1、Period ThreeGrammar & Writing一、非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句相比较，非限制性定语从句是指与主句关系不十分密切，只对主句中的先行词作补充说明作用的定语从句。其标志是主句和从句之间用逗号隔开。1.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词指人时用who，whom和whose；指物时用which。This is our headmaster，who I think has something important to tell you.这是我们的校长，我认为他有重要的事情要告诉你。My elder sister has become a doctor，which I wante
2、d to be.我大姐成了一名医生，我原来也想做一名医生的。2.引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词有when和where。当先行词指时间时，关系副词用when；指地点时用where。Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland，where he was buried in 1977.卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里。He left his hometown in 1992，when he was only 12 years old.他于1992年离开家乡，当时他只有12岁。3.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句存在
3、许多不同之处，主要有以下几点：(1)引导词不同：关系代词that，关系副词why均不可以引导非限制性定语从句。(2)非限制性定语从句与主句关系不很密切，中间用逗号隔开，译成汉语时，通常译成两句话；而限制性定语从句常与主句一起译成一句话。I have two foreign teachers，both of whom are from America.我有两个外教，他们都来自美国。The foreign teacher who comes from America teaches us literature.美国来的那位外教教我们文学。(3)非限制性定语从句的引导词无论在从句中作什么成分，均不可
4、省略；而在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词可省略。This is the man (that/who/whom) we are talking about.这正是我们正谈论的那个人。This is the man，whom we talked about just now.这就是那个人，我们刚才谈论过他。(4)在限制性定语从句中，指人时，作宾语的whom可以用who或that代替，但在非限制性定语从句中不可以代替。He is the very person (whom/who/that) we referred to.他正是我们提到的那个人。4.as和which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别。
5、(1)as在非限制性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句说明整个句子。as既可以放在主句之后，也可以放在主句之前，还可放在主句之中，有“像一样，正如，正像”的意思。As we all know，he studies very hard.(as作宾语)我们都知道他学习用功。As is known to all，he is the best student in our class.(as作主语)众所周知，他是我们班上最好的学生。Taiwan，as is known to all，is an inseparable part of China.(as作主语)大家都知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一
6、部分。(2)which引导的非限制性定语从句既可指代整句话的内容，也可指代某个词或词组，但是不能放于句首。He was late for the meeting，which made the chairman very angry.他开会迟到了，主席为此非常生气。I want to buy the house，which has a garden.我想买这座房子，它带有一个花园。即时跟踪1用适当的关系词填空(1)Li Leis father，who was an engineer before his death，died when Li Lei was very young.(2)Sydne
7、y，which is the largest city in Australia，is not its capital city.(3)Confucius，whose influence on Chinese people has been the greatest，was born in 551 BC.(4)She has two sons，the older of whom has just graduated from college.(5)As is often the case with him，he was fined for speeding.(6)At last he came
8、 back to the small village，where he was born and brought up.二、定语从句中的省略定语从句可以省略或简化，主要通过以下形式：1.省略作宾语的关系代词在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词有who(m)，which，that。在限制性定语从句中，当who(m)和that作宾语用于指人时可以互换使用，通常可以省略；当that和which作宾语用于指物时，两者也可以互换使用，也通常省略。Is that the man (whom/who/that) you gave your ticket to？(whom，who和that可以省略)那个是你把票给他的
9、人吗？Is that the address (which/that) you sent the telegram to？(which和that可以省略)那是你发电报的地址吗？2.当先行词是way，且在定语从句中作方式状语时，关系词可用in which或that，也可以省略。That was the way (in which/that) she worked the problem out.她就是用那种办法解决问题的。3.有时为了行文需要，定语从句中的关系代词和部分谓语动词可以省略。The house (which was) damaged in the fire will be rebui
10、lt soon.大火中损坏的房子不久就要被翻修。The plan (which is) being discussed is of great importance.正在讨论的这个计划非常重要。温馨提醒有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接省略，而需变动词为分词。The train that leaves from Platform 5 goes to Beijing.The train leaving from Platform 5 goes to Beijing.第五站台开出的火车驶往北京。Yesterday we had a meeting which lasted two hours.Yest
11、erday we had a meeting lasting two hours.昨天我们举行了一个持续两小时的会议。即时跟踪2用定语从句改写句子中的划线部分(1)The building built last year is our teaching building.The building which was built last year is our teaching building.(2)The man speaking to our teacher is a doctor.The man who is speaking to our teacher is a doctor.(3
12、)The boys helped the people hurt in the accident.The boys helped the people who/that were hurt in the accident.用适当的关系词填空1.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.，influenced the development of chopsticks.(2016全国)2.Scientists have advanced many
13、 theories about why human beings cry tears，none of which has been proved.(2016浙江)3.Many young people，most of whom were welleducated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.(2016江苏)4.We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better.(2016天津)5.Opposite is St
14、.Pauls Church，where you can hear some lovely music. (2015北京)6.China Today attracts a worldwide readership，which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. (2015福建)7.It is a truly delightful place，which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its wind
15、ing streets and pretty cottages. (2015湖南)8.The books on the desk，whose covers are shiny，are prizes for us. (2015四川)9.The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.(2015江苏)10.The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication，especially at work where a good imp
16、ression is a must.(2014江苏).单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner， might not be served until 8 oclock at night.(2013新课标全国，短文改错)2.There，Katia will introduce me to some of her friends，one of has been to China several times.(2011重庆，短文改错)3.It turned
17、out to be her own cup， shed left on the shelf by mistake.(2010陕西，短文改错)文体指导英文email和书信的写法及格式大体相同，但也有不同之处。1.称谓和开头：email一般使用非正式文体，常以Dear.或My dear.开头。如果是同学间或亲朋好友间的邮件，可以直呼其名，以逗号结束；但如果是发给老师、长辈或上级，需在称呼前加上称谓或职位，男性用Mr.；女性用Miss(未婚)，Mrs.(已婚)，Ms.(不知婚否)；职位可用Doctor，Professor，Comrade等，如Professor Li。2.正文：email大多篇幅短小
18、，语言简单明了。如果是写给不熟悉的人，一般要先进行自我介绍；反之，则可直接进入正题。要多使用短句、简单句，少用或不用长句，这样不但能便于阅读，而且也可以使意思更清楚明了。如果内容很长的话，可就重点部分作简单介绍，而把详细内容以“附件”的方式发出。在高考中，要按照试题的内容要求来写，最重要的是表达要有条理，语言要准确。3.结束语：首字母要大写，其后用逗号。通常结束语为：Yours sincerely/truly/faithfully，Sincerely/Truly/Faithfully yours，Yours (ever)等。4.签名：在结束语下面附上写邮件的人的名字。除了对亲人或好友外，必须写
19、全姓名。常用句式1.正文常见的开头用语有：表示高兴：I was so glad/pleased/happy to receive your email.表示感谢：Thank you for your wonderful gift/your interesting email.表示关心和询问：How are you these days？/How are you getting on these days？/How are you getting on with your work/studies?表示抱歉：Im sorry that I did not write to you so long
20、 but I have been very busy these days.表示遗憾：I was sorry to learn that you did not do well in the entrance examination./I was so upset to hear that you are ill these days.I do hope you are getting better.2正文中提供自己的建议和观点时的常用语有：In my opinion/Personally，.I think youd better.Its a good idea to.3.正文中表示句子之间的
21、衔接和意义上的递进与转折时的常用词汇有：whats more，besides，in addition，furthermore，however等。4.邮件的结尾客套用语有：I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.Please give my regards to your family.Take good care of yourself and keep in touch.Thank you for your consideration.写作任务假设你是李华，在一所中学读书。最近收到美国朋友Smith先生的邮件。他三年前参观过你们学校，听说那
22、里现在变化很大，希望了解有关情况。请你根据下面的汉语提示，给他用英语回一封电子邮件，介绍你们学校的变化。三年前：一座教学楼，一个操场。现状：1.校园扩建，新建起了一座教学楼，内有音乐教室、美术教室、计算机教室等；一座图书馆；体育设备齐全；2.学生人数：从1 000增加到2 000；3.绿化了校园。注意：词数100左右。审题谋篇第一步明确要求本文要求写一封电子邮件，注意使用开头、结尾的常用句式和客套话语。本文主要使用现在时态，在介绍三年前的情况时用过去时态。第二步确定段落1.称呼语2.正文：Para.1：开头语；Para.2：介绍学校在这三年间的变化；Para.3：结束语。3.落款(签名)第三步
23、词汇热身1.收到的来信hear from2.发生take place3.过去常常used to 4.使用中in use5.装备着be equipped with6.的数目the number of第四步句式升级1.过去的三年间我们学校发生了很大的变化。(一般表达)There are many great changes in our school in the past three years.(句式升级)Great changes have taken place in our school in the past three years.2.我们的学校不再是三年前只有一座教学楼和一个操场的
24、学校。(一般表达)Our school is different from that three years ago，and then there was only a teaching building and a playground.(句式升级)Our school is no longer what it used to be three years ago，when there was only a teaching building and a playground.3.其中一座楼是我们的新教学楼，内有音乐教室、美术教室、计算机教室等。(一般表达)One of the buildi
25、ngs is a new classroom building and there are rooms for music，art and computer teaching and so on.(句式升级)One of the buildings is a new classroom building，in which/where there are rooms for music，art and computer teaching and so on.连句成篇Mr.Smith，I was pleased to hear from you and I am writing to tell y
26、ou something about my school.You are right.Great changes have taken place in my school in the past three years.It is no longer what it used to be three years ago，when there was only a teaching building and a playground.Im happy to tell you two new buildings have been built and are in use.One of them
27、 is a new classroom building，in which there are rooms for music，art and computer teaching and so on.The other is the library，where there are all kinds of books，newspapers and magazines.Besides，my school is well equipped with sports facilities.The number of the students has also grown from 1,000 to 2
28、,000.Whats more，we have planted a lot of trees in and around the school.I believe my school will become better and better，and I hope you will visit my school again.Yours，Li Hua.单元语法A)用适当的关系词填空1.This book of yours，which I finished reading last night，is very interesting.2.The film brought the hours ba
29、ck to me，when I was taken good care of in that faraway village.3.I lost a book，whose title cant be remembered now.4.As is said above，the number of the students in our school has increased.5.Last week，only two people came to look at the house，neither of whom wanted to buy it.B)单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)6.Her do
30、g， was now very old，was killed by a car.7. is known to us all，smoking is harmful to our health.8.The girl， mother is a nurse，studies very hard.9.I have two brothers，both of are teachers.10.After graduation，I decided to stay in Guangzhou， I spent all my childhood.阅读理解AModern zoos are very different f
31、rom zoos built fifty years ago.At that time，zoos were places where people could go to see animals from many parts of the world.The animals lived in cages with iron bars，which were easy to keep clean.However，for the animals，the cages were small and impossible to hide in.Although the zoo keepers took
32、good care of them，many of the animals did not feel comfortable，and they often became ill.In modern zoos，people can see animals in more natural conditions.The animals are given more freedom in larger places so that they can live more as they would in nature.Even the appearance of zoos has changed.Tre
33、es and grass grow in the cages，and water flows through the places that the animals live in.There are few bars; instead，there is often a deep ditch(沟) filled with water，which surrounds a space where several sorts of animals live together as they would naturally.In an American zoo，the visitors can wal
34、k through a huge special cage that is filled with trees，some small animals and many birds，and the cage is large enough for the birds to live naturally.In a zoo in New York，because of special night，people can observe certain animals that are active only at night，when most zoos are closed.Some zoos ha
35、ve special places for visitors to watch animals that live in the desert，or under water.Some other zoos have special places for animals that live in cold conditions like the bear from the Arctic.Modern zoos not only show animals for visitors，but also keep and save rare animals.For this reason，fifty y
36、ears from now，the grandchildren of todays visitors will still be able to enjoy watching these animals.11.Fifty years ago，animals in zoos often became ill because they .A.were from different countries B.lived in unnatural conditionsC.were not taken good care ofD.lived in dirty cages答案B解析细节理解题。根据文章第一段
37、的句子“However，for the animals，the cages were small and impossible to hide in.Although the zoo keepers took good care of them，many of the animals did not feel comfortable，and they often became ill.”可知，五十年前，动物园的动物经常生病是因为它们生活在非自然的环境中。故选B。12.In some modern zoos visitors can .A.see animals which live in sp
38、ecial conditions B.walk at daytime and observe those animals active only at nightC.walk through a huge cage to watch closely all kinds of animalsD.watch all the rare animals which will not be seen by their grandchildren答案A解析细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后几句可知，在一些现代化的动物园，游客可以看见生活在特殊条件下的动物。故选A。13.The main idea of thi
39、s passage is that .A.rare animals are also kept in modern zoosB.zoos are places where people can see animals from all over the worldC.there are different kinds of modern zoosD.zoos are now places where animals can live naturally答案D解析主旨大意题。根据文章内容和第二段的句子“In modern zoos，people can see animals in more n
40、atural conditions.”可知，文章主要介绍现在的动物园是动物可以在自然状态下生活的地方。故选D。BIreland has had a very difficult history.The problems started in the 16th century when English rulers tried to conquer(征服) Ireland.For hundreds of years，the Irish people fought against the English.Finally，in 1921，the British government was forc
41、ed to give independence to the south of Ireland.The result is that today there are two “Irelands”.Northern Ireland，in the north，is part of the United Kingdom.The Republic of Ireland，in the south，is an independent country.In the 1840s the main crop，potatoes，was affected by disease and about 750,000 p
42、eople died of hunger.This，and a shortage(短缺) of work，forced many people to leave Ireland and live in the USA，the UK，Australia and Canada.As a result of these problems，the population fell from 8.2 million in 1841 to 6.6 million in 1851.For many years，the majority of Irish people earned their living a
43、s farmers.Today，many people still work on the land but more and more people are moving to the cities to work in factories and offices.Life in the cities is very different from life in the countryside，where things move at a quieter and slower pace.The Irish are famous for being warmhearted and friend
44、ly.Oscar Wilde，a famous Irish writer，once said that the Irish were “the greatest talkers since the Greeks”.Since independence，Ireland has revived(复兴) its own culture of music，language，literature and singing.Different areas have different styles of old Irish songs which are sung without instruments.O
45、ther kinds of Irish music use many different instruments such as the violin，whistles，etc.14.What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?A.How the Irish fought against the English.B.How Ireland gained independence.C.How English rulers tried to conquer Ireland.D.How two “Irelands” came into being.答案D解
46、析段落大意题。通读第一段内容可知，其主要讲述了南爱尔兰和北爱尔兰的形成过程。故选D。15.We learn from the text that in Ireland .A.food shortages in the 1840s led to a decline in populationB.people are moving to the cities for lack of work in the countrysideC.it is harder to make a living as a farmer than as a factory workerD.different kinds
47、of old Irish songs are all sung with instruments答案A解析细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“In the 1840s the main crop，potatoes，was affected by disease and about 750,000 people died of hunger.”可知，食物短缺导致了人口减少。故选A。16.What can be the best title for the text?A.Life in IrelandB.A Very Difficult HistoryC.Ireland，Past and Present
48、D.The Independence of Ireland答案C解析标题归纳题。本文主要介绍爱尔兰的历史和近代以来的发展情况。故用“爱尔兰的过去和现在”为标题最恰当。故选C。.语法填空Last Friday，a chance encounter(遭遇) changed me and my familys life greatly.After school，I was about to enter my apartment building 17.when a little dirty dog 18.lying(lie) beside the dustbin，caught my eye.He l
49、ooked 19.extremely(extreme) weak.Immediately the homeless dog filled me with sympathy.So I bent down and held him in my arms.I rushed him upstairs and right away 20.offered(offer) him some food.Then I gave him a bath.After the bath he looked 21.energetic(energy) and refreshed.22.What a lovely dog!Wh
50、en my parents got home，I asked 23.if/whether I could keep the dog.24.To my surprise，they agreed.From that day，he has become a member of our family.Everyone has enjoyed his company.My parents walk him often.He and I play joyfully.25.Looking(look) at the lovely，happy dog today，I realize that I did a r
51、ight thing.I brought him to a warm，loving home,26.and he brought us great happiness and laughter.短文改错My father and I stayed at the South Lake Hotel for a week when we visit Beijing last month.It is in the downtown area，but it is easy to go to anywhere from the hotel by public transport.We lived in a
52、 comfortably doubleroom with a big bath.What I liked best were the free highspeed Internet connection in the room.I checked my email messages every day.I also shared for my friends many photos taking in Beijing.The food was wonderful with reasonable prices，and we enjoyed several local dish.It is suc
53、h great hotel that I would recommend it to any friend of me who is going to Beijing.答案My father and I stayed at the South Lake Hotel for a week when we Beijing last month.It is in the downtown area， it is easy to go to anywhere from the hotel by public transport.We lived in a doubleroom with a big b
54、ath.What I liked best the free highspeed Internet connection in the room.I checked my email messages every day.I also shared my friends many photos in Beijing.The food was wonderful with reasonable prices，and we enjoyed several local .It is such great hotel that I would recommend it to any friend of
55、 who is going to Beijing.书面表达(2016全国)假定你是李华，与留学生朋友Bob约好一起去书店，因故不能赴约。请给他写封邮件，内容包括：1.表示歉意；2.说明原因；3.另约时间。注意：1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考范文Dear Bob，How is everything going? Im writing to express my regret at being unable to go to the bookstore with you next weekend，which I have promised.I feel terribl
56、y sorry about it and want you to know what happened.What makes me concerned is my final exam which will be held two weeks later，so I have to make a preparation for it at that time.I hope you could appreciate that I must spare no effort to do well in my final exam if possible.Could we make another appointment to go to the bookstore together?I sincerely hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.Please let me know what time is OK for you.Looking forward to your reply.Yours，Li Hua