1、 直接引语和间接引语一. 定义交际中我们常常需要引述别人说的话，一种是一字不差地直接引用别人的话，放在引号内，称为直接引语（The Direct Speech）, 另一种是间接地引述别人的话，称为间接引语( The Indirect Speech)。例如：He said, “I will choose a book from my students.” 他说：“我将为学生选一本书。”= He said that he would choose a book from his student. 他说他将为学生选一本书。二. 直接引语与间接引语的转化1. 标点符号的变化：He said to me
2、, “Dont live in London!” = He told me not to live in London.2. 语序的变化： 疑问语序变为陈述语序。He said to me, “Do you live in London?”= He asked me if/whether I lived in London.3. 动词的变化： say (to) 在陈述句中多变为tell等词，在疑问句中多变为ask等词，在祈使句中表示命令多变为tell, order等词，表请求时多变为ask等词。He said to me, “Could you please live in London?”
3、= He asked me if/whether I could live in London. = He asked me to live in London.4. 连接词的变化：连接词1. 陈述句用that连接He said to me, “I live in London.”= He told me that he lived in London. 2. 一般（选择，反意）疑问句用if或whether连接 l He said to me, “Do you live in London?” = He asked me if/whether I lived in London.l He as
4、ked me, “Do you live in London or Paris?”= He asked me if/whether I lived in London or Paris.l He asked me, “You live in London, dont you?”= He asked me if/whether I lived in London.3. 特殊疑问句仍用原来的特殊疑问词连接 He said to me, “When do you live in London?”= He asked me when I lived in London.5. 时态的变化：时态变化1.
5、如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时态，间接引语中的动词时态保持不变。 l He says, “I live in London.”= He says that he lives in London.l He says, “I have lived in London for years.”= He says that he has lived in London for years.2. 如果主句中的谓语动词是过去时态，间接引语中的动词时态作如下变化：一般现在时-一般过去时一般将来时-过去将来时现在完成时-过去完成时现在进行时-过去进行时一般过去时-过去完成时l He said, “I live
6、 in London.” = He said that he lived in London.l He said, “I am living in London now.”= He said that he was living in London then.l He said, “I will live in London next year.”= He said that he would live in London the next year.l He said, “I lived in London for years.”= He said that he had lived in
7、London for years.3. 但是过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时保持不变。l He said, “When I saw her, she was living in London.”= He said that when he saw her she was living in London.l He said, “When I got to London, she had lived there for years.”= He said that when he got to London, she had lived there for years.4. 表示过去具体年份的状
8、语不变。l He said, “I was born in 1956.”= He said that he was born in 1956.5. 表示真理，格言，谚语等不受时间限制的句子不变。l He said, “The earth turns around the sun.”= He said that the earth turns around the sun. 6. 强调所谈情况仍然存在时不变。l She said that the bus leaves at 5:40. (公交车尚未开走)l He told me that he works as a teacher. （现在仍是
9、教师）7. could, would, should, neednt, had better, ought to, used to等情态动词不变。l He said, “I would like to live in London.”= He said that he would like to live in London.l He said, “I used to live in London.”= He said that he used to live in London. 6. 人称代词的变化：人称代词变化1. 一主（根据引号外的主语变换引号内的人称代词）l Tom said to
10、Kate, “I have finished my homework.”= Tom and Kate that he had already finished his homework.2. 二宾（根据引号外的宾语变换引号内的人称代词）l Tom said to Kate, “You speak English better than me.”= Tom told Kate that she spoke English better than him.3. 三不变（第三人称不变）l Tom asked Mike, “Does she often come to school late?”= T
11、om asked Mike if/whether she often went to school late. 7. 指示代词，地点副词，动词, 时间状语的变化指示代词，地点副词，动词变化1. 指示代词的变化：thisthat thesethosel He said to me, “Ive known you since you came to this place.”= He told me that he had known me since I went to that place.l He said to me, “Will you come here today or tomorro
12、w?”= He asked me if I would go there that day or the next day.l He said to me, “Did you come yesterday, a few days ago or last Sunday?” =He asked me if I had gone the day before, a few days before or the Sunday before. l She said, “Ill bring you this book next month.”=She said that he would go there
13、 again that night.l She said, “He will come here again tonight.”= She said that he would go there again that night.l He asked me, “Did you leave London yesterday morning or the day before yesterday?”= He asked me if I had left London the morning before or two days before.2. 地点副词的变化：herethere nowthen3. 动词的变化：comego bringtake4. 时间状语的变化：todaythat day tonightthat nightyesterdaythe day beforeyesterday morningthe morning beforelast weekthe week beforenext weekthe next weektomorrowthe next daytomorrow morningthe next morning3 days ago3 days beforethe day after tomorrowin 2 days time