取,宣称 claim sth.back 索回某物 claim to do/thatclause 声称lay claim to 对提出所有权/拥有权claim to fame 出名,一举成名put in a claim 申请,提出要求claim后跟不定式时,有时态变化,即可跟不定式的完成式,表示发生在claim
13、之前。【典型例句】Doctors claimed to have discovered a cure for the disease.医生声称已经找到了治疗该疾病的方法。 朗文当代The company claims(that) it is not responsible for the pollution in the river.公司声称对该河流污染没有责任。 剑桥高阶This little towns only claim to fame is that the president was born here.这个小镇之所以出名,唯一的原因是总统出生在此。剑桥高阶If the shop
14、wont give me a replacement TV,Ill claim my money back.如果商店不给我换台电视,我就要求退钱。 剑桥高阶即学即用You may be my sister,but that doesnt mean you have any _ on me. Aclaims BIntervals CJustice Dextension 解析:考查claim的用法。句意为:尽管你和我可能是姐妹, 但这并不意味着你有权利向我要求什么,claim有权利要求; interval(时间上)间隔;justice公正;extension延伸,扩展。 答案:A5rise vi.
15、上升,升起,站起,增加,上涨;n.上升,加薪 【精讲拓展】 rise by 10% 上涨了百分之十 ask for a pay rise 要求加薪 rise to ones feet站起身来 be accustomed to rising early 习惯早起 sb.s spirits rise 某人的情绪高涨 rise up 反抗,造反 rise in price 涨价警示误区:rise 和raise 是最易混淆的两个单词,rise 是不及物动词,而raise是及物动词。【典型例句】The audience rose to their feet.观众站了起来。 美国传统The divorce
16、 rate has risen steadily since the 1950s.自20世纪50年代以来,离婚率不断上升。 朗文当代The river rose after the heavy rain.大雨过后河水上涨了。 美国传统【词语辨析】 raise/lift/rise/arise(1)raise 和lift是及物动词,表示用外力把某物举起时可以换 用,但如果表示抽象的意义(比如提高政治觉悟,生活水平, 地位,名誉,声音等)要用raise,如果表示用体力或机械力把 某一重物从地面举到一定的高度则用lift。 He stood there with his arms lifted abo
17、ve his head. 他站在那里,胳膊举过了头顶。 Its necessary to raise the living standards of the people. 提高人民的生活水平是必要的。 (2)rise 是不及物动词,意思是“上升,升起”。多表示“起身, 起立,起床,上涨,升到地平线上”等。一般说明主语自身移向 较高的位置。 My hopes are rising.我的希望越来越大。 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东方升起,在西方落下。(3)arise是不及物动词,意思是“发生,出现,呈现”。 Use th
18、e money when needs arise.需要时可以使用这些钱。 These are the problems arising out of the lack of communication. 这是因缺乏交流而出现的问题。即学即用The number of students in this school _ by 5%every year. Arise Braise Crises Draises 解析:此题考查rise和raise的区别,rise是不及物动词,其后 不跟宾语,raise为及物动词,其后直接加宾语。句意为:这个 学校的学生数量每年增加5%。 答案:C6given pre
19、p.&n.如果考虑到;adj.特定的,预定的;沉溺 于的;有习惯的 【精讲拓展】 at any given time/point 在任何特定的时间/地点 be given to (doing) sth.经常做,习惯于 take sth.as given 想当然 given that (given 看作连词)虽然(有的事实) 警示误区:given作形容词,表示“特定的,预定的”时,一 般只用于名词前。【典型例句】At a given time well all start shouting and cheering.在预定时间,我们大家都要开始高声欢呼。 朗文当代She is given to
20、making wild accusations.她往往作出荒唐的指控。 朗文当代Given the condition of the car,its a wonder it runs at all.鉴于这辆车的状况,它居然还能开真是个奇迹。 美国传统(4)Given that there was so little time,I think theyve done a good job.考虑到没有多少时间,我认为他们做的不错的了。 朗文当代即学即用_ time,hell make much progress in his English. AHaving given BTo give CGiv
21、ing DGiven 解析:此题考查given的用法,此处的given为介词,意为:如果 有,假定有。句意为:如果有时间,他的英语将会有更大的进 步。 答案:D7disturbing adj.令人烦忧的,令人不安的;使人震惊的 【精讲拓展】 disturb v打扰,扰乱 disturb sb./sth.使某人感到不安/弄乱东西 disturb the peace 扰乱治安 emotionally disturbed children 精神异常儿童 a disturbance in the usual pattern of events 对平常事情发展状况的干扰 Do not disturb.请
22、勿打扰。(挂在门上的牌子)【典型例句】The Home Secretary described the latest crime figures as “disturbing”内政部长声称最近的犯罪数字“令人担忧”。 剑桥高阶Sorry to disturb you,but I have an urgent message from your husband.对不起,这儿有你丈夫的一份急电。 朗文当代What disturbs me most is his total lack of remorse.最令我感到不安的是他完全不感到后悔。 朗文当代【词语辨析】 disturb/interrupt
23、 (1)disturb 指“打搅,打扰”,侧重于对某人动作或行为的干 扰或干预,给别人带来较长时间的耽搁或不能专注于某事。 (2)interrupt 指“中断,打断,打扰”,主要指对某人谈话或 某一活动的打扰,使对方的活动停下来或不能继续谈话。即学即用However,at times the balance of nature is _,resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects. (2009安徽合肥模拟) Atroubled Bdisturbed CConfused Dpuzzled 解析:本题考查的是disturb的用法。句意为
24、:然而,自然平衡 不时的被扰乱,可能会产生许多无法预料的结果。 答案:B8inconvenience n不便,打扰,麻烦 【精讲拓展】 cause inconvenience 引起麻烦 an inconvenient time/place 不方便的时间/地点 for the sake of convenience 为了方便起见 at ones convenience 在方便的时候,在适宜的时候 It is convenient(for sb.) to do 某人做某事方便 警示误区:convenient和inconvenient的主语不可以是 人,常以事物作主语。【典型例句】 Compared
25、 to the trouble weve had in the past,this is only a minor inconvenience. 与我们过去遇到的困难相比,这不过是个小麻烦。朗文当代 Its a bit inconvenient for me to get to the center of town.Can we meet somewhere else? 我去市中心有点不方便,我们能否换个地方会面? 朗文当代 We apologize for any inconvenience caused by the late arrival of the train. 我们对火车晚点所造
26、成的一切不便表示歉意。 剑桥高阶即学即用Our new house is very _ for me as I can get to the office in five minutes.In fact,this is the reason why I decided to buy it a year ago. Areasonable Bavailable CConvenient Dcomfortable 解析:本题考查convenient的用法。reasonable合理的; available和物连用,意为:可用的,可获得的,和人连用为“有 空的”;comfortable舒适的。从后面的as
27、 I can get to the office in five minutes可知道是说距离很近,上班方便;convenient 方便的。 答案:C9existence n存在,实有;生活,生活方式 【精讲拓展】 exist vi.存在,实有,生存 exist in 在于 exist on live on 靠生存 existing adj.(置于名词前)现存的,现行的 come into existence出现,产生 in existence存在,现存 bring sth.into existence 使某物出现,产生 警示误区:形容词existing只能置于名词前,不作表语。【典型例句】
28、There are three different versions of his health record currently in existence.目前他有3份不同的健康记录。 朗文当代Modern cosmology believes the universe to have come into existence about fifteen billion years ago.现代宇宙论认为,宇宙大约在150亿年前就已经形成了。剑桥高阶The custom of arranged marriages still exists in many countries.许多国家仍然存在着
29、包办婚姻的习俗。 朗文当代The hostages existed on bread and water for over 5 months.人质靠面包和水生存了5个多月。 朗文当代即学即用Jack doesnt believe in the _ of God. Alife Bexist Cexistence Dexhibition 解析:本题考查existence 的用法,此处缺名词“存在”, 故选C。句意为:杰克不相信上帝的存在。 答案:C10considerate adj.考虑周到的 【精讲拓展】 be considerate towards 对关心体谅 It is considerat
30、e of sb.to do 某人做某事真是体贴人 a considerable amount of time 相当多的时间 considering prep.&conj.考虑到,就而言 in consideration of.考虑到,作为对的回报 take sth.into consideration 把某事考虑在内 under consideration 在考虑中的 out of consideration for.出于对的考虑 警示误区:consider vt.考虑,后接名词、代词、动名词、疑问词to do sth.认为,consider sb./sth.as名词/形容词consider
31、that从句【典型例句】 Its considerably colder today.今天冷多了。 朗文当代 Im considering applying for that job.我在考虑申请那份 工作。 朗文当代 I consider this the most beautiful park in town.我认为 这是城里最美的公园。 美国传统 Shes under a lot of stress,and you have to take that into consideration. 她压力特别大,你得考虑到这一点。 美国传统即学即用Taiwanborn filmmaker Ang
32、 Lee won the best director Oscar at the 78th Academy Awards,_ the highest honor in American movie fields. Ato consider Bconsidering Cconsider Dconsidered 解析:本题考查consider及其过去分词的用法。前面主句是完整 的。consider与the 78th Academy Awards为被动关系,故选D。 答案:D1refer to 提到,谈到,涉及;参考,查阅;认为 【精讲拓展】 refer oneself to 求助于,依赖 refer
33、 to sb./sth.as.称某人/某物为 refer to sb.for information 向某人打听消息 in/with reference 关于 without reference to 不管,和无关【典型例句】In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays.在其自传中,她偶尔提及了她不幸的学生时代。 剑桥高阶Complete the exercises without referring to a dictionary.请在不查阅词典的情况下完成练习。 朗文当代I am writing
34、 with/in reference to(in connection with) your letter of 15 March.现就3月15日贵函致复。 剑桥高阶【词语辨析】 refer to/look up 两者都有“查阅”的意思。 (1)refer to 后主要接工具书或资料,如词典,笔记,参考书等。 (2)look up主要指通过工具书查找具体的内容,即 look up sth.in。 If you want to look up his number,you can refer to the telephone book. 如果你要查他的号码,你可以查阅这本电话簿。即学即用The
35、problem just _ to be discussed at the next morning. Areferred to Breferred to be Creferring to is Dreferred to is 解析:本题考查refer to 的用法,refer to谈到,此处是过 去分词短语作problem的定语,系动词is的主语是problem。 答案:D2lead to引起,导致,通往,通到 【精讲拓展】 (1)lead to/result in/cause 导致,引起 (2)lead sb.to do sth.使某人干某事 (3)lead sb.to n带领某人通往/到
36、 (4)lead sb.in doing sth.带领某人做某事 (5)动词介词to 构成的常用短语有: belong to属于 be used to 习惯于 compare.to.把比作 contribute to 为做贡献devote.to 献身于,致力于get down to 开始认真做look forward to 期盼object to 反对pay attention to 注意pay a visit to 参观,拜访refer to 提到,涉及stick to 坚持turn to 转向,求助于,翻到警示误区:(5)中的词组to 是介词,其后跟动词时,要用动词的ing形式。【典型例句
37、】The bank has offered a reward for any information leading to the arrest of the men.银行悬赏情报,以便将这些人绳之以法。 朗文当代An official led me along the corridor to a large office.一位官员领我沿着走廊走到一间大办公室。 朗文当代The brochure led me to believe that the price included home delivery.这本小册子使我相信价格中包含送货费。 剑桥高阶All roads lead to Rom
38、e.条条大道通罗马。即学即用The discovery of new evidence led to _. Athe thief having caught Bcatch the thief Cthe thief being caught Dthe thief to be caught 解析:本题考查lead to的用法。lead to 导致,to为介词,排除 B项,the thief(贼)与catch(逮)之间是被动关系,排除A项,根 据题意贼已被抓,排除D项,故答案为C。 答案:C1Without these naturally occurring gases,the suns rays
39、would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on.如果没有这 些自然产生的气体,太阳的能量将会被反射回太空去, 地球将处于寒冷之中,而不适合生命的存在。【精讲拓展】(1)句中would bounce back 用的虚拟语气,是对现在情况的一般 假设,而假设的条件由句首的without引出。 Without the sun,there would be no life on earth. 没有太阳,地球上就不会有生命。 Darling,without you,I could not live
40、 on. 亲爱的,没有你,我就活不下去了。(2)句中leaving.是v.ing短语作结果状语。当v.ing短语作结果状 语时,常位于句尾。 Men have gone to the city for jobs,leaving women and children in the village. 男人们进城找工作去了,村里剩下妇女和儿童。(3)句中leaving.所用的结构是leave sth.形容词,表示“将某人 或某物置于某种状态”。 Tom,leave the window open.I want some fresh air in. 汤姆,让窗子开着。我想让新鲜空气进来。 Dont l
41、eave her alone.She might do something stupid. 别让她一个人呆着。她也许会干蠢事的。 leave宾语宾语补足语(形容词,副词,现在分词,过去 分词)的常见形式有:(1)I wish youd stop leaving the door open. 我希望你别老开着门。(2)Leave the television on,will you? 开着电视,好吗? (3)Carlas narrow escape left her shaking with terror. 卡拉死里逃生,吓得浑身发抖。(4)The trial left a lot of que
42、stions unanswered. 试验留下了许多没有得到解答的问题。即学即用He went to bed without turning off the gas,_ a disaster. Ato lead to Bled to Cleading to Dto be leading to 解析:考查v.ing短语作结果状语。句意:他睡觉没关煤 气,结果导致了一场灾难。 答案:C翻译句子没有电的生活会是怎样的呢? _当你睡觉时,你最好让窗子关着。 Youd better _ the windows _ when you are asleep.What would the life be li
43、ke without electricity?leaveclosed2An even greater number of people live at risk,to some degree,from earthquakes which have claimed more than 1.6 million lives in the last hundreds years.从某种程度上来说,有 更多的人处在地震的危险之中,在过去的几百年间地震已经夺 去了160多万人的生命。 【精讲拓展】 句中 to some degree 从某种程度上说,为插入语。一般对一句话 作一些附加的说明。常见的插入语有
44、形容词(词组),副词,不定 式,现在分词短语,介词短语,从句以及固定短语等。【归纳拓展】(1)常见的介词短语作插入语的有:in fact;in addition;in a word;on the other hand;in other words;in ones opinion;in that case;by the way;of course;as a result;to ones surprise;for example;on the contrary(相反);in a way(在某点上,在某种程度上);for one thing;for another(thing) 等。(2)常见的形容
45、词(词组),副词作插入语的有:sure enough(果然);strange;worse still(更糟糕的是);most important(更重要的是);honestly;obviously;however;otherwise;luckily;unfortunately;besides;first;second;especially;surprisingly等。(3)常见的不定式作插入语的有:to tell the truth;to be short(简单地);to begin with(首先);to be sure(自然,当然,果然);to be honest/frank;to mak
46、e things worse;to make a long story short;to speak of(值得一提的是)等。这些插入语表示说话人的态度,在句子中作独立成分。(4)常见的现在分词短语作插入语的有:generally speaking;frankly speaking;judging from/by;talking of(谈到);considering(考虑到);putting it mildly(说的客气一点)等;这些分词用来修饰全句。警示误区:插入语的位置,可放在句首,句中,句末,一般用逗号或分号隔开。【典型例句】The hotel itself can accommodat
47、e 80 guests and,in addition,there are several selfcatering apartments.旅馆本身能容纳80位客人,除此之外,还有几个可供自己做饭的套房。Sure enough,Mike managed to get through.迈克果然完成了任务。Well,to tell you the truth,Ive never really liked her.唉,实话对你说吧,我从来就没有真正喜欢过她。Talking of Venice,have you seen the masks I bought there last year?谈到威尼斯
48、,你见过我去年在那儿买的那些面具吗?即学即用Do you think I should get a good guidebook? Yes,of course._,a good camera and comfortable shoes are important to you as well. ATo some degree BIn other words CBy the way DAll in all 解析:本题考查插入语的用法,to some degree “从某种意义 上说”。句意为:你认为我应该有一本好的导游书吗? 当然。从某种意义上说,一部好相机和舒服的鞋对你也很重要。 答案:AYo
49、ud better stay in the house.It is dark outside;_, its raining heavily. Ain a word Bin addition Cfor example Din other words 解析:句意:你最好呆在屋里。外面很黑,而且雨下得正大。 in a word 总而言之;in addition 而且,还有;for example例 如;in other words换句话说。 答案:B_ his girlfriends safety,he went to the forest with her. ATo be sure BConsid
50、ering CTalking of DAs a result 解析:句意:考虑到他女朋友的安全,他和她一起去了森 林。to be sure当然;considering考虑到;talking of谈到;as a result结果。 答案:B3One of them is in Colorado in the USA where the Arkansas River will be covered by 10 kilometers of luminous, translucent fabric.其中之一是在美国科罗拉多州,阿肯色河 将被10公里长的发光半透明的布覆盖着。【精讲拓展】 句中where
51、引导定语从句,修饰先行词Colorado,关系副词 where在从句中作地点状语,相当于in which。 This is the hospital where you were born. 这就是你出生的那家医院。(where 在从句中作地点状语,相 当于in which。)【归纳拓展】(1)如果先行词作地点状语,用关系副词where。 He paid a visit to the hospital where he was treated last year. 他访问了去年他在那里接受治疗的那家医院。(where 在从句中 作地点状语)(2) 如果先行词作主语,则不可以用where,而要用
52、关系代词 which/that。 He paid a visit to the hospital which/that saved hundreds of SARA.(which/that 在从句中作主语)(3)如果先行词作宾语,要用关系代词which/that,或省略。 He paid a visit to the hospital (which/that) foreigners built years ago.他访问了那家医院,该医院是数年前由外国人所建。 (which/that在从句中作built 的宾语,可省略)即学即用选择正确的关系词填空:which/thatwhereThis is
53、 the factory _ I worked ten years ago. 解析:因为关系词where在从句中作地点状语。 答案:where21 This is the factory _ the teacher took the students to visit yesterday. 解析:因为关系词which/that在从句中作visit的宾语,并且可省略。 答案:which/that4Burning coal and oil produces gases like carbon dioxide, which are the major cause of global warming.
54、燃烧煤和石 油产生象二氧化碳一样的气体,这是全球变暖的主要原因。 【精讲拓展】 句中which引导的是非限制性定语从句,which作关系代词,修 饰前面的主句。非限制性定语从句通常用逗号与主句隔开,先 行词可以是词,也可以是句子。(1)当先行词表事物时,关系代词只可用which,不可用that。 Jupiter,which has sixteen satellites,is the largest planet in the solar system. 拥有16颗卫星的木星是太阳系中最大的行星。(单词Jupiter作先行词) The boy failed again in the exam,w
55、hich made his father very angry. 那个男孩考试又不及格,这使他爸爸非常生气。(主句The boy failed again in the exam作先行词)(2)当先行词表人时,非限制性定语从句的关系代词用who,不可用that。 Einstein is a great scientist,who created the Theory of Relativity. 爱因斯坦是一位伟大的科学家,他提出了相对论。即学即用 JK.Rowling wrote Harry Potter,_ is very popular with teenagers. Awho BWhi
56、ch Cwhat Dthat 解析:本题考查非限制性定语从句关系代词的用法。从该题结构来看,逗号后面是一个非限制性定语从句,对Harry Potter作进一步说明,要求选关系代词。首先排除C、D项,因为what 不引导定语从句,that不引导非限制性定语从句;此处Harry Potter指作品,而非指人,排除A项。 答案:B23 Peter drove too fast,_ was dangerous. AWho BThat CWhich Dwhy 解析:句意:彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。which指代Peter drove too fast。 答案:C24 He changed his mi
57、nd,_ made me very angry. AWhich Bwhat Cthat Dwhat 解析:句意:他改变了主意,这使我很生气。which指整个主 句He changed his mind。 答案:A25 Her father,_ has a lot of money,wishes her to study abroad. Awhat Bwhich CThat Dwho 解析:句意:她父亲很有钱,希望她出国学习。非限制性 定语从句,her father 是人,所以用who。答案:D1I wouldnt like to go out with you,Im so tired. _.Y
58、ou promised to go out for a drive. AReally BNot at all CCome on DNo matter 解析: come on主要用于祈使语气,常用来制止一种不合适 的行为或用来指责对方刚说过的话,意为“算了吧,得了 吧,别再装了”。really用来表示对对方所说的话感到惊 讶;B、D两项意思与语境不符,故C正确。 答案:C2He _ his voice so that everybody in the room could hear him. ALifted Bheld Crose Draised 解析:此题考查词义辨析lift和hold显然不合
59、题意。因 rise是不及物动词,故不能选,而raise是及物动词, 其后直接加宾语his voice。句意为:他提高声音以便 屋里的每个人都能听到他说话。 答案:D3It was foolish of him to _ his notes during that important test,and as a result,he got punished. Astick to Brefer to Ckeep to Dpoint to 解析:句意为:在那次重要的考试中他竟参考他的笔 记,真是愚蠢,结果,他受到了惩罚。refer to参考, 查阅,A,C,D三项分别意为“坚持”,“不偏离,遵守”,
60、 “指向”。均不符合题意。 答案:B4Tests have proved that caffeine affects the body by increasing the heart rate and rhythm,which _ affects the circulatory system. Ain return Bin turn Cin order Das a result 解析:in turn 相应的,转而;句意为:测试表明咖啡因 通过增加心跳节律来影响人的身体,转而影响循环系 统。in return“作为回报,交换”;in order“按顺序”;as a result“因此,所以”。
61、答案:B5Its cold outside.Please _ the door _. Akeep;closing Bkeep;close Cleave;closed Dkeep;closed 解析:keep强调人为的保持,leave强调听之任之,这 里强调天冷,故应用keep;close为及物动词,与door 构成被动关系,故用过去分词。 答案:D6The continuous rain was _ for the exceptional poor harvest. Ablamed Bcondemned Caccused Dcharged 解析:由语境可知句意为:持续不断的下雨注定了罕见 的农
62、业欠收。blame责备;condemn注定毁灭;accuse 控告,谴责;charge指控。由句意可知B项正确。 答案:B7The new model of car is so expensive that it is _ the reach of those with average income. AWithout BWithin Cbeyond Dbelow 解析:考查固定短语搭配,由语境可知句意为:这种新型 汽车如此昂贵,超出了普通收入的人的支付能力。“超出了 某人的控制”用“beyond ones reach”或 “beyond the reach of sb.”,故C项正确。 答案
63、:C8Though they have two children,the kind couple still insist on _ the poor boy. Aadopting Badapting Cadopted Dadapted 解析:由语境可知句意为:尽管他们有两个孩子,那对善 良的夫妻仍然坚持收养那个可怜的男孩。由insist on 后跟名词和动名词可排除D项,收养是“adopt”,因此A项 正确。 答案:A9It is _ of you to call on your relatives from time to time. Aclever BSerious Cwise Dcon
64、siderate 解析:由语境可知句意为:你时不时的拜访你的亲戚,说明 你做事很周到,用“be considerate of sb.to do sth.”来表示,故D 项正确。 答案:D1it 的指代用法 规则: (1)it指代上文提到的单数事物名词。 Could you find a dog in the picture? Yes,its in the park. (2)指代天气,时间,距离,温度和潮水等自然现象。 It was raining this morning. How far is it to the school? Its five minutes walk. (3)指代不知道
65、性别的人。 Who is it? Its me.2it作形式主语或形式宾语的常见句型 (1)It is clear (obvious,true,possible,certain.)that. 该句型中it 是形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句, 常译为“是清楚的(显然的,真的,可能的,肯定 的,)”,是主语从句最常见的句型结构。 It is very clear that hes round and tall like a tree.That hes round and tall like a tree is very clear.很清楚他像颗树一样又 圆又高。(2)It is im
66、portant(necessary/right/strange/natural.)that.该句型和上面是同一个句型,由于本句型中的形容词不同,所以that后的从句要用虚拟语气(should动词原形),should 可以省略。It is necessary that we (should) remember these words.我们记住这些词汇很有必要。(3)It is said (reported/learned.) that.该句型中it 仍是形式主语,真正主语是that 引导的主语从句。该结构常译为“据说(据报道,据悉)”It is reported that another ear
67、th satellite has been put into orbit.据报道又有一颗地球卫星送上了轨道。(4)It is suggested(ordered.) that.在本句型中,主句中的过去分词表示请求,建议,命令等时,that 后的从句要用虚拟语气(should动词原形),should 可以省略,常译为“有人建议(有命令)”It is suggested that the meeting(should) be put off.有人建议推迟会议。(5)It is a pity(a shame.)that.该句型中,that 后的从句一般用虚拟语气(should动词原形),should
68、 可以省略,表示出乎意料的结果,常译为“竟然”。没有这种意义时,则不用虚拟语气。It is a pity that such a thing(should) happen in your class.这种事竟然发生在你们班,真是遗憾。It is a pity that he is ill.他生病了,真是遗憾。(6)It is time(about time/high time) that.该句型中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气,值得注意的是;常用过去时态,有时也用“should动词原形”,should 不能省略,常译为“是(正是)的时候”。It is time that children s
69、hould go to bed.It is time that children went to bed.到了孩子睡觉的时候了。(7)It is the first(second.)time that.该句型要和上一个句型区别开来,该句型中的that从句不用虚拟语气,而要用完成时态,如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,后面从句用现在完成时态,如果是一般过去时,后面从句则用过去完成时,该结构中that 可以省略,it 有时用this 替换。常译为(是第一、二次)It is the first time I have been here.This is the first time I have be
70、en here.这是我第一次来这里。(8)It is.since.该句型主要用来处理瞬间动词和与表示一段时间的时间状语连用的问题,主句中是时间作表语,其时态是现在时或完成时,since 引导的从句通常是一般过去时,而且是瞬间的动作,如果主句是一般过去时,从句则用过去完成时,It is(has been) 5 years since his father died. 他父亲死了5年了。(9)It is.when.该句型中的when引导的是一个时间状语从句,主句中的it 指的是时间,表语由具体的时间充当。常译为“当时候,是”。It was 5 oclock when he came here.当他
71、来这里的时候是5点。(10)It be.before.该句型中的it 指时间,主句中的时态是一般将来时或过去时两种时态。主句中的表语多是long,not long,3 days,2 weeks等表示时间段的词或短语。常译为“之前有多长时间”。It was 3 days before he went to Beijing.3天后他去了北京。It will be not long before he finishes his job.不久他就会做完工作。(11)It happens (seems/looks/appears) that.该句型中it 是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句,主句中的h
72、appen,seem 等词是不及物动词。意思是“碰巧”或“看来”等。It happened (so happened) that he met his teacher in the street. 碰巧他在街道上遇到了他的老师。It seems that he will be back in a few days. 好像他过几天就回来。(12)It takes sb.to do sth.该句型中的不定式是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,句型中的直接宾语是时间,常译为“做要花费某人”It took thousands of people many years to build the Great
73、Wall.修建长城花了成千上万人好多年时间。(13)It is no good(use) doing sth. 该句中的真正主语是动名词短语,主句中的表语可以是no good(not any good),no use(not any use)。It is no good learning English without speaking it.学英语不说英语是没有用处的。(14)It is kind(of sb.) to do sth.该句型中的不定式短语是真正的主语,如果不定式的逻辑主语由of引起,主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。常见的有:bad,brave,careless
74、,clever,cruel,foolish,good,honest,horrible,kind,lazy,modest,naughty,nice,polite,rude,silly,stupid,wise,wrong等。这个句型可以改为sb.is kind to do sth.It is kind of you to say so.You are kind to say so.你这样说真是太好了。(15)It is necessary (for sb.) to do sth.该句型与上一个同属一个句型。如果不定式的逻辑主语由for引起,主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性,紧迫性,频繁程度,难易,安
75、全等情况的形容词。常见的形容词有:important,necessary,natural,easy,safe,common,normal,hard,difficult,dangerous,unusual,rare,impossible,pleasant等。前三个形容词作表语可以用从句改写,如:It is important for her to come to the party.It is important that she (should) come to the party.她来参加晚会很重要。(16)It looks(seems) as if.该句型中it无意义。as if 引导一个
76、状语从句,常译为“看起来好像”,如果与事实不相符合,则用虚拟语气。It looks as if he is ill.(真的病了)It looks as if he were ill.(没有生病)(17)We think it important to learn a foreign language.该句中的it作形式宾语,为了方便记忆可称该句型为“6123”结构。6指主句中常用的动词:think,believe,make,find,consider,feel,1指的是形式宾语it,2指的是宾补的两种形式,形容词或名词。3指的是真正的宾语三种形式,不定式短语,动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句
77、。We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day.我们认为每天打扫教室是我们的责任。He felt it important learning English well.他感到学好英语很重要。They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.他们发现两天内完成他们的工作很困难。3走出误区 (1)在“It isadj./n./过去分词that.”结构中that从句用虚 拟语气的情况要特别注意。常用的形容词有:strange, natural,pro
78、per,necessary,right,wrong,fortunate, important等。常用的名词有a pity,a shame,a desire等。 that从句中用“should动词原形”,should可以省略。(2)it 作指代用法时与one,that,those的区别it 替代上文提到的同一事物,该事物为可数名词单数或不可数名词。 Look! Its so good a ring,but I have no money to buy it.看,这戒指多好看啊,但我没钱买它。Do you have a camera?你有照相机吗?No,but my father has one.
79、He bought it a week ago.没有,可我父亲有一架,他一个星期前买的。(3)one 替代上文提到的同类可数名词,表泛指,它的复数形式是ones。This is a point of idiom rather than one of grammar. 这是习语的要点,而不是语法的要点。I want big apples,not small ones.我要大苹果,不要小的。(4)that可替代上文提到的可数名词单数和不可数名词,一般表同类中的特指。The weather in the north is better than that in the south.北方的天气比南方的
80、好。The study of idiom is as important as that of grammar.学习习语和学习语法同样重要。(5)those 可替代上文提到的复数名词,前面可不用限定词, 但常有后置修饰语。The relics found were those of an earlier time.所发现的遗迹是较早年代的。1Have you heard the latest news? No,what _? Ais it Bis there Care they Dare those解析:句意为:你听说最新消息了吗?没有,什么消息?题干上文中“news”是不可数名词,下文中的代
81、词应指代这一名词,而选项C中的“they” 与选项D中的“those”均指代复数名词,应被排除,“is there”句式错误,A项中的it指代单数名词或不可数名词,且与上下文中的名词为同一事件,故选A项。答案:A2I hate _ if you dont come to my birthday party. Athat Bit Cyou Dher 解析:it表指代,用来泛指某事,可用于Ilike/hate/appreciate it等类似的句子中,表示喜欢,讨厌某事,故选B。 答案:B3He didnt make _ clear when and where the meeting would
82、 be held. Athi s Bthat Cit Dthese 解析:句意为:他没说清楚会议将于何时,何地举行。依题干句 式结构,make后缺形式宾语,四个选项中只有C项it能在句子中 作形式主语或形式宾语,故选C项。 答案:C4Will you see to _ that my children are taken good care of while I am away? Ait Bme CYourself Dthem 解析: see to 后面需先加上it作形式宾语,然后将真正的宾 语that从句放于it之后,故选A项。 答案:A5Who is making such a noise
83、? _ must be the children. AIt BHe CThey DThat 解析:it这里指说话者、听话者都知道的人、物。 答案:A6Does _ matter if he cant finish the job on time? Athis Bthat Che Dit 解析:matter作动词时,常用在疑问句和否定句中,构成 It matters.句型,其中it 作形式主语,真正的主语位于谓 语动词之后,故选D项。 答案:D7To tell the truth,the accident and the damage _ resulted in frightened me so
84、 much that I almost gave up driving ever since. Athat Bit C/ Dwhat 解析:解此题的关键是要弄清句子的结构,此处的it作定 语从句的主语;the accident and the damage为先行词作in 的宾语,it前省去关系代词that或which。 答案:B8_ felt funny watching myself on TV. AOne BThis CIt DThat 解析:it作形式主语,代替后面的watching myself on TV。 答案:C9Do you think _ worthwhile to go a
85、ll the way to Los Angeles to buy that computer? Well,Im going to visit some relatives,too. Ait B/ Cthis Dthat 解析:此句是it is worthwhile to do something这一句式的变 形,题干中it作形式宾语,后面的to go all the way.是真正的 宾语。 答案:A10.There is still a copy of the book in the library.Will you go and borrow _? No,Id rather buy _ i
86、n the bookstore. Ait;one Bone;one Cone;it Dit;it 解析:it 就是a copy of the book本身,one 表示同类。 答案:A11Spring is coming;_ gets warmer and warmer, and trees turn green. Athat Bit Cwhich Das it 解析:it可用来指代天气,时间,距离,自然现象,环 境,婴儿,未知的人等。此处it指天气,由and trees turn green可知,前面必须是一个和trees turn green并列的句子 才行;which只能用来引导定语从句
87、或者名词性从句,此 处很显然不是从句,所以排除。 答案:B12Catherine bought a postcard of the place she was visiting, addressed _ to _ and then posted it at the nearby post office. Ait;her Bit;herself Cherself;her Dherself;herself 解析:address a post card to sb.在贺卡上写上地址寄给某 人。这里表示Catherine在明信片上写上自己的地址并邮寄 出去;address后接it作直接宾语代替上文中的
88、postcard;to 后接herself作间接宾语,表示把postcard寄给她自己,故 选B项。 答案:B13Mum,have you seen my mobile phone? _ you bought last week?Im afraid I havent seen _. AThe one;it BThe one;one COne;it DOne;one 解析:由后面的定语从句you bought last week可知mobile phone是指上周买的那部,属于特指,所以用the one来代替; it用来代替前面的同一部手机。句意为:妈妈,你看到我 的手机了吗?你上周买的那部?我
89、恐怕是没看见。 答案:A14If I can help _,I dont like working late into the night. Aso Bthat Cit Dthem 解析:此处it指下文提到的不喜欢熬夜这件事情,can help it意为:能行的话。 答案:C15I would appreciate _,to be frank,if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible. Ayou Bthis Cit Dmyself 解析:句意为:坦白地说,如果这些货物能尽快发送的话,我 将不胜感激。表示喜欢,憎恨等心理方面的动词,如
90、love, like,appreciate,hate等,后加it作形式宾语,再加if/wh从句 作真正的宾语。 答案:C1As a student,Id prefer _if I didnt have to do so much homework. Athat Bthis Cit Dwhat 解析:Id prefer it if.是一个句式,意为“我倒希望”故 选C。句意:作为学生,我倒希望不做如此多的作业。 答案:C2Will you see to_that my apartment is cleaned during my absence? No problem. Aeverything
91、Ball Cyourself Dit 解析:考查代词。句意:“你能保证在我不在时打扫我的房 间吗?”“没问题。”see to it that.是固定句型,意为“确 保,设法做到”。 答案:D拓展提升:英语中的固定搭配种类繁多,包括各种固定词组、习惯用法等,必须下工夫记住,做到脱口而出。如:It rained cats and dogs.大雨倾盆。be all ears倾听,洗耳恭听。解决此问题的最佳方法是做“有心人”,注意积累。3 Theres somebody at the door,Ms.Green. Tell_to come in. Ait Bhim Cthem Dsomebody 解析
92、:考查代词。由于不知道对方的身份,所以用it代替。 答案:A4I saw no more than one motor car in that shop.Will you go and buy _? No,Id rather find _in other shops. Aone;one Bit;one Cone;it Dit;it 解析:考查代词的用法。从第一句的no more than可知该店 只剩一辆车,所以应用it指代同一事物;第二空的one表示泛 指,意为“某些人/物中的一个”。 答案:B5From parentscare,love and hardship,I have to com
93、e to understand what a huge responsibility _is to raise a child. Ait Bthat Cone Dwhat 解析:分析句子结构可知,充当动词understand宾语的是一 个感叹句,感叹句形式为what a huge responsibility it is to raise a child,这其中的it是形式主语,指代不定式短语to raise a child,故选项A正确。 答案:A【例1】 Most air pollution is caused by the burning of like coal,gas and oil
94、. Afuels Barticles Cgoods Dproducts【解题方法指导】 考查名词词义辨析。句意:大多数空气污 染是由燃烧像煤、天然气和油等燃料造成的。 答案:A教材原文对照As a result of increased industry,agriculture,the cutting down of forests,the increase in transport and the burning of fuels,nearly 6 tons of carbon dioxide goes into the atmosphere every year for every one
95、 of the Earths 6 billion people. (P6)【例2】 Why do you suggest we buy a new machine? Because the old one has been damaged _. Abeyond reach Bbeyond repair Cbeyond control Dbeyond description【解题方法指导】 句意:你为什么建议我们买一台新的机 器?因为那台旧机器已经彻底坏了。beyond reach够不着; beyond repair无法修理;beyond control无法控制;beyond descripti
96、on无法形容,难以描绘。据题意选B。 答案:B教材原文对照In the last few decades,scientists have reached consensus and reported that human beings are causing changes in the Earths climatesomething previously seen as beyond our control.(P6)【例3】 Despite such a big difference in _ towards what one eats,there is no doubt that peop
97、le in the west regard the Chinese food as something special. Apoint Bidea Cattitude Dsight【解题方法指导】 考查名词辨析。下文提到:毫无疑问, 西方人认为中国饮食很特殊。语境中的介词是towards, 因此这里用ones attitude towards sth./sb.表示“表对 待某物/人的态度”。其他选项不符合语境。 答案:C教材原文对照What is the attitude of the journalist towards the future?(P11)高考资源网高考资源网精品资料,欢迎下载!高考资源网高考资源网